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CEHBEZ Skip to content Eskiden piyasada sarraflık, devlet maliyesinde ise başta para ayarı olmak üzere, çeşitli malî işleri yapan kimselere verilen ad.
Cehbez veya cihbiz kelimesi Farsça kökenli olup Arapça’da çoğulu cehâbize dir. “İçinde maden eritilen kap” anlamındaki kehbed den alınmıştır. Sözlükte “efendi, sahip, müdür; iyiyi kötüden, doğruyu yanlıştan ayıran kimse; âdil tenkitçi ve tahlilci” gibi mânalara gelmektedir. Bundan dolayı iyi malları kötülerinden ayıran tüccara da tâcir-i cehbez denilmekteydi. Piyasada bir çeşit bankacılık ve bankerlik yapanlar yanında sarraf, muhasip, vergi memuru, hazinedar ve vergi dairesi müdürüne de cehbez adı verilmiştir.
Abbâsî halifeleri Mansûr (754-775) ve Hârûnürreşîd (786-809) devirlerinden itibaren kaynaklarda cehbezden sıkça söz edilmeye başlanmıştır. Cehşiyârî, Hârûnürreşîd döneminde Mısır divanına bakan Ömer b. Mihrân’ın bir kısım hediyelerin satılıp paraya çevrilmesi işini cehbeze havale ettiğini kaydetmektedir (el-Vüzerâʾ ve’l-küttâb , s. 220). Muktedir-Billâh zamanında (908-932) cehbezler hemen bütün şehirlere yayılmışlar, sarraflık ve ticaretten büyük servetler elde etmişlerdi.
Abbâsîler döneminde ticaretin genişlemesine paralel olarak sarraflar faaliyetlerini artırarak borç para vermeye, emanet para kabul etmeye ve halkla darphâne arasında aracı olmaya da başladılar. Bir yandan ticarî zaruretler, öte yandan devletin nakit paraya ihtiyacı bunların bir banka gibi faaliyet göstermelerine yol açtı ve artık sıradan bir sarraf değil cehbez olarak anılmaya başlandılar.
Cehbezler para havalesi yaptıkları gibi takas işlerine de aracılık ediyorlar, nakil zorluğunu ve gasp gibi bazı tehlikeleri ortadan kaldırmak gayesiyle ve belli bir ücret karşılığında para yerine bir çeşit kredi mektubu ve “süftece” (poliçe) tanzim ediyorlardı. Süftece usulüyle bir tüccar istediği şehirdeki bir malı, kendi şehrindeki mal veya parasını teminat gösterip teslim alabildiği gibi karşı taraf da gelip onun malını götürebiliyordu. Bu tür işlem ve aracılıklarla kendilerine emanet bırakılan mevduatı koruma ve işletme karşılığında ücret aldıkları için cehbezler simsar olarak da nitelendirilmişlerdir.
Cehbezler bir çeşit çek de tanzim ediyorlardı. İbn Havkal Basra, Kûfe ve Bağdatlı tüccarların devamlı şekilde Mağrib’e mal götürüp getirdiklerini anlattıktan sonra orada şahitler huzurunda tanzim edilen çekleri gördüğünü ve yerli tüccarlardan Muhammed b. Sa‘dûn adında birinin borcu için 42.000 dinarlık bir çek yazıldığını kaydetmektedir (Ṣûretü’l-arż , s. 65).
Cehbezlerin yanı sıra sadece sarraflıkla uğraşanlar da faaliyet sahalarını genişletmişler ve faizle kredi verme yoluna saptıkları için 300 (912-13) yılında bundan menedilmişlerdi.
Bazı vezirler ve aileler şahsî sermayelerinin işletilmesini özel cehbezlerine havale etmişlerdi. Bunlar paralarını emniyet altına almak düşüncesiyle cehbezlerin yanında tutmuşlar ve işletilen sermayelerin elde edilen kârlarından onlara bir pay ödemişlerdir.
Tüccarlar cehbezlerden kredi aldıkları gibi vezirler de devlet giderlerini karşılayamadıklarında onlardan borç para almaya başladılar. İlk defa Muktedir-Billâh’ın veziri İbnü’l-Furât bazı yahudi cehbezlerden borç para aldı. Buna karşılık devletçe müsadere edilen mallar beytülmâl ve beytülmâl-i hâssa yerine bu yahudi cehbezler nezdinde toplandı. İbnü’l-Furât, cehbezlerin hesaplarını denetlemek ve devlet alacaklarını tesbit için de kâtibi İbn Ferceveyh’i görevlendirdi.
Halife Muktedir-Billâh tarafından vezirliğe getirilen Ali b. Îsâ devlet alacakları hususunda cehbezlerle mücadele etti; sonunda onlarla yeni bir anlaşma yaptı. On altı yıl süren bu anlaşmaya göre her ayın ilk gününde maaşların ödenmesi için cehbezler devlete 150.000 dirhem verecekler, buna karşılık bir teminat olarak Ahvaz bölgesinin gelirleri onlara ait olacaktı. Böylece vilâyetin vergi gelirleri devlet hazinesi yerine cehbezlerin kasalarında toplanmış oluyordu. Cehbezler bu vergileri kullanıyorlar ve hazine gelirlerinin yeterli olmadığı zamanlarda topladıkları veya toplayacakları vergilere mahsuben devlete para veriyorlardı.
Muktedir-Billâh devrinde cehbezlerle hilâfet merkezi dışındaki vilâyetlerde de iş birliği yapıldığı bilinmektedir. Nitekim Kum vilâyetine tayin edilen cehbez, haraç ve devlete ait dıyâ‘ gelirlerini kendi kasasında toplamıştır. Bu bölgenin vergi mükellefleri halifeye ve hazine müdürüne karşı müteselsil olarak cehbez için kefil olacak ve istenildiğinde onu hazır bulunduracaklardı. Cehbezle mükellefler ve devlet hazinesi arasındaki bütün muameleler makbuz (berâe) ve bir çeşit çek (sak صك ) kullanılarak yürütülecekti.
Cehbezler, devlet adına yaptıkları bu işlerden belli bir ücret veya hak almaktaydılar ki buna “cehbezlik hakkı” veya “cehbezlik malı” denilmektedir. Muktedir-Billâh zamanından başlayarak Büveyhîler döneminde ve hatta VII. (XIII.) yüzyıla kadar cehbezler, başta Bağdat ve Basra olmak üzere Abbâsîler’in diğer bütün şehirlerinde faaliyet göstermişler ve devletle ilişkilerini sürdürmüşlerdir. Bunların çoğunu yahudi ve hıristiyanlar teşkil etmekle beraber az sayıda müslüman da bu işle uğraşıyordu. Irak’ta Selçuklular döneminde de durum aynıydı. Anadolu Selçukluları’nda ise bu işler Türkler tarafından yapılıyordu.
Selçuklular döneminde de cehbezler, zenginlere ve devlet adamlarına ait paraları kâr karşılığı kullanmışlar, bazan devlete kredi açmışlar ve buna mukabil bir kısım vilâyetlerin vergilerini iltizam usulüyle kendileri toplayıp almışlardır. Irak dışında bu işleri çoğunlukla müslümanların yürütmesine karşılık Büyük Selçuklular döneminde cehbezlikte yahudilerin ilk sırayı aldığı görülür. Melikşah zamanında (1072-1092) yahudi İbn Allân, Vezir Nizâmülmülk vasıtasıyla bir kısım büyük vilâyetlerin vergilerini iltizam usulüyle almış, İbn Semhâ adında bir diğer yahudi de Melikşah’ın Bağdat’taki bir inşaatında müteahhitlik hizmetlerini üstlenmiştir. Sultan Berkyaruk da (1092-1104) devlet adına sermaye sahiplerinden borç alıp sonra bunu hazineden ödemiştir. Sultan Sencer devrinde de (1118-1157) bazı devlet büyükleri kendi sermayelerini cehbezlere işlettirmişler veya borç alıp kârdan ödemişlerdir.
Para sisteminin altın ve gümüşe dayanması, sarraflarca para basımı, paralarda kırpma yapma veya başka madenler karıştırma gibi olaylar, esas meslekleri sarraflık olan cehbezlerin maliyede çalıştırılmaları ihtiyacını doğurmuş ve özellikle milâdî IX ve X. yüzyıllarda gerek piyasada gerekse devlet dairelerinde cehbezlerin itibarı çok artmıştır. Kalkaşendî Memlükler devrindeki sarraflardan bahsederken eskiden bu memurlara cehbez denildiğini söyler (Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ , V, 466). Osmanlı Devleti’nde bu vazifeyi “sâhib-i ayâr” denilen darphâne görevlisi yerine getiriyordu.
Cehbezlerin hazine ile ilgili hesaplarını teftiş ve piyasadaki faaliyetlerini denetlemek için “dîvânü’l-cehbez” adlı bir divan kurulmuştur. Merkezde yani Bağdat’ta bulunan cehbez divanının yanı sıra vilâyetlerde de böyle bir daire bulunmaktaydı. Beytülmâl ile daha sıkı ilişki içinde bulunan cehbez divanı “para değiştirme dairesi” olarak da gösterilmektedir. Devlet kasalarında biriken muhtelif cins paralar bu divanda ihtiyaca göre birbiriyle değiştirildiği gibi aynî gelirler de paraya çevriliyordu. Bir kısım haraçları ve diğer bazı gelirleri de tahsil eden cehbez dairesi ödemede bulunan mükellefe bir makbuz (berâe veya vusûlât) veriyordu. Eğer ödeme takside bağlanmışsa bu defa onlar için “rûzât” denilen belgeler tanzim ediyordu. Cehbez divanı, günlük gelir miktarlarını gösteren bir gelir cetveli (kāime) tanzim eder ve bunu gelir belgeleriyle karşılaştırarak denetimini yapardı. Malî dairelerin günlük gelir ve giderlerini çıkardıkları cetvellere ise “rûznâmçe” adı verilmektedir. Cehbez divanı tarafından günlük kasa girdisini gösteren listelerden ayrı olarak aylık ve yıllık gelir yekünü ile gider (nafakāt) hesaplarını ve hazine bakiyesini (hâsıl) gösteren cetveller çıkartılır ve bunlar beytülmâle takdim edilirdi ki bunlardan aylık olanına “hatme” (الختمة ), yıllık olanına da “el-hatmetü’l-câmia” denilirdi.
Cehbez divanı sadece kendisi için değil devlet hazinesi için de aylık ve yıllık olarak gelir ve gider hesap cetvelleri çıkartmaktaydı. Haraç divanı da buna benzer bir cetvel (a‘mâl) hazırlardı ki muhtemelen cehbez divanı aylık ve yıllık bütçe hesaplarını yaparken bunlardan da faydalanıyordu. Ancak bu hesaplar, maliyedeki sistem gereği “ezimme divanı” diye anılan maliye denetleme dairesinin tetkikine sunulmuş olmalıdır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 7. cildinde, 222-223 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.