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CELÎ Skip to content Hat sanatında her cins yazının iri yazılan şekline verilen ad.
Celî kelimesi bir yazı çeşidini değil karakterini ifade eder. Hemen bütün hat nevilerinde yazının, bir yazı cinsi meşkedilirken kullanılan meşk kaleminden daha geniş bir kalemle yazılan iri şekline celî denir. Emevîler’in son ve Abbâsîler’in ilk asrında (II/VIII) kûfînin tâdil edilmesiyle ortaya çıkmaya başlayan aklâm-ı sitte nin ve aynı tipteki değişik isimleri olan yazıların iri olanlarına celî yerine celîl adı verilmekteydi. Büyük boydaki kâğıtlarda kullanılması dolayısıyla tûmâr adı da verilen celî, diğer yazıların babası (ebü’l-aklâm) telakki edildiği gibi kalem ağzının enini tesbit etmekte bir genişlik birimi olarak da kullanılıyordu. Kalkaşendî (ö. 821/1418), tûmâr yazıda kalem ağzı eninin 24 beygir kuyruğu kılı (15 mm.) olduğunu bildirir, yani ona göre celîde asgari ölçünün bu olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Yine onun ifadesine göre tûmârın üçte biri ölçüsünde olduğu kabul edilen sülüs yazı kaleminin ağız eni 24/3 = 8 kıl (5 mm.) idi. Ayrıca sülüs yazıda dikey bir harf olan elifin boyunu bulmak için sülüsün birim ölçüsü olan 8 rakamını kendiyle çarpmak gerekiyordu. Bu hesaba göre elifin ve dolayısıyla keşîde verilmeyen ufkî bir harfin boyu (meselâ B [ب ] harfi) 8 × 8 = 64 kıl (40 mm.) idi. Bu ölçüler bugün hattatların benimsediği ölçülerden pek farklı değildir. Eskiden beri ve bugün, meselâ sülüs ve nesta‘lik yazılarında kalem ucunun genişliği 2,5-3 mm., nesihte ise 1 mm. kadardır. Bu yazılardan biri bu ölçülerin üstünde bir kalınlıkta yazılırsa o yazı celîleşiyor demektir. Hattatlar genellikle meşk kaleminin üç misli genişliğinde yazılan bir yazıyı celî olarak kabul ederler. Yalnız celî divanî bir istisna olarak bu ölçülere uymaz, yani divanî geniş bir kalemle yazılmakla celî divanî adını almaz.
Celî yazılar, yazılacak yerin yüksekliğine ve mekânın ölçüsüne göre hazırlanır. Harflerin incelik ve kalınlıkları, harf aralıkları, bünyeleri mesafe ve mekâna göre hesaplanır. Celî hatların yazılması çok zor olduğundan önce kalıpları yapılır. Sonra iğnelenip kömür tozuyla silkilerek yazı bunun üstünden zemine aktarılır, bu kalıp üzerinden yazılır veya mermere hakkedilir.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, Velîd b. Abdülmelik devrinde (705-715) Mescid-i Nebevî’nin kıble duvarına celî kûfî hatla Şems sûresini yazan Hattat Sa‘d’ın ilk “celî nüvîs” olduğunu kaydeder. Ancak bu tarz kûfînin ayrı bir adı olup olmadığı bilinmemektedir. Bundan sonraki devirde kûfî dışında kullanılan ve herhangi bir örneği zamanımıza intikal etmeyen celî yazılara da “kalemü’l-celîl” denilmekteydi.
Aklâm-ı sitte adı verilen muhakkak, reyhânî, sülüs, nesih, tevkī‘ ve rikā‘ yazılarından her birinin celî olarak yazılacağı akla gelirse de yalnız muhakkak, sülüs ve pek az olarak da nesih yazılarının celî şeklinde yazıldığı görülür. İlk ikisine “celîlü’l-muhakkak” ve “celîlü’s-sülüs” adı verilmektedir. Reyhânî muhakkakın küçüğüdür. Bu sebeple yalnız muhakkakın celîsi mümkündür. Tevkī‘ ile rikā‘ kullanıldıkları yerler itibariyle kabul edilmiş ölçülerin dışına çıkmadıkları için bunların da celî şekilleri düşünülemez, ancak rikā‘ celî yazılmış olsa tevkī‘ gibi olur. Celî yazılması mümkün olan yazılardan muhakkak ile celîsi, herhalde fazla yer kapladığı ve istife uygun gelmediği için, bilhassa Osmanlı sanatkârlarının elinde gelişen sülüs ve celîsi sebebiyle bütün İslâm ülkelerinde XVI. yüzyıldan itibaren yerini sülüs ve celî sülüse bıraktı. Reyhânînin yerini de nesih alınca celî olarak ortada yalnız sülüs ve neshin celîsi kaldı. Aklâm-ı sitte ile birlikte geliştiği ileri sürülen ve menşei Emevîler devrine kadar geriye götürülen, Anadolu Selçukluları devrinde kullanıldığı İbn Bîbî’nin tarihinden öğrenilen siyâkat yazısının ise maliye kayıtlarını tutmaya yaradığı için celî şekli yoktur.
Aklâm-ı sitteden sonra XI-XII. yüzyıllarda tarih sahnesine çıkmaya başlayan ve İranlı sanatkârlar tarafından icat edilen ta‘lik adlı yazı, XVI. yüzyıla kadar divanlarda ve yazışmalarda kullanılmıştır. Celî şekli yazılmayan bu yazıdan sonra yine İran’da XIV. yüzyılda icat edilen nesta‘lik adlı yazı yaygınlaşınca sülüs celîsiyle birlikte celî nesta‘lik de bütün İslâm ülkelerinin ortak yazısı oldu.
Bu yazıları Türkler’in icat ettiği divanî, celî divanî ve rik‘a yazıları takip etti. Bunlardan yalnız celî divanî ile rik‘a celî tarzında yazılabildi. Divanînin ise kullanıldığı yer ve gördüğü vazife dolayısıyla celî şeklinde yazılması mümkün değildir. Bu sebeple İslâm yazı çeşitlerinden yalnız kûfî, celî sülüs, celî nesih, celî nesta‘lik, celî divanî ve celî rik‘a yazıları kullanılmaktadır.
Celî yazı yazan hattatlara celî nüvîs denir. Herhangi bir yazının celî şeklini yazmak zor olduğundan bu sahada kendini göstermiş hattatlar sayılıdır. En usta celî nüvîsler Türk sanatkârlar arasından çıkmış olup İran’da celîde güçlü sanatkârlar yetişmemiştir. Kendi anlayışlarına göre celî aklâm-ı sitteye istikamet verenlerin en önemlileri, Timur’un torunu Baysungur Mirza (ö. 1433) ile Ali Rızâ-yi Abbâsî’dir (XVII. yüzyıl). Diğer İslâm ülkelerinde ise kayda değer önemli sanatkârlar tanınmamaktadır.
Celî Sülüs. Sülüs yazı 2,5-3 mm. genişliğindeki bir kalemle yazıldığına göre bu ölçünün üzerindeki bir kalınlıkla yazılan yazıya celî sülüs denilir. Hattatlar ise daha ziyade bu ölçünün üç misli genişliğindeki yazıyı celî sayarlar. Türk hattatları arasında genellikle celî sülüs yerine yalnızca celî sözü kullanılmaktadır. XVI. yüzyıldan itibaren celî muhakkakın da yerini alan ve halen rağbet gören celî sülüs, levha yazılmasında kullanılmakla beraber yaşama alanını daha ziyade mimari yapıların kitâbelerinde, duvarlarında ve kubbelerinin içinde bulmuştur.
Aklâm-ı sittede olduğu gibi celî de Türk ve İranlı hattatların elinde uzun zaman alan bir gelişme gösterdi. İranlılar, son Abbâsî halifesi Müsta‘sım-Billâh’ın saray hattatı Yâkūt el-Müsta‘sımî’nin (ö. 698/1299) sülüs yazılarından istifade ederek celî sülüsü geliştirmeye gayret ettilerse de bu sanatkârın üslûbu içinde kaldılar ve sülüste olduğu gibi celîsinde de dikkate değer bir gelişme gösteremediler. Anadolu Selçukluları devrinde de kayda değer bir gelişme tesbit edilememiştir. Devamlı bir arayış içinde olan Osmanlı sanatkârları ise XVII. yüzyıla kadar istif hususunda az çok Selçuklular’ın etkisinde kalmış olmakla birlikte daha XIV. yüzyılda bir Osmanlı üslûbunun temellerini atmayı başardılar. Murad Hudâvendigâr devrinde yapılan Edremit-Tuzla’daki Hüdâvendigâr Camii (768/1366) ile İznik’teki Nilüfer Hatun İmareti’nin (791/1389) yazıları bunun ilk örnekleridir.
Osmanlı celî sülüsünün ilk güzel örneğine Fâtih Sultan Mehmed devrinde (1451-1481) rastlandığı için gelişme tarihinin başlangıcını 1453 yılı olarak kabul etmek gerekir. Bu tarihten sonra olgunluk devri olan XIX. yüzyılın başlarına kadar tedrîcî bir gelişme safhası içinde yetişen büyük sanatkârlardan her biri celîye katkıda bulundu. Ali b. Yahyâ es-Sûfî (Fâtih devri) ve Hasan Çelebi’nin (ö. 1594) ardından Kāsım Gubârî (ö. 1625), Teknecizâde İbrâhim’den (ö. 1689) sonra Mehmed Bursevî (ö. 1740), Mustafa b. Süleyman (ö. 1744) ve Moralı Beşir Ağa (ö. 1752) gibi ünlülerin elinde işlenen bu yazı, nihayet Mustafa Râkım’ın (ö. 1826) kaleminde en güzel şekline ulaştı. Bugün de hattatlar Râkım’ın kurduğu mektebin kurallarına bağlıdırlar. Hâşim Efendi (ö. 1845), Çarşambalı Ârif Bey (ö. 1892), Abdülfettah Efendi (ö. 1896), Sâmi Efendi (ö. 1912), Nazif Bey (ö. 1913), İsmâil Hakkı Altunbezer (ö. 1946), Macit Ayral (ö. 1961), Mustafa Halim Özyazıcı (ö. 1964) ve Hamit Aytaç (ö. 1982) bu mektebin en ünlü hattatlarıdır.
Türk hattatları uzun çalışmalar sonucunda XIX. yüzyıl başında bu yazıyı güzelliğinin doruğuna ulaştırdılar. Bu yüzyılda Mahmud Celâleddin (ö. 1829) adındaki bir hattat celîde kendi adıyla anılan bir ekol kurmuşsa da üslûbu sert bir görünüme sahip olduğu için Sultan Abdülmecid ile Mehmed Tâhir Efendi (ö. 1846) ve daha birkaç hattat dışında kimse tarafından takip edilmediğinden gelişme göstermemiştir.
Celî sülüste Mustafa Râkım ile Mahmud Celâleddin arasında olmakla birlikte üslûbu daha ziyade birinci hattata yakın olan Kazasker Mustafa İzzet (ö. 1876) ve bu ekolün temsilcilerinden Abdullah Zühdi Efendi (ö. 1879) ile Mehmed Şefik Bey de (ö. 1880) değerli sanatkârlardır.
Celî Nesta‘lik. Nesta‘likin meşk kaleminin eni 2,5-3 mm. kadar olduğuna göre bu ölçüyü aşan nesta‘likin celî nesta‘lik olması gerekir. Hattatlar ise genellikle bu ölçünün üç misli genişliğindeki kalemle yazılan yazıyı celî nesta‘lik olarak kabul ederler. Celî nesta‘likle nesta‘lik arasında ancak birkaç noktada fark vardır. Celîde elifler ve çanaklı harfler yarım nokta fazla uzun ve geniş yazılır.
Levha ve kitâbelerin yazılmasında bolca kullanılan bu yazı, IX. (XV.) yüzyılda kuralları Mîr Ali Tebrîzî tarafından tesbit edilen nesta‘likle birlikte gelişmiştir. Fakat İranlılar ince nesta‘likte gösterdikleri ustalığı celîsinde ortaya koyamadılar. Buna karşılık Türk hattatları büyük bir maharet göstererek bu yazıyı en güzel bir şekilde yazmayı başardılar. Afganistan, Hindistan ve Mâverâünnehir ülkeleri gibi Türkiye de XVIII. yüzyılın sonlarına kadar nesta‘lik ve celî nesta‘likte İran ekolünün etkisinde kalmıştır. Ancak bu devirde yetişen Yesârî Mehmed Esad’ın (ö. 1798) yazılarında millî bir karakter ve zevkin izleri görülmeye başladı. Oğlu Yesârîzâde Mustafa İzzet (ö. 1849) bu üslûbu işleyerek XIX. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde Türk nesta‘lik ve celî nesta‘lik ekolünü kurmuştur. Sultan II. Mahmud devrinde yapılmış olan tarihî binalardaki kitâbelerin çoğu onun tarafından yazılmıştır. Bunlar arasında Nusretiye Camii Sebili, II. Mahmud Türbesi’nin ve Bâbıâli’nin kitâbeleri kendisinin en güzel yazılarındandır. Yesârîzâde Mustafa İzzet ekolünün ilk temsilcilerinden olan Kıbrısîzâde İsmâil Hakkı (ö. 1862), Ali Haydar Bey (ö. 1870), Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi, Çarşambalı Ârif Bey ve Abdülfettah Efendi’den sonra yetişen ve Yesârîzâde ekolünün bir kolunu kuracak kadar usta bir hattat olan Sâmi Efendi, Yesârîzâde’den sonra bu vadide ikinci büyük sanatkârdır. Talebeleri arasında en tanınmışları Nazif Bey, Ömer Vasfi (ö. 1928), Aziz Efendi (ö. 1934), Mehmet Hulûsi Yazgan (ö. 1940) ve Necmettin Okyay’dır (ö. 1976). Ayrıca Mustafa Halim Özyazıcı, Kemal Batanay (ö. 1981) ve Hamit Aytaç da bu eski kuşağın son büyük temsilcileridir.
Celî Divanî. Türk hattatları tarafından icat edilen bu yazı çeşidi, divanînin celîsi yani irisi mânasına geliyorsa da ikisi arasında oldukça fark vardır. Ne zaman ve kimin tarafından icat edildiği bilinmeyen bu yazının gelişmesinde, divanîye istikamet verdiği bildirilen Tâceddin’in (XVI. yüzyıl) rolü olduğu muhakkaktır. XVI. yüzyılın celî divanî yazılarında harfler henüz cılız bir görünüme sahip olmakla birlikte bu tarzın daha önceki bir tarihte meydana çıktığı anlaşılmaktadır. Bu devirde bilhassa س، ش، ص، ض، ف، ق، ى gibi harflerin “çanak” denilen alt kısımları fazla geniş olduğu gibi istif de (kompozisyon) çok zayıftır.
Celî divanî, kusurlarından yavaş yavaş kurtularak en güzel şekline XIX. yüzyılda Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’da ulaşmıştır. İstif bakımından giriftlik arzetmesine karşılık ا، د، ر، و harfleri kendinden sonraki harfle birleşmediği için bu yazının okunuşu bir dereceye kadar divanîden daha kolay görünmektedir. Mehmed Şefik Bey celî divanînin azametli görünüşünden istifade ederek bazı tipik levhalar vücuda getirmiştir.
Celî divanî divanîye nisbetle daha geniş bir kalemle yazılır. Harfleri daha süslüdür. İstifli yazılır. Harfler sülüsteki gibi birbirini keser. Kompozisyon icabı satırda boşluk bırakılmamasına dikkat edilir. Anatomisi daha girifttir. Aklâm-ı sittede kullanılan hareke çeşitleri bu yazıda da kullanılır. Harfler ve kelimeler arasında kalan boşluklar süs işaretleri ve küçük noktalarla doldurulur.
Bu yazı temliknâmelerde, fermanlarda, menşurlarda ve antlaşmalarda kullanılmıştır. Biri altın, biri siyah mürekkeple (bazan kırmızı, siyah, hatta yeşil mürekkeple) yazılan satırların sonu divanîde olduğu gibi yukarı doğru yükselir. Başta süslü bir tuğrayı da ihtiva eden böyle resmî bir yazı, geniş ebadı ve uzun boyu ile muhteşem bir görünüş arzeder. Gerek divanî gerekse celî divanî, yazılışları kadar okunuşlarıyla da büyük meleke istedikleri, ayrıca satıra bir harf veya kelime ilâvesi yahut çıkarılması hemen hissedileceği için devletin resmî yazışmalarına tahsis edilerek ciddiyet temin edilmiştir.
Resmî evraka imza atma âdeti olmadığı için (XIX. yüzyıldan itibaren bazan vesikaların arkasına onu yazan hattat imza atmıştır) Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’dan çıkan divanî ve celî divanî vesikaların kimler tarafından yazıldığını bilmek mümkün değildir. Divanîyi yazan bir hattat celî divanîyi de kolaylıkla yazdığı için bu iki yazının hattatları müşterektir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (nşr. ve trc. Bayard Dodge), New York 1970, s. 6-15.
Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ , III, 52.
Ismayıl Hakkı [Baltacıoğlu], Sanat , İstanbul 1934, s. 98.
a.mlf., Türklerde Yazı Sanatı , Ankara 1958, s. 35-71.
Mahmut Bedreddin Yazır, Eski Yazıları Okuma Anahtarı , İstanbul 1942, s. 114.
a.mlf., Kalem Güzeli , s. 78.
Muhittin Serin, Hat Sanatımız , İstanbul 1982, s. 46.
Ali Alparslan, “Mimarî Yapıların Yazı Sanatı Bakımından Önemi”, BÜD , IV-V (1976), s. 1-13.
a.mlf., “İslâm Yazı Çeşitleri: 3. Celî Sülüs”, Sanat Dünyamız , XI/33, İstanbul 1985, s. 27-33.
Uğur Derman, “Celî Yazılar”, İlgi , XIV/29, İstanbul 1980, s. 30-34.
a.mlf., “Hat”, TA , XIX, 52.
Nihad M. Çetin, “Aklâm-ı Sitte”, DİA , II, 276, 279.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 7. cildinde, 265-267 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.