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ÇATAL ÇEŞMELER Skip to content Türk şehirlerinde, her birinde lüleleri bulunan iki veya üç cepheli çeşmelere verilen ad.
Genellikle hazneli veya haznesiz kemerli küçük birer yapı halindeki çeşmelerin ekseriyetle köşelere inşa edilmiş çatal çeşme denilen tiplerinde iki veya üç cephesi vardır. Her cephede de birer lüle veya çeşme ile önlerinde yalakları bulunur.
İstanbul’da çatal çeşme olarak tanınan birkaç çeşme vardır. Bunlardan en eskisi, Bayrampaşa deresi vadisinin surların iç tarafındaki ucunda, Arpaemini Köprüsü yakınında bulunuyordu. Edirnekapı ile Topkapı arasında surlara paralel olarak uzanan cadde ile sonra Vatan caddesi olan ve dere yatağını takip eden yolun kavuştuğu yerde köşebaşında inşa edilen bu çeşmenin esası Fâtih Sultan Mehmed devrine ait olup Tahtakale’de bulunmaktaydı. Ancak çeşmenin yerine kendi camiini yaptıran Rüstem Paşa tarafından Yenibahçe’ye taşınarak burada yeniden inşa edilmişti. Hoca Attar Halil (Yenibahçe) Mescidi olarak bilinen bu mescid mütevazi küçük ahşap bir bina olup avlusunun köşesinde kesme taştan iki cepheli çatal çeşme yapılmıştı. Çeşmenin üzerinde kitâbe yoktu. Ayvansarâyî bu mescidin Rüstem Paşa tarafından yaptırılışı hakkında şunları yazar: “Mescid-i mezbûru hedmedip enkazını bu mahalle naklederek yeniden bina eylemiştir… İttisâlindeki çeşme Edirnekapısı Camii’nin temel suyu olup binasında başhalife olan zımmî ruhsat niyaz edip, olunan müsaade üzerine bu mahalde icrâ eylemiştir…”
Böylece Attar Halil Mescidi’nin önündeki çatal çeşmenin, Edirnekapı yani Mihrimah Sultan Camii’nin Mimar Sinan tarafından yapımı sırasında temel kazısında çıkan su kaynağı ile beslendiği ve bu çeşmenin Mimar Sinan’ın yanında çalışan bir hıristiyan kalfa tarafından yapıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Avlu duvarı boyunca iç tarafta çeşmenin üstüne yükselen on üç basamaklı taş merdiven, burada poligon biçiminde küçük bir şerefeye ulaşıyordu. Böylece minberi andıran bir minare ile çatal çeşmenin birleştiği görülüyordu. Bu güzel ve değişik biçimli eser ressam Ali Rızâ Bey’e de ilham kaynağı olmuştu. 1957 yılında cadde genişletilirken, başka bir yerde yeniden yapılması mümkün olduğu halde İstanbul’un tarihine ve eski eserlerine düşman olan zihniyetin kurbanı olarak yıkılıp ortadan kaldırılmıştır.
İstanbul’da mimari özelliği bakımından üstünde durulması gerekli başka bir çatal çeşme, Fatih ile Yenibahçe (Vatan caddesi) arasında eski Halıcılar semtinde olan Gürcü Mehmed Paşa Çeşmesi’dir. 1622-1623 yıllarında dört ay kadar sadrazamlık makamında bulunan ve 1035 Zilkadesinde (Ağustos 1626) idam edilen Gürcü Mehmed Paşa’nın hayratı olan çeşme, kitâbesine göre 1035 (1625-26) yılında yaptırılmıştır.
Temiz bir işçilikle kesme taştan yapılmış olan çeşme, iki sokağın birleştiği köşebaşında yer aldığı için iki cepheli idi. Her iki cephesinde sivri Türk kemerli niş içinde birer lülesi bulunuyordu. Bu çeşmenin iki masura suyu olup Kırkçeşme su yolundan besleniyordu. Çeşmeyi ilgi çekici yapan husus, hemen bitişiğinde olan Öksüzce Mescidi’nin sadece şerefeden ibaret olan minaresinin aynen Attar Halil Mescidi’nde olduğu gibi çeşmenin üstünde oluşudur. Öksüzce Mescidi Dâye Hatun tarafından vakfedilmiş olup giderleri Sultan II. Bayezid vakfından karşılandığına göre XV. yüzyıl sonları veya XVI. yüzyıl başlarına ait bir yapı idi. Bu duruma göre minaresi çeşmenin yapımından çok sonra ilâve edilmiş olmalıdır. Öksüzce Mescidi 1918 yılı Haziran ayında İstanbul’un hemen hemen yarısını yok eden büyük Cibali-Fatih yangınında yanmış, fakat minareli çatal çeşme kalmıştı. Minarenin külâhını taşıyan mermer dikmeler bir süre daha durmuş, 1950’li yıllarda bunlar da ortadan kalkmıştır.
Başka bir çatal çeşme de Cağaloğlu semtinde Molla Fenârî Mescidi karşısında köşebaşındadır. Aslında pek çok hayır eseri bırakmış olan Dârüssaâde ağası Abbas Ağa (ö. 1671’den sonra) tarafından inşa ettirilmişken herhalde 27 Rebîülâhir 1282’de (19 Eylül 1865) vuku bulan büyük Hocapaşa yangınından sonra semtin yeniden imarı sırasında II. Abdülhamid döneminde Şehremini Mazhar Paşa eliyle yeni bir biçimde tekrar yaptırılmıştır. Üzerindeki manzum kitâbe şair Tevfik tarafından yazılmış olup 1297 (1879-80) tarihlidir. Arkasındaki okul binasının set duvarının köşesinde iki sokağa cepheli olan çeşmenin belirli bir mimari özelliği yoktur. Kare biçimli az derin girintilerin ortalarında birer ayna taşı ile bunların içlerine birer lüle yerleştirilmiştir. Önlerinde ise birer yalakla yanlarında testi koyma sekileri vardır.
İstanbul’un değerli bir çatal çeşmesi, şehrin Anadolu yakasındaki Bostancı’da eski İstanbul-Bağdat kervan yolunun (şimdi Bağdat caddesi) kenarında bulunmaktadır. Uzak yolculuklara çıkanların su ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması için yapılmış olan bu menzil çeşmesinin karşısında eskiden bir namazgâh ve bunu gölgeleyen bir ulu çınar bulunuyordu. Namazgâh yıllar önce ortadan kaldırılmış, yeri satılmış, çınar ise dört beş yıl önce kesilerek yok edilmiştir.
Çatal çeşme üzerinde iki kitâbe vardır. Bunlardan çok girift bir sülüsle mermere işlenen esas inşa kitâbesi tatmin edici şekilde okunamamıştı. İbrahim Hilmi Tanışık, burada görülen ve iki defa tekrarlanan “ihsan” kelimesinin bânisinin adı olduğunu ileri sürerek buraya “İhsan Bey Çeşmesi” adını vermiş, fakat Muammer Kemal Özergin kitâbe metnini şu şekilde yayımlamıştır: “Cezâ-yı hayr u ihsân bulsun (ol kim?) / Bu aynı kıldı cârî behr-i atşân / Dedüm ey dil nedür bu ayne târîh / Gönül dedi cezâ-yı hayr u ihsân, 957.” Özergin, “Kitâbede bânisinin kim olduğu hakkında bir kayıt mevcut olmadığından bu hususta maalesef mâlûmatımız yoktur” demek suretiyle “İhsan Bey Çeşmesi” şeklindeki adlandırmaya karşı çıkar. Ayvansarâyî’nin Mecmûa-ı Tevârîh adlı eserinde şu kayıtla karşılaşılmaktadır: “Bostancıbaşı Köprüsü kurb-i Kartal, İhsan Ağa hayrâtıdır. Târîh-i köprü: Hayr-ı İhsân 930”dur (bk. BOSTANCIBAŞI KÖPRÜSÜ ). Böylece 930 (1523-24) yılında inşa edildiği kesin olarak anlaşılan ve aynı yol üstünde, çatal çeşmenin 600-700 m. kadar ilerisinde bulunan bu köprünün bânisi olarak İhsan Ağa adında tarihî şahsiyeti şimdilik bilinmeyen bir kişi ortaya çıkmaktadır. Her iki kitâbede de “ihsan” kelimesi veya adının bulunuşu da dikkat çekicidir. Çeşme kitâbesindeki “hayr u ihsân” (hayr-ı İhsân) ibaresi, bu bakımdan onun da kurucusunun aynı kişi olabileceğini akla getirir. Çeşme ile köprü arasında -eğer tarihler doğru ise- yirmi beş yıllık bir fark bulunmaktadır. Bu çeşme 957 (1550) yılında inşa edilmiş olduğuna göre İstanbul’un en eski tarihli çeşmelerinden biridir. İkinci kitâbe ise doğrudan doğruya mermer yüzeye ta‘lik hatla işlenmiş olup çeşmenin Hâce Mahtûme Hanım’ın câriyesi Hâce Narkerâb Kalfa tarafından 1282 (1865-66) yılında tamir ettirildiğini ifade eder.
Çatal çeşme cadde üzerinde bir çıkıntı teşkil ettiğinden 1946 sonbaharında taşları numaralanarak sökülmüş ve az geride 1947 yazında yeniden inşa edilmiştir. Bu işin çok iyi yapıldığı söylenemezse de birçok emsali gibi yıkılıp ortadan kaldırılmamış olması sevindiricidir. Çeşme, küfeki taşından yapılmış tamamen Türk klasik dönem üslûbunda küçük bir eserdir. Arkasındaki araziden fışkıran bir pınar suyunun devamlı aktığı haznesiz bir çeşme idi. Önce bostanlarda kullanılarak kesilen suyu daha yakın tarihlerde de arkaya yapılan büyük ve yoğun inşaatlar tarafından yok edilmiştir. Sivri kemeri, niş yüzü ve yalakları mermerdir. 1947 yılında söküldüğü sırada kemeri teşkil eden mermerlerin aslında eski sütun gövdesi parçaları olduğu görülmüştür. Bunların yalnız dışarıdan görülen veya birbirine yapışan kısımları düzletilmiştir. Yalaklardan ikisi de Bizans işi eski lahitlerdir. Çeşmenin, iki yan cephelerinde suyun aktığı birer ağzı olup bunların da önlerinde birer yalak vardır. Esas yüzde ise mermer lülenin az yukarısında ve kitâbelerin altında bir çift tas yuvası oyulmuştur. Bu çeşme, İstanbul’dan Anadolu içlerine uzanan ana yolun işaretlerinin en eskilerinden biri olduğu gibi kitâbeli çeşmelerin başında gelen tarihî eserlerdendir. Çok sade olmakla birlikte güzel ve orantılı asil çizgilere sahip mimarisi, çatal çeşmeye Türk klasik dönem Osmanlı mimarisinde özel bir yer sağlar.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ayvansarâyî, Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ , I, 221.
Tanışık, İstanbul Çeşmeleri , I, 290, nr. 311 (Cağaloğlu’ndaki); s. 68, nr. 66 (Halıcılar’daki); II, 454, nr. 355/149 (Bostancı’daki).
Râkım Ziyaoğlu, İstanbul Kadıları, Şehreminleri, Belediye Reisleri , İstanbul 1971, s. 131-139.
Ayverdi, Osmanlı Mi‘mârîsi III-IV , s. 412, nr. 422 (Attar Halil Çeşmesi hak.).
Kâzım Çeçen, Mimar Sinan ve Kırkçeşme Tesisleri , İstanbul 1988, s. 204, nr. 342, s. 219, nr. 297 (Gürcü Mehmed Paşa Çeşmesi hak.).
Semavi Eyice, “İstanbul’da Bazı Cami ve Mescit Minareleri Hakkında”, TM , X (1953), s. 247-268.
a.mlf., “İstanbul Minareleri”, Türk San‘atı Tarihi Araştırma ve İncelemeleri , I (1963), s. 61, rs. 78, 80 (Attar Halil m.), s. 62, rs. 85 (Gürcü Mehmed Paşa çeş.).
a.mlf., “Bu Şehrin Hikayesi 1-Vezirin Camii, Attarın Mescidi”, İstanbul-Sanat-Edebiyat Dergisi , II/3, İstanbul 1955, s. 24-25.
a.mlf. – M. Kemal Özergin, “İstanbul-Şam / Bağdad Yolu Üzerindeki Mimari Eserler”, TD , IX/13 (1958), s. 99-100, nr. XVII, s. 127-128 (kitâbeler).
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 232-234 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.