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CELÂL NURİ İLERİ Skip to content (1882-1936)
II. Meşrutiyet ve Cumhuriyet devrinin tanınmış gazetecisi, fikir ve siyaset adamı.
Gelibolu’da doğdu. Babası, mektupçuluktan valiliğe kadar çeşitli hizmetlerde bulunduktan sonra 1908’de Meclis-i A‘yân üyeliğine seçilen Mustafa Nuri Bey, annesi de Mes̱nevî mütercim ve şârihi Âbidin Paşa’nın kızı Nefise Hanım’dır. Celâl Nuri’nin çocukluğu babasının görevli olarak bulunduğu Gelibolu, Sakız ve Canik’te geçti. İlk öğrenimini taşra mekteplerinde ve özel hocalardan gördü. Orta öğrenimini Galatasaray Mekteb-i Sultânîsi’nde yaptı. Daha sonra Mekteb-i Hukuk’a devam etti ve II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından önce buradan mezun oldu.
Çalışma hayatına avukat olarak başlayan Celâl Nuri’nin asıl faaliyet gösterdiği alan gazeteciliktir. Gazeteciliğe 1909’da Ebüzziyâ Tevfik ile birlikte Le Courrier d’Orient ’da başladı. Celâl Nuri 1911 yılı sonlarına kadar çalıştığı, Ebüzziyâ’nın ayrılmasından sonra adı Le Jeune Turc olan bu gazetede fikir hürriyeti, Avrupa’ya karşı Osmanlı hukukunun müdafaası, Rus aleyhtarlığı ve ittihâd-ı İslâm taraftarlığı konularında birçok yazı yazdı. 1912 yılından itibaren yoğun bir yazım faaliyetine girerek, Tanin ve Hak gazeteleriyle İctihad mecmuasında makaleler yayımlarken bir yandan da bunlardan yaptığı seçmeleri kitap haline getirdi. Aynı yıl Rusya ve İskandinavya’ya bir seyahat yaptı; 1913’te ilk Türk yazarı olarak kuzey kutbuna gitti. Celâl Nuri, 1914 yılı başlarında Abdullah Cevdet ile aralarında çıkan bir fikir tartışması yüzünden İctihad ’dan ayrıldı ve Hürriyet-i Fikriyye mecmuasında yazmaya başladı. Aynı yıl yaklaşık iki ay süren bir Amerika seyahatine çıktı. 1916’da İkdam ’ın başyazarlığını yaparken bir yandan da Edebiyyât-ı Umûmiyye Mecmuası ’nı çıkardı. Bütün fikrî ve ilmî enerjisini üzerinde toplayacağı Âtî gazetesini 1 Ocak 1918’de yayımlamaya başladığında artık meşhur bir yazar, tecrübeli bir gazeteci ve usta bir polemikçi olmuştu. Hükümetin basın hürriyetini sınırlayıcı teşebbüsleri karşısında tenkit dozunu iyice arttırınca Âtî 10 Şubat 1919’da kapatıldı; fakat hemen ertesi gün İleri adıyla yayımına devam etti.
Celâl Nuri tenkitlerini Hürriyet ve İtilâf Fırkası’na da yöneltince o günlerde bu fırkanın umumi kâtibi olan ve Sabah gazetesinde yazan Ali Kemal’le aralarında bir tartışma başladı. Bu polemik, Celâl Nuri’nin yurt dışına çıkmasına ve yaklaşık dört ay kadar Roma’da kalmasına sebep oldu. Ali Kemal’in Dahiliye vekilliğinden ayrılması üzerine 24 Temmuz 1919’da İstanbul’a döndü. 22 Kasım 1919 tarihinde Gelibolu’dan mebus seçildi; böylece 1935 yılına kadar devam edecek siyasî hayatı da başlamış oldu. Son Osmanlı Meclis-i Meb‘ûsanı’nın aldığı Mîsâk-ı Millî kararının müsveddesini kaleme alan Celâl Nuri (İleri , nr. 1358, 11 Teşrînisâni 1337), İstanbul’un işgaliyle basın üzerindeki baskılar iyice artınca işgalciler tarafından Malta’ya sürüldü. 3 Kasım 1921’de Malta’dan İstanbul’a döndü ve Ankara’ya geçip Gelibolu milletvekili sıfatıyla Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’ne girdi. 10 Şubat 1922’de Kānûn-ı Esâsî Encümeni reisliğine seçildi. Buradaki çalışmalarıyla Kānûn-ı Esâsî’yi, gerekli değişikliği yaparak Cumhuriyet’in ilânını mümkün kılacak duruma getirdi.
Lozan Antlaşması’ndan sonra kanunsuz yollarla İstanbul’a dönen Rum ve Ermeniler’e kolaylık sağlayan ve Yunus Nadi, Kılıç Ali gibi bazı mebusların adlarının da karıştığı “iş komitesi” hakkında yaptığı neşriyattan sonra gelişen olaylar üzerine İleri 30 Kasım 1924’te kapatıldı. Adı 1928 yılına kadar herhangi bir gazetede görülmeyen yazarın bu süre içinde tek yayın faaliyeti, 1926’da yayımladığı Türk İnkılâbı adlı eseridir. 1928’de İkdam ’da yeniden yazı hayatına dönen Celâl Nuri, harf inkılâbının gerçekleşmesinde ve tutunmasında önemli rol oynamıştır. 1934’te soyadı kanunu çıkınca gazetesi İleri ’nin adını soyadı olarak seçti. 2 Kasım 1936’da İstanbul’da öldü.
Eserleri. Celâl Nuri siyaset, hukuk, tarih, din, seyahat, dil ve edebiyat alanlarında çok sayıda makale ve kitap yayımlamıştır. Bunlar konularına göre şöyle sıralanabilir:
Siyaset. 1. 1327 Senesinde Selânik’te Mün‘akid İttihad ve Terakkî Kongresine Celâl Nuri Bey Tarafından Takdim Kılınan Muhtıradır (İstanbul 1327). Bu muhtırada devletin içinde bulunduğu durumu, Rusya, İngiltere, Fransa ve İtalya’nın Osmanlı Devleti hakkındaki emellerini, yabancı unsurlar meselesi, Avrupalılaşma, hükümetlerin hangi temele dayanması gerektiği ve nihayet Jön Türk hükümetinin görevleri konusundaki düşüncelerini dile getirmiştir.
2. Taç Giyen Millet (İstanbul 1339 r./1341). Celâl Nuri bu kitapta genel olarak tarih ve milliyet, devlet şekilleri, Tanzimat hareketi ve Meşrutiyet rejimiyle millî hâkimiyetin mukayesesi, inkılâp, eski ve yeni din anlayışı üzerinde durmaktadır. Ona göre zamanla dinin esasıyla ilgisi olmayan birtakım gelenekler dine ilâve edilmiştir. Bunlar gittikçe çoğalarak dinin hakikatini örtmüştür. Celâl Nuri dinsizliğin ve din aleyhtarlığının bu ilâvelerden çıktığı kanaatindedir.
3. Türk İnkılâbı (İstanbul 1926). Millî Mücadele’nin kazanılmasından sonra Türkiye’de gerçekleştirilen inkılâplara dair düşüncelerini ihtiva eden eseridir. Türk inkılâbını H. Taine’in metoduyla değerlendirdikten sonra medeniyet, Batılılaşma, dil, edebiyat, iktisat ve inkılâp fikirleri üzerinde durur.
Hukuk. 1. Kendi Nokta-i Nazarımdan Hukūk-ı Düvel (İstanbul 1330). Çeşitli gazete ve mecmualarda yayımladığı makalelerden yaptığı seçmeleri ihtiva eder. Celâl Nuri bu kitabında James Lorimer, F. de Martens, Henri Bonfils ve Paul Fauchille gibi Batılı hukukçuların eserlerinden ve Batılı devletlerin Osmanlılar’a karşı tutumundan hareket ederek Batılılar’ın, birincisi kendi aralarında, ikincisi de bizimle münasebetlerinde uyguladıkları iki türlü hukuk anlayışlarının bulunduğunu söyler. Celâl Nuri eserinde, günümüzde de hâlâ geçerli olduğu görülen Batılılar’ın bu ikili hukuk anlayışının yanlışlığını ispatlamaya çalışır. Eserin sonuna, ilk defa İctihad ’da çıkan ve önemli tartışmalara sebep olan “İslâm’da Vücûb-ı Teceddüd” adlı makalesi ilâve edilmiştir (s. 163-191). Üç bölümden meydana gelen makalenin birinci bölümünde müslümanların XIII. yüzyıldan beri hızı gittikçe artan bir çöküş halinde olduklarını belirtir. Bu çöküş, XIX. yüzyılda Hıristiyanlık âleminin İslâm’ı nüfuzu altına alması sonucunu doğurmuştur. İkinci bölümde müslümanlara bu nüfuzdan kurtulmanın yollarını gösterir. Üçüncü bölümde ise Batı sömürüsüne karşı verilecek mücadelede sosyalistlerle iş birliği yapmanın câiz olduğunu söyler.
2. Havâic-i Kānûniyyemiz (İstanbul 1331). Celâl Nuri’nin İctihad mecmuasında yazdığı hukukla ilgili makalelerinin bir araya toplanmasından meydana gelen eseridir. Mukaddimede kanunlarla ilgili genel düşüncelerini anlatır. Ona göre bir memleketi kanunla “ihya arzusunda bulunmak”, insanların tabiatını ve milletlerin mizacını bilmemek demektir. Nitekim İngiliz hukuku, bu ülkede mevcut olan örf, âdet ve muamelelerin tesbitinden başka bir şey değildir. Bu noktadan hareketle mevcut kanunlar üzerindeki düşüncelerini ve tekliflerini ortaya koyar. Ancak bunu yaparken kendi içinde tutarsızlıktan kurtulamaz. Bir taraftan hukukun sosyal bünyeye uygun bulunmasını, taklit eseri olmamasını savunurken aynı fikirleri benimseyen Cevdet Paşa’ya ve eseri Mecelle ’ye şiddetle hücum eder. Bir başka yerde de tam tersini savunarak, “Garp karşımızda bir kütübhâne-i kavânîn arzediyor. Bunların ahz ve iktibası pek o kadar müşkil bir iş değildir” (s. 48-49) demekte bir sakınca görmez.
Tarih. 1. Târîh-i Tedenniyât-ı Osmâniyye (İstanbul 1330). Eserde Osmanlılar’ın gerileyiş ve çöküş sebepleri üzerinde durulur.
2. Mukadderât-ı Târîhiyye (İstanbul 1330). Târîh-i Tedenniyât-ı Osmâniyye ’nin zeylidir. Bu eserde de Türk toplumunun maarif, kadın, ahlâk, iktisadî gerileme, kanunlar ve idarenin yenilenmesiyle azınlıklar gibi belli başlı meseleleri üzerinde durur. Bu iki eser daha sonra birleştirilerek Târîh-i Tedenniyât-ı Osmâniyye-Mukadderât-ı Târîhiyye adıyla tek cilt halinde yeniden basılmıştır (İstanbul 1331).
Dinî ve Fikrî Eserleri. 1. İttihâd-ı İslâm (İstanbul 1331). “İslâm’ın Mâzisi, Hali, İstikbali” alt başlığını taşıyan eserde, XX. yüzyılın başlarında dünyada meydana gelen siyasî değişiklikler göz önünde bulundurularak müslümanların geleceği ele alınmakta ve İslâm birliği fikri tartışılmaktadır. Celâl Nuri de İslâm birliğini gerekli görmekte ve bunun gerçekleşmesiyle ilgili görüşlerini belirtmektedir.
2. Kadınlarımız (İstanbul 1331). Kadının toplumdaki sosyal ve hukukî durumunu inceleyen bir eserdir. Celâl Nuri’ye göre kadın Osmanlı toplumunda ikinci plana itilmiştir. Bunun sebebi İslâm dini değil bizim Müslümanlık anlayışımızdır. Celâl Nuri kadınların erken yaşta evlenmesine, çok evliliğe, resmî memur önünde kıyılmayan nikâhlara şiddetle karşı çıkmaktadır. Yine ona göre Osmanlılar’da uygulanan boşanma usulleri değiştirilmeli, ancak mahkeme kararıyla yapılan boşanmalar geçerli sayılmalıdır. Öte yandan Celâl Nuri kadınların örtünmesine değilse de en azından o dönemdeki örtünme biçimlerine karşıdır. Eserin kaleme alındığı yıllar Batıcılar, Türkçüler ve İslâmcılar arasında kadın meselesinin yoğun biçimde tartışıldığı yıllardır. Celâl Nuri de bu mücadelede Batıcılar safında yer almış ve özellikle İslâmcılar’ın fikirlerini reddeden görüşler ileri sürmeye gayret etmiştir. Celâl Nuri’nin bu fikirleri kısmen Hukūk-ı Âile Kararnâmesi’ne ve daha ziyade Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında gerçekleştirilen hukuk inkılâplarına tesir etmiştir.
3. Hâtemü’l-enbiyâ (İstanbul 1332). Kapağındaki “Garazkârân-ı Garb ve hurâfât-perestân-ı Şark’a karşı mevki-i târîhî-i Ahmedî’yi muhafazaten yapılmış tecrübe-i kalemiyyedir” cümlesiyle tanıtılan eserde Hz. Muhammed ve İslâm dini mevcut siyer geleneğinin dışında yeni bir açıdan ele alınmaktadır. Yazara göre Hz. Muhammed “tarih nokta-i nazarından mağdurdur”; gayri müslim tarihçiler “büyük ve irsî bir husumetin zebunudurlar.” Müslüman tarihçiler ise Hz. Muhammed’i bir insan olarak değil insan üstü varlık olarak görmüşlerdir. Müellif daha sonra Dr. Sprenger, R. Dozy ve E. Renan’ın Hz. Peygamber’le ilgili iddialarına cevaplar verir.
4. İlel-i Ahlâkıyyemiz (İstanbul 1332). Eserde ahlâk anlayışımızın teşekkülü, zamanla bu anlayışın bozulması, bunun sebepleri ve yeniden sağlam bir ahlâkî münasebetler sistemine ulaşmanın yolları üzerinde durulur.
5. Târîh-i İstikbâl . Mesâil-i Fikriyye (İstanbul 1331), Mesâil-i Siyâsiyye (İstanbul 1331) ve Mesâil-i İctimâiyye (İstanbul 1332) adlı üç ayrı kitaptan meydana gelmektedir. Mesâil-i Fikriyye ’de spekülatif felsefenin artık sona erdiğini, insan zekâsının gittikçe pratikleştiğini, bunun sonucu olarak da günümüzde zan ve hayale dayanan nazariyelerin ortadan kalkmakta olduğunu söyler. Celâl Nuri’nin bu kitabındaki fikirlere, başta Ferit Kam (Sebîlürreşad , c. XI, nr. 283, 30 Kânunusâni 1329, s. 358) ve Şehbenderzâde Ahmed Hilmi (Huzûr-ı Akl ü Fende Maddiyyûn Meslek-i Dalâleti , İstanbul 1332) olmak üzere birçok yazar tarafından cevap verilmiştir.
6. Müslümanlara, Türklere Hakaret, Düşmanlara Riayet ve Muhabbet (İstanbul 1332). Celâl Nuri’nin Abdullah Cevdet ile aralarında çıkan tartışmada kendi görüşlerini anlattığı bir risâledir. Celâl Nuri, Balkan felâketi üzerine yazdığı “Şîme-i Husûmet” adlı yazısında (İctihad , nr. 89, 9 Kânunusâni 1329) vatan ve milletimize kasteden Batılı devletlere karşı düşmanlık beslememiz gerektiğini telkin ederken Abdullah Cevdet buna “Şîme-i Muhabbet” makalesiyle cevap verir ve bu yazıda ilerleyebilmemiz için Batılılar’a sevgi beslememiz gerektiğini söyler. Tartışma büyüyünce İctihad ’dan ayrılmak zorunda kalan Celâl Nuri, o sırada başka bir yayın organında yazmadığı için Abdullah Cevdet’e bu risâle ile cevap vermiştir.
7. Harpten Sonra Türkleri Yükseltelim (Kostantiniye 1917). Bu eserinde müellif devam etmekte olan I. Dünya Savaşı’nın doğurduğu problemler üzerinde durur.
8. İştirak Etmediğimiz Harekât (İstanbul 1917). Eser, bugünkü Batı medeniyetinin meydana gelmesinde rolü olan üç büyük hareketten coğrafî keşifleri, Rönesans ve Reform’u tanıtmakta, bunların Osmanlı tarihiyle münasebeti üzerinde durmaktadır.
9. Kara Tehlike (Dersaadet 1334). Celâl Nuri, Edebiyyât-ı Umûmiyye Mecmuası ’nda yazdığı Türkler’in Osmanlılar’dan önceki devirlerine ait makaleler arasında özellikle “Osmanlılar’dan Evvel” (c. II, nr. 30, 31) başlığını taşıyan makalesinde eski Türkler’in “secâyâ-yi milliyyesi”ni araştırmıştır. Ona göre tarih boyunca Türkler tarafından gerçekleştirilen akınlar sırasında insanlar kılıçtan geçirilmiş, servetler yağma edilerek medeniyet eserleri tahrip edilmiştir. Celâl Nuri’nin bu düşünceleri devrin aydınları arasında şiddetli itirazlara yol açmış, 3 Haziran 1917’de bazı gazetelerde Yahya Kemal, Celâl Sahir, Ağaoğlu Ahmed, Ziya Gökalp ve Hamdullah Suphi’nin imzalarını taşıyan bir “protestonâme” neşredilerek (Tanin , s. 3; Tasvîr-i Efkâr , s. 2) mecmua yaklaşık iki ay kapattırılmıştır. Kara Tehlike , bu tartışma dolayısıyla Celâl Nuri’nin yazdığı makalelerin bir araya toplanmasından meydana gelmiştir.
Dil ve Edebiyat. Celâl Nuri, Türk dili ve edebiyatıyla ilgili makalelerinin yanı sıra mecmua ve gazetelerde hikâye ve roman türünde eserler de kaleme almıştır. Hikâyeleri kitap haline gelmemişse de Perviz (İstanbul 1332), Ölmeyen (Kostantiniye 1917), Merhûme (İstanbul 1334), Âhir Zaman (İstanbul 1335) adlı roman denemeleri basılmıştır. Türkçemiz (İstanbul 1917) adlı kitabı ise İkdam gazetesiyle Edebiyyât-ı Umûmiyye Mecmuası ’nda yayımlanan konuyla ilgili makalelerini içine almakta, müellif burada Türk dilinin gramer, lugat, imlâ ve alfabe gibi belli başlı meseleleri için bazı çözüm yolları göstermektedir.
Celâl Nuri’nin İskandinavya, Rusya ve kuzey kutbuna yaptığı seyahatleri anlattığı Şimal Hâtıraları (İstanbul 1330) ile Kutub Musâhabeleri (İstanbul 1331) adlı iki eseri daha bulunmaktadır.
Eserlerinin önemli bir kısmını imparatorluktan millî devlete geçiş döneminin çalkantılı yıllarında kaleme alan Celâl Nuri’nin fikir çizgisinde sürekli değişiklikler, hatta çelişkiler görülür. Ancak Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’ne girdikten sonra bir daha değiştirmeyeceği yolunu bulmuş, Millî Mücadele’nin kazanılmasının ardından gerçekleştirilen inkılâpların hazırlanmasında ve tutunmasında önemli rol oynamıştır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 7. cildinde, 242-245 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.