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CEHMİYYE Skip to content Cehm b. Safvân’ın (ö. 128/745-46) itikadî görüşlerinden oluşan mezhebe ve bu mezhebi benimseyenlere verilen ad.
İslâm âleminde ilk ortaya çıkan fırkalardan biri olan Cehmiyye, Muattıla ve Cebriyye-i Hâlisa adlarıyla da anıldığı gibi bazılarınca zenâdıka dan sayılmıştır. Ayrıca ilk dönemlerde kelâm ve felsefe ile meşgul olanlar için de Cehmiyye tabiri kullanılıyor, bununla genel olarak fikir hareketlerine katılan, özel olarak da yabancı fikirlere ilgi duyan kimseler kastediliyordu. Cehmiyye’nin, kurucusu Cehm b. Safvân’dan başka önemli bir siması tanınmamaktadır. Bununla birlikte İslâm dünyasında felsefî eserlerin tercümesinden sonra gelişen fikir muhiti içinde Bişr b. Gıyâs el-Merîsî’nin (ö. 218/833) Cehmiyye’nin görüşlerini savunanlardan biri olduğu bilinmektedir. Cehmiyye’nin Allah’ın sıfatları, kader, irade hürriyeti, âhiret âleminin fâni olup olmadığı gibi önemli meselelerde Müşebbihe ve Mücessime’ye bir tepki olarak doğduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Ancak ortaya çıktığı andan itibaren bu ekolü şiddetle tenkit eden hadisçilere ve müctehid imamlara göre Cehmiyye’nin doğmasında, Hint felsefesi kaynaklı Sümeniyye ile diğer felsefî akımların yanı sıra İslâm akîdesini bozmaya çalışan yahudi ve hıristiyanların da tesiri olmuştur (Ahmed b. Hanbel, s. 65).
Cehmiyye’ye ait görüşler sadece tabakat kitapları ile mezhepler tarihi alanındaki kitaplarda ve muhaliflerinin tenkit maksadıyla yazdığı eserlerde yer almaktadır. Ayrıntıya dair bilgilerle değerlendirmelerde kaynakların tamamen tarafsız olduğu söylenemezse de mezhebin temel görüşleri hakkında verilen bilgilerin doğruluğundan şüphe edilmesi için hiçbir sebep yoktur. Müteşâbihatın te’viline ilk defa başvuran Cehmiyye akılla naklin çelişebileceğini iddia etmiş ve naklin akılla te’vil edilmesi gerektiğini savunmuştur. Cehmiyye, bazı durumlarda aklın nassın zâhirî mânasını terketmeyi gerektiren kuvvetli bir bilgi kaynağı olduğunu kabul eder. Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Malatî, bu ilkeden hareket eden Cehmiyye’ye ait itikadî görüşleri benimseyenlerin sekiz sınıf teşkil ettiğini söylemektedir.
Cehmiyye’nin görüşlerini şöylece özetlemek mümkündür: 1 . Varlığı ancak akıl yoluyla idrak edilebilen Allah, benzeri bulunmayan, duyu organlarıyla ihata edilemeyen, ulûhiyyetiyle göklerde ve yerde mevcut olan yüce bir varlıktır. Cenâb-ı Hak, yaratıklara nisbet edilen alîm, hay, semî‘, basîr gibi hiçbir sıfatla nitelendirilemez. Böyle bir tavsif teşbihe yol açabileceği gibi araz olan sıfatların zât-ı ilâhiyyeye nisbeti, O’nun hâdis varlıklara mahal teşkil etmesi neticesini doğurur. Ancak Allah’a kādir, hâlik ve fâil denebilir. Çünkü yaratıkların hiçbirinde bu vasıflar yoktur. Allah’ı arş gibi belli bir mekâna veya cihete nisbet etmek mümkün değildir; zira O daima kullarıyla beraberdir. Nitekim, “Allah’ın göklerde ve yerde olanları bildiğini görmez misin! Üç kişi gizli konuşmaz ki dördüncüsü Allah olmasın; beş kişi gizli konuşmaz ki altıncısı Allah olmasın. Bundan daha az olsun veya daha çok olsun, nerede bulunurlarsa bulunsunlar Allah onların yanındadır” (el-Mücâdile 58/7) meâlindeki âyet bunun açık bir delilidir. İstivâ âyetinin asıl mânası ise Allah’ın arşa hâkim olmasıdır. Her yerde mevcut olan sınırsız varlığın bir yere inmesinden de (nüzûl ) elbette söz edilemez. Kur’an ve hadislerde Allah hakkında geçen “yed”, “vech”, “hicâb” vb. tabirlerin zâhirî mânalarında alınmayıp akılla te’vil edilmeleri gerekir. Zihinde canlanan bütün şekillerden münezzeh bulunduğu için Allah’a “şey” de denemez. 2. Allah’ın ilmi hâdistir; bu sebeple bir varlığı yaratmadan önce onun hakkında bilgi sahibi değildir, çünkü ma‘dûm u bilmek imkânsızdır. “Şey”, varlık sahasına çıkmış cisim anlamına geldiğine göre henüz mevcut olmayana “şey” denemez, dolayısıyla ma‘dûm bilgiye konu teşkil edemez. Cenâb-ı Hak önce bilip sonra yaratmış olsaydı bilgisinde değişiklik olması gerekirdi. Zira bir şeyi “yaratacağını” bilmesiyle “yarattığını” bilmesi arasında mahiyet bakımından fark vardır. Bu iki bilginin ilkinden ikincisine geçişte bir değişiklik söz konusudur, değişiklik ise yaratılmış varlıklar için düşünülebilir. Eğer Allah’ın, varlığı yaratmadan önceki bilgisiyle yarattıktan sonraki bilgisi aynı kalmışsa yarattığını bilmiyor demektir. Bu deliller Allah’ın bilgisinin hâdis olduğu ihtimalini güçlendirmektedir. Bu durum karşısında ilâhî bilginin herhangi bir mahalde bulunmaksızın var olduğunu kabul etmek gerekir. Aksi bir görüş, Allah’ın zâtının yaratılmışlara mahal teşkil ettiği düşüncesine yol açar ki bu imkânsızdır. İlim sıfatı ezelî farzedilecek olursa bu ilim ya Allah’ın aynı veya gayrı olur. Gayrı ise ezeliyette ona şerik tanınmış olur ki bu küfürdür; eğer ilim sıfatı Allah’ın aynı ise bu da “Allah ilimden ibarettir” sonucunu doğurur ki böyle bir düşünce inkârla aynı anlama gelir. Cehmiyye, “Sizi deneyeceğiz, ta ki gayret gösterenlerinizi ve sabredenlerinizi bilelim” (Muhammed 47/31) âyetindeki “bilelim” ifadesini Allah’ın bilgisinin sonradan olduğuna delil saymıştır. 3. Kelâm sıfatının Allah’a nisbet edilmesi mümkün değildir. O ezelde ve şu anda konuşmadığı gibi gelecekte de konuşmaz. Çünkü konuşma bir organa ihtiyaç gösterir. Allah’ın Mûsâ ile konuşması, herhangi bir varlıkta ses yaratması ve bu sesi Hz. Mûsâ’nın kulağına ulaştırması şeklinde olmuştur. Bu mânada hâdis bir kelâmın O’na nisbeti ise câizdir. Cehmiyye’nin Ehl-i sünnet’e ters düşen görüşlerinden biri de Kur’an’ın yaratılmış olduğu iddiasıdır. Onlara göre akıl ve nakil Kur’an’ın yaratılmış olduğunu göstermektedir. Nitekim, “Biz onu Arapça yaptık” (ez-Zuhruf 43/3) meâlindeki âyette yer alan “biz onu yaptık” (جعلناه ) ibaresi “biz onu yarattık” (خلقناه ) anlamına gelmektedir. Ayrıca Kur’an bir “şey”dir; “her şey”in yaratılmış olduğu ise âyetle sabittir (bk. el-En‘âm 6/102). Aklî bir delil olarak da şöyle düşünmek mümkündür: Kur’an Allah’ın kendisi mi, yoksa O’ndan başka bir “şey” midir? Şüphe yok ki “Kur’an Allah’tır” demek küfrü gerektirir. Şu halde Kur’an Allah’tan başka bir “şey”dir. Allah’ın bir fiili olduğu için aynı zamanda bir cisimdir, dolayısıyla yaratılmıştır. 4. Allah’ın dünyada ve âhirette görülmesi mümkün değildir, sadece fiilleri görülebilir. “Gözler O’nu idrak edemez” (el-En‘âm 6/103) meâlindeki âyet Allah’ın görülemeyeceğini, “Rabbine bakmadın mı, gölgeyi nasıl uzatmış!” (el-Furkān 25/45) meâlindeki âyet ise fiillerinin görülebileceğini ifade etmektedir. Ayrıca rü’yet âyetinden (el-Kıyâme 75/22) kastedilen de Allah’ın fiilleridir. Allah’ın görülmesi aklen de mümkün değildir. Zira görme bir mesafeyi gerektirir, halbuki O’nunla yaratıkları arasında herhangi bir mesafe söz konusu değildir. 5. Kâinatta yegâne “fâil” ve “mürîd” Allah’tır; insan da dahil olmak üzere bütün varlıklarda cereyan eden fiillerin yaratıcısı O’dur. Şu halde gerçek anlamda insana has bir irade hürriyetinden söz etmek mümkün değildir. Cansız varlıklarda olduğu gibi insanın fiilleri de sadece mecazi mânada O’na nisbet edilebilir. İnsana irade ve istitâat adını taşıyan bir güç verilmişse de bu, iradesi dışında kendisine verilmiş olan fizyolojik vasıfları gibi zaruret kanunlarına tâbidir. 6. İnsanın amellerini yazan özel melekleri yoktur; ruhu bedenden ayıran da ölüm meleği değildir. Kabir azabı, sorgu melekleri, mîzan, sırat, şefaat yoktur. Cennet ve cehennem henüz yaratılmamıştır. Bunlar âhirette yaratıldıktan ve her birinin ehli içinde uzun müddet kaldıktan sonra diğer bütün varlıklarla birlikte yok olacaktır. Çünkü hiçbir hareket ezelî ve ebedî olamaz. Ezele doğru gidilince sonlu olan varlığın ebed istikametinde de sonlu olması gerekir. “Rabbinin dilemesi müstesna, yer ve gökler devam ettiği müddetçe orada ebedî olarak kalacaklardır” (Hûd 11/107-108) meâlindeki âyette geçen şart ve istisna bunu göstermektedir. Şart ve istisnanın zikredilmediği “tahlîd” âyetlerinden (meselâ bk. el-Bakara 2/25, 39) kastedilen mâna ise uzun süre kalmadır. Ayrıca Allah’ın “âhir” isminin tecelli etmesi için de bütün varlıkların yok olması gerekir. 7. İman Allah, peygamber ve ondan gelen bütün haberler konusunda kişide kesin bir bilginin meydana gelmesi, inkâr ise bu bilginin teşekkül etmemesidir. Böyle bir bilgi ancak akılla elde edilebilir. Kalbin tasdiki zihnin karar vermesinden başka bir şey değildir. Mârifetin dışında kalan dil ile ikrar, organlarla amel imandan değildir. Takıyye düşüncesiyle olmasa bile dil ile inkâr kişiyi küfre götürmez, çünkü bilgi inkârla ortadan kalkmaz. İmanın mahiyeti değişmediğine göre derece itibariyle iman ehli arasında bir farklılık yoktur.
İslâm düşünce tarihinde nasları ilk defa serbest bir akılcılıkla yorumlamaya çalışan bu grubun yukarıdaki görüşleri, özellikle Mu‘tezile’nin Ahmed b. Hanbel’e karşı elde ettiği fikrî üstünlük döneminde şöhret bulmuş, hicrî IV. yüzyılın başlarına kadar Tirmiz, Nihâvend ve Horasan bölgelerinde yayılmıştır. Bu fırka, mensuplarının bir kısmının zaman içinde Eş‘ariyye’ye katılmasıyla dağılmıştır.
Cehmiyye’nin, Allah’ı tenzih maksadıyla da olsa nasların ifade ettiği mânaları aşacak derecede te’vile gitmesi, dinî konularda tek başına yeterli olmayan aklı nassa tercih etmesi ve dolayısıyla Hz. Peygamber devrinden itibaren akaid sahasında devam eden saflık ve muhafazakârlığı bozması, özellikle sünnete bağlı Selef âlimleri arasında şiddetli tepkilere yol açmış, hatta İslâm fırkaları dışında sayılmasına sebep olmuştur. Bu tepkiye daha sonra Ehl-i sünnet kelâmcıları, Mu‘tezile ve Şîa’ya bağlı âlimler de katılmıştır. Bununla beraber Cenâb-ı Hakk’ın yaratılanlara benzemekten tenzihi ve müteşâbihatın te’vili konularında Ehl-i sünnet kelâmcılarına; mârifetullahın aklen vücûbu konusunda Mâtürîdiyye’ye; sıfâtullahın nefyi (ta‘tîl ) ile rü’yetullah , kabir azabı, şefaat, mîzan ve sıratın inkârı konularında Mu‘tezile’ye; cennet ve cehennemin ebedî olmadığı görüşünde Ebü’l-Hüzeyl el-Allâf’a ve iman anlayışında Mürcie’ye tesir ettiği, en azından Cehmiyye ile bu gruplar arasında fikrî bir paralelliğin bulunduğu kabul edilmektedir. Esasen Malatî’nin Cehmiyye’yi sekiz sınıfa ayırmasından ve mezhebin itikadî sistemini bu gruplara yaymasından da anlaşılacağı gibi Cehmiyye, kökleşmiş bir itikadî mezhep olmaktan çok hür bir akılcılıkla iman esaslarını yorumlama çığırını açan ve çeşitli ekollere tesir eden bir akımdır. Cehmiyye mezhebini benimseyen belli başlı âlimlerin olmayışı da bunu göstermektedir.
Cehmiyye’nin görüşleri çeşitli akaid ve kelâm kitaplarında ele alınıp tenkide tâbi tutulduğu gibi müstakil kitaplarda da incelenip reddedilmiştir. Ahmed b. Hanbel’in er-Red ale’z-zenâdıḳa ve’l-Cehmiyye ’si, İbn Kuteybe’nin el-İḫtilâf fi’l-lafẓ ve’r-red ʿale’l-Cehmiyye ve’l-Müşebbihe ’si, Ebû Saîd ed-Dârimî’nin er-Red ʿale’l-Cehmiyye ile er-Red ʿale’l-Merîsî ’si (bu kitaplar Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr tarafından ʿAḳāʾidü’s-selef adlı derleme kitap içinde yayımlanmıştır, İskenderiye 1971), İbn Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî’nin er-Red ʿale’l-Cehmiyye ’si, İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye’nin İctimâʿu’l-cüyûşi’l-İslâmiyye ʿalâ ġazvi’l-Muʿaṭṭıla ve’l-Cehmiyye ’si (Beyrut 1404/1984) ve Cemâleddin el-Kāsımî’nin Târîḫu’l-Cehmiyye ve’l-Muʿtezile ’si (Sayda 1320; Kahire 1321) bunlardan bazılarıdır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ahmed b. Hanbel, er-Red ale’z-zenâdıḳa ve’l-Cehmiyye (ʿAḳāʾidü’s-selef içinde), s. 62, 65, 67-68, 75-76, 82-84.
Dârimî, er-Red ʿale’l-Cehmiyye (nşr. Gösta Vitestam), Leiden 1960, s. 8, 24, 39, 42, 93-100.
Eş‘arî, Maḳālât (Ritter) , bk. Fihrist, s. 626, 671.
Mâtürîdî, Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 66.
Malatî, et-Tenbîh ve’r-red , s. 91-140; a.e. , M. Zâhid Kevserî’nin girişi, s. 7.
Kādî Abdülcebbâr, el-Muḥîṭ , s. 117, 437.
Bağdâdî, el-Farḳ (Abdülhamîd) , s. 212.
İbn Hazm, el-Faṣl , II, 127, 204.
Şehristânî, el-Milel (Vekîl) , I, 86-87.
Şerḥu’l-ʿAḳīdeti’ṭ-Ṭaḥâviyye , s. 531-532.
İbn Teymiyye, Mecmûʿatü’r-resâʾil , I, 181, 197.
İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, eṣ-Ṣavâʾiḳu’l-mürsele , [baskı yeri ve tarihi yok], s. 84.
Safedî, el-Vâfî , XI, 208-209.
Ebû Abdullah İbnü’l-Vezîr, Îs̱ârü’l-ḥaḳ ʿale’l-ḫalḳ , Beyrut 1403/1983, s. 285, 287.
ʿAḳāʾidü’s-selef , neşredenin girişi, s. 25.
Abdurrahman Bedevî, Meẕâhibü’l-İslâmiyyîn , Beyrut 1979, I, 134.
İzmirli, “Dürzî Mezhebi”, DİFM , I/2 (1926), s. 41-42.
M. Şerefeddin Yaltkaya, “Ceberiye”, İA , III, 38-39.
W. Montgomery Watt, “D̲j̲ahmiyya”, EI2 (Fr.) , II, 398-399.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 7. cildinde, 234-236 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.