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CEDVEL Skip to content Çeşitli amaçlarla üzerine isim, işaret, harf ve rakamların yazıldığı çizelge, tablo.
1/2 Müellif: CENGİZ AYDIN Bölüme Git
Aslı Arapça cedvel veya cidvel (çoğulu cedâvil) olan kelime sözlükte “dere, çay, ark, su kanalı” anlamına gelmektedir (geniş bilgi için bk. Lane, II, …
2/2 Müellif: MUSTAFA İSMET UZUN Bölüme Git
SANAT. Yazma kitaplarla murakka‘lar ve hat levhalarında, yazının kâğıt üzerinde işgal ettiği alanın dört bir tarafına çizilen çizgiye de cedvel denir….
Aslı Arapça cedvel veya cidvel (çoğulu cedâvil ) olan kelime sözlükte “dere, çay, ark, su kanalı” anlamına gelmektedir (geniş bilgi için bk. Lane, II, 392; Redhouse, s. 648). E. Graefe’nin, “masa” ve “plan” anlamına alındığı takdirde cedvel ile Latince’deki schedula (kitap yaprağı, sayfa) kelimesi arasında bir ilişkinin düşünülebileceği tarzındaki görüşüne (İA , III, 43) ve Fraenkel’in birer astronomi terimi olarak zîc ile cedvelin Ârâmîce’den geldiği yolundaki tahminine (EI2 [İng.] , II, 370) katılmak mümkün değildir.
Literatüre daha çok sihir, tılsım ve vefk terimi olarak geçen ve bugün artık itibar edilmediği görülen cedvel, üzerinde çeşitli semboller bulunan hâtem ile (mühür-yüzük) yaklaşık aynı şeyi ifade etmektedir. Bir cedvel yapmak için kare, dikdörtgen, üçgen ve daire gibi geometrik şekiller kullanılır. Bunların üzeri enine ve boyuna çizgilerle bölünerek eşit hâneler elde edilir, sonra da bu hânelere esrarlı olduğuna inanılan semboller, isimler, Arap alfabesinden bazı harfler veya bunların ebced hesabındaki sayı değerlerini ifade eden rakamlar yazılır. Cedveldeki hânelerin içine konulan sembol, isim, harf ve rakamlar, sihir ve tılsımın yapıldığı amaca göre değişiklik göstermektedir. Meselâ kötülüklerden, cin, şeytan ve perilerin zararlarından korunmak veya bir isteğe kavuşmak için hazırlananlara Allah’ın, büyük meleklerin, cinlerin ve Ashâb-ı Kehf’in isimleri, ayrıca gezegenlerin adları, haftanın günleri ve dört unsur (toprak, su, hava, ateş) yazılır. Çeşitli tılsım cedvelleri arasında en yaygın olan “da‘vetü’ş-şems” ise şöyle yapılır: Bir dikdörtgen üzerine enine ve boyuna altışar çizgi çekilerek yedilik kareler halinde kırk dokuz hâne elde edilir; bunların içine mühr-i Süleyman, bazı esrarlı şekiller, peri padişahlarına ait olduğu söylenen yedi isim, haftanın yedi günü ve yedi gezegenin adları vb. yazılır. Bunların arasında gizli bir ilişki olduğuna ve bir araya gelince teşkil ettikleri değerlerin etkisiyle cedvelden beklenen yararın elde edileceğine inanılır. Cedveller hazırlanış sebebine göre değişik biçimlerde kullanılır; çok defa korunma, güç ve şifa bulma amacıyla boyuna, pazuya, omuza veya belden yukarı olmak şartıyla vücudun başka bir yerine takıldığı gibi (muska) suda eritilerek ilgili kişiye içirilir yahut yakılarak kişi dumanı ile tütsülendirilir.
Pisagorcular’ın geliştirdiği sihirli karelerin, İslâm kültür dünyasına girdikten sonra bazı çevrelerde geniş ilgi gördüğü bilinmektedir. Özellikle Câbir b. Hayyân ile başlayan bu ilgi İhvân-ı Safâ risâlelerinde gelişerek (bk. Resâʾil , I, 108-113) Bâtınîler için önemli bir malzeme oluşturmuştur. Gizli ilimler alanındaki eserlerde bedûh ve vefk cedvelleri adıyla anılan ve mahiyetleri bakımından İslâm inançlarıyla hiçbir şekilde bağdaşmasına imkân olmayan bu tılsım şekillerinden bir kısmı Gazzâlî’ye mal edilmiş bulunmaktadır. Doğumu kolaylaştırdığına inanılan ve “Gazzâlî cedveli” olarak bilinen sihirli kare şöyle hazırlanır: Dokuz hâneye ayrılan karenin her hânesine yukarıdan aşağıya, sağdan sola ve köşeden köşeye, sayı değerleri on beş toplamını veren harfler yazılır. İnanışa göre, hiç suya girmemiş iki bez üzerine yazılan bu cedveli doğum yapmakta olan kadın gördükten sonra ayaklarının altına koyarsa doğum çabuk gerçekleşir. Bu cedvelin niçin Gazzâlî’ye mal edildiğini anlamak zordur. Çünkü Gazzâlî bunun bir hurafe olduğunu söylemekte ve, “Keşke bilseydim, acaba buna inanan var mı?” diyerek hayretini belirtmektedir (el-Münḳıẕ mine’ḍ-ḍalâl , s. 85). Öte yandan bu cedvelin Gazzâlî’den çok önce İhvân-ı Safâ risâlelerinde yer aldığı da bilinmektedir (bk. Resâʾil , I, 109, 112). Öyle anlaşılıyor ki bu durum, Bâtınîliği ve Hurûfîliği yaymak isteyenlerin Gazzâlî gibi büyük bir otoriteyi istismar etmelerinden başka bir şey değildir (geniş bilgi için bk. BEDÛH ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lane, Lexicon , II, 392.
J. W. Redhouse, Turkish and English Lexicon , Constantinople 1890 ⟶ İstanbul 1978, s. 648.
İhvân-ı Safâ, Resâʾil , Beyrut 1376-77/1957, I, 108-113.
Gazzâlî, el-Münḳıẕ mine’ḍ-ḍalâl , Beyrut 1408/1987, s. 85.
İbn Haldûn, Muḳaddime , III, 1177 vd.
Taşköprizâde, Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde , I, 395.
Ömer Ferruh, Târîḫu’l-ʿulûm ʿinde’l-ʿArab , Beyrut 1984, s. 98, 147 vd.
E. Graefe, “Cedvel”, İA , III, 43.
a.mlf. – D. B. Macdonald – M. Plessner, “D̲j̲adwal”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 370.
Cengiz Kallek, “Bedûh”, DİA , V, 336-337.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 7. cildinde, 214 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.
SANAT. Yazma kitaplarla murakka‘lar ve hat levhalarında, yazının kâğıt üzerinde işgal ettiği alanın dört bir tarafına çizilen çizgiye de cedvel denir. Manzum eserlerde mısraların aralarına çekilen basit bir çizgiden ibaret cedveller olduğu gibi kalın veya ince, iç içe birkaç çizgi halinde siyah, beyaz (üstübeç), sarı, mavi, lâcivert, yeşil, kırmızı (sürh, la‘l, gülgûn) mürekkeple, sarı veya yeşil altın (zer mürekkep) ve yaldızla çekilmiş olanları da vardır. Eski kitap sanatlarında ayrı bir önemi olan cedvel çekme işi, yazı ile sayfa kenar boşluklarının, diğer bir ifade ile sayfadaki yazılı kısımla yazısız kısımların birbirinden ayrılmasını ve metnin ön plana çıkmasını sağlar. Metne sonradan yapılacak müdahalenin önlenmesiyle metnin bir standart ölçü içinde yazılmasını temin ettiği gibi ayrıca sayfa kenarlarına yazılan şerh, hâşiye ve ta‘lîkāt gibi ilâvelerin metne karışmasını da önler. Bazı eserlerde ve bilhassa ders kitabı özelliğine sahip olanlarda ise sayfalar cedvellerle uygun şekillerde bölünerek bir kitabın içine birden fazla eser yerleştirilmesi mümkün olmuştur. Bu durumda asıl metin sayfanın ortasına yazılarak kenarlardaki boşluklara metnin şerhi, hâşiyesi, ta‘lîkātı gibi bir arada bulunması faydalı olan tamamlayıcıları da yazılırdı. Baskı sanatı geliştikten sonra bile bir kitabın içinde bu şekilde birkaç eserin basıldığı olmuştur. Nitekim Kitâbü Mecmûʿa mine’t-tefâsîr adıyla anılan eserde (İstanbul 1324) Beyzâvî, Nesefî, Hâzin ve İbn Abbas tefsirleri bir sayfaya yerleştirilerek basıldığı gibi Şürûḥu’t-telḫîṣ adıyla tanınan kitapta da Hatîb el-Kazvînî’nin Telḫîṣü’l-Miftâḥ ’ı ve bunun şerh ve hâşiyeleri beraberce basılmıştır (Bulak 1282). Ayrıca zîc ve zâyîçe gibi takvimle ilgili kitaplar, mahiyetleri icabı tamamen cedvellerle bölünmüş sayfalardan ibarettir. Bunların cedvellerini çizmek ise çok büyük dikkat ve mahareti gerektirir.
Cedveller bir kitabın tezhibinde önemli bir unsur olduğundan müzehhipler arasında ayrı bir iş olarak cedvelkeş denilen sanatkârlar tarafından yapılırdı. Ayrıca Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ilk iki sayfa ve sûre başları, diğer kitaplarda da ilk sayfalar (serlevha) genellikle tezhip edildiğinden buralardaki cedveller daha sanatkârane yapılır, renkli mürekkeplerle veya altınla çekilirdi. Yazma eserlerin sonunda metnin bittiği yerden başlayarak yazının kapladığı alana uygun bir şekilde ayrı bir cedvel çekilir, altına düz veya verev olarak yazılan istinsahla ilgili kayıtlar da başka bir cedvel içine alınırdı. Kitabın hattat elindeki işi bittikten sonra cedvelkeş ve vassâl adı verilen sanatkârlar tarafından sayfaları düzenlenir, eser tezhibe veya cilde hazırlanırdı. Gelibolulu Âlî, Menâkıb-ı Hünerverân ’da (s. 76) bir vassâli, “Halkârı, zerefşânı ve pervâzı, cedveli / Kılmış musahhar ana o hallâk-ı pür-kemâl” beytiyle överken onun aynı zamanda cedvelkeş olduğunu da belirtir.
Cedveller bir çizgiden ibaret olursa buna tek cedvel, iki çizgiden ibaret olursa çift cedvel denir. Ayrıca çizgilerden biri kalın, diğeri ince olursa “tek kuzulu”, kalınca bir cedvelin iki tarafına ince birer cedvel çizilmişse buna da “çift kuzulu” adı verilirdi.
Cedvel çizmeye mahsus kalemlere cedvel kalemi denir. Bunlar bir vida yardımı ile açılıp kapanabilen ve istenilen kalınlığa ayarlanabilen iki uçtan ibarettir. Günümüzde trling (Fr. tire-ligne) olarak da adlandırılan ve pergel takımları içinde yer alan bu alet yardımıyla istenilen kalınlıkta düzgün ve pürüzsüz çizgiler çizilebilir. Bilhassa büyük ölçüdeki levhalarda iki çizginin arası fırça ile doldurulmak suretiyle çok kalın cedveller elde edilebilir. Buna “cedvel doldurma” denir. Cedveller çizildikleri mürekkep çeşidine göre de altın, gümüş vb. isimlerle anılırlar. Cedvel kalemi ayrıca yapma kûfî yazıların hazırlanmasında da kullanılır.
Edebiyat. Cedvel divan edebiyatında, hat ve kitap sanatlarındaki anlamının yanında daha çok “cedvel-i âb” (su yolu) ve küçük akarsu için bir teşbih ve mecaz unsuru olarak da kullanılmıştır. Su ve akarsu etrafında teşekkül etmiş teşbih ve mecazlarda yer alan kelimeye genellikle bahardan, bahçeden (çemen) bahseden mısra ve beyitlerle bu konuları müstakil olarak ele alan bahâriyye ve şehrengizlerdeki mekân tasvirlerinde, tabiat manzaralarında rastlanır. Nedîm’in, “Bir nihâlistan kitâbıdır o sahrâlar meger / Kim ona havz-ı dilârâ sîmden cedvel çeker” beytinde cedvel kelimesi hem hat sanatındaki cedvel, hem de su yolu mânasında tevriyeli olarak kullanılmıştır. Kelimeye ayrıca âşığın gözlerinden seller gibi akan göz yaşlarının çokluğunu ifade etmek için de başvurulduğu görülmektedir. Ahmed Paşa’nın, “Eşkim rûyumda hûn ile cedveller eyleyip / Bu mâcerâ-yı derdimi yazdı hezâr bâr” beyti buna bir örnektir.
Lâle devrinin meşhur eğlence ve gezinti yerlerinden olan Kâğıthane’deki Sâdâbâd’da inşa edilen çağlayanlardan sonra derenin bir bölümünün içi ve kenarları mermer kaplanarak düzenlenmiş ve bu kısma “cedvel-i sîmîn” adı verilmiştir. Devrin bütün şairlerince güzelliğine temas edilen bu su yolu, özellikle Nedîm’in şiirlerinde en güzel şekilde kültür ve edebiyat tarihine intikal etmiştir: “Gümüş renginde bir dîbâ biçinmiş cedvel-i sîmîn / Velâkin hâre gibi mevci var şeffaf ü nûrânî”; “Çeşme-i nûr ise Nûr âyetin eyler tefsîr / Cedvel-i sîm ile bulsa n’ola zîb ü şânı”; “Cedvel-i sîm içre âdem binse bir zevrakçeye / İstese mümkün varılmak cennetin tâ yanına.”
Yahya Kemal de “Mâhurdan Gazel” adlı şiirinde, “Halk-ı Sa‘dâbâd iki sahil boyunca fevc fevc / Va‘de-i teşrîfine alkış tutarken dûrdan // Cedvel-i sîmîn kenarından bu âvâzın Kemâl / Koptu bir fevvâre-i zerrîn gibi mâhûrdan” mısralarında bu meşhur su yoluna temas etmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Kummî, Gülistân-ı Hüner , s. 160-165.
Âlî, Menâkıb-ı Hünerverân , s. 76.
Nedim, Divan (nşr. Abdülbâki Gölpınarlı), İstanbul 1951, s. 55, 79, 83.
Harun Tolasa, Ahmet Paşa’nın Şiir Dünyası , Ankara 1973, s. 354-355, 470.
M. Münir Aktepe, “Kâğıdhâne’ye Dâir Bazı Bilgiler”, Ord. Prof. İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı’ya Armağan , Ankara 1976, s. 350, 352, 354.
Yazır, Kalem Güzeli , I, 141.
A. Süheyl Ünver, “Selçuklu Kelâm-ı Kadimlerinde Süsleme Kaynakları”, Atatürk Konferansları VIII: 1975-1976 , Ankara 1983, s. 134.
R. Ekrem Koçu, “Cedvel, Cedvel-i Sîm”, İst.A , VI, 3413.
SA , I, 332.
Dihhudâ, Luġatnâme , X, 264-265.
Pakalın , I, 268.
TDEA , II, 22.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 7. cildinde, 214-215 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.