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CEM SULTAN Skip to content (ö. 900/1495)
Osmanlı şehzadesi.
1/2 Müellif: MAHMUT H. ŞAKİROĞLU Bölüme Git
Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in üçüncü oğlu olup 27 Safer 864’te (23 Aralık 1459) Edirne’de doğdu. İki lalası ile birlikte henüz on yaşında iken 1469’da Kastam…
2/2 Müellif: GÜNAY KUT Bölüme Git
Edebî Yönü. Henüz küçük bir çocukken Edirne Sarayı’nda aldığı özel derslerle Arapça ve Farsça’yı öğrenmeye başlayan Cem’in, 873 (1469) yılında devrin …
Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in üçüncü oğlu olup 27 Safer 864’te (23 Aralık 1459) Edirne’de doğdu. İki lalası ile birlikte henüz on yaşında iken 1469’da Kastamonu’ya sancak beyi olarak gönderildi. Burada kısa bir süre kaldıktan sonra önce İstanbul’a, oradan da Rumeli’ye gitmesi emredildi. Babasının 1473’te Otlukbeli’de Akkoyunlular’la mücadelesi sırasında mağlûp olduğu yolundaki söylentiler üzerine lalaları Nasuh ve Kara Süleyman kendisine biat ettiler. Ancak bunu duyan Fâtih oğlunu azarladığı gibi lalalarını da öldürttü.
Ağabeyi Şehzade Mustafa’nın Konya’da ölümü üzerine 1474’te sancak beyi olarak oraya gönderildi. Bu görevi sırasında Karamanoğulları ile iyi geçindi ve bu sayede onların gizli emellerini engelleyebildi. Burada etrafına topladığı âlim ve sanatkârlarla mümtaz bir kültür çevresi meydana getiren Cem, babasının ölümü ve Bayezid’in tahta geçmesiyle hak iddiacısı olarak ortaya çıktı. Babasının taht için kendisini seçtiğini, Bayezid’in haksız olarak başa geçtiğini ileri sürerek ordu topladı ve Bursa’ya gitti. On sekiz gün kadar şehirde kaldı, bu sırada adına para bastırdı, hutbe okuttu ve kendisini padişah ilân etti. Ancak 1481 Haziranında Yenişehir’de ağır bir yenilgiye uğradı; çekildiği Konya’da da yeterince destek bulamayınca Tarsus’a, Mısır sultanından aldığı davet üzerine de Kahire’ye gitti. Kahire’de büyük bir ilgi gördü ve orada kaldığı süre içinde Mekke’ye giderek hac vazifesini yerine getirdi. Anadolu’dan gelen haberler onu taht yolu için tekrar ümitlendirdi. Fakat Ankara sancak beyi Mehmed Bey’in ısrarı ile giriştiği harekât bir sonuç vermedi. 1482’de Karamanoğlu Kasım ile anlaşıp Konya’yı almaya kalkıştıysa da geri püskürtüldü, taraftarları dağıtıldı. Artık Anadolu’da kalma imkânı ortadan kalkan Cem otuz kadar adamı ile Rodos’a gitti. Bundan sonra bir daha vatanına dönemedi ve böylece maceralı Avrupa hayatı başlamış oldu.
29 Temmuz 1482’de Rodos’a varan Cem Sultan, Rodos şövalyelerinin İsbitâriyye reisi Pierre d’Aubusson tarafından büyük bir törenle karşılandı. Cem Sultan şövalyelerin yardımı ile Rumeli tarafına geçmeyi umarken şövalyeler onu Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı bir koz olarak kullanmayı düşünüyorlardı. P. d’Aubusson papaya, Macaristan ve Napoli krallarına mektup yazarak durumu izah etti ve nasıl bir yol takip edileceğini sordu. İltica haberini öğrenen II. Bayezid ise Rodos şövalyeleriyle anlaşma yolunu seçti. Cem’e yardım edilmemesi için Venedik’le de anlaşan ve onlara vergi muafiyeti bahşeden II. Bayezid, şövalyelere 40.000 altın vermeyi kabul etti. Şövalyeler Cem’in Rumeli’ye gitme isteğini geri çevirdikleri gibi kontrollerini daha da arttırdılar ve kendisini gizlice Fransa’ya gönderdiler.
15 Ekim 1482’de Savoia dukasına bağlı Villefranche’ye götürülen Cem, veba salgını sebebiyle Nice şehrine gönderildi. Burada dört ay kaldı, bu süre içinde Batı dünyasının sosyal yaşayışına şahit oldu, adı çeşitli söylentilere karıştı. 5 Şubat 1483’te Chambery’e götürüldü. Orada iken Macar kralına yolladığı adamlarının yakalanıp öldürüldüğünü haber aldı. Bu arada II. Bayezid de kardeşi ve Avrupa’nın durumu hakkında bilgi almak için sürekli olarak casuslar gönderiyordu. Cem’in Avrupa’da bulunması ve II. Bayezid’in faaliyetleri, Venedik dahil olmak üzere Macaristan kralı, papa, Napoli kralı ve hatta Memlük sultanının konu ile ilgilerini canlı tutmaktaydı. Bütün bunları yakından takip eden II. Bayezid, Cem’in sağ olarak iadesi için çeşitli teşebbüslerde bulunuyor, öte yandan başta Barak Reis olmak üzere gizlice gönderdiği adamlarından onun hakkında bilgi almaya çalışıyordu. Bu arada Macar kralı Cem’i kaçırma teşebbüsünde bulunduysa da başarılı olamadı. Memlük sultanı 1487’de 20.000 filori karşılığında Cem’in kendilerine verilmesi teklifinde bulundu. Papa VIII. Innocente bir haçlı seferi gerçekleştirmek için Cem’den faydalanmayı umuyordu. Pierre d’Aubusson ile anlaşarak Cem’i Roma’ya getirtti (4 Mart 1489). II. Bayezid durumdan haberdar olunca Cem’i muhafaza altında tutması için şövalyelere vereceği parayı papaya gönderdi. 30 Kasım 1490’da Roma’ya giden Osmanlı elçisi Mustafa Bey, papaya üç yıl için 120.000 altın verdi. Papa Innocente’in ölümünden sonra Fransa Kralı VIII. Charles, Cem’in Napoli’ye sevki için yeni Papa VI. Alessandro ile anlaştı. Fransa kralı onu siyasî emelleri için bir koz olarak kullanmak istiyordu. Ancak 27 Ocak 1495’te Roma’dan ayrılan Cem, Castel Capuana denilen yerde 29 Cemâziyelevvel 900 (25 Şubat 1495) tarihinde öldü. Onun, elindeki kıymetli rehineyi bırakmak zorunda kalan papa tarafından zehirlendiği rivayet edilmektedir.
Cem’in ölümünü haber alan Bayezid üç günlük yas ilân ettiği gibi gıyâbî cenaze namazını da kıldırtmıştır. Tahnit edilmek suretiyle sadık adamları tarafından Gaeta denilen yerde toprağa verilen cesedi 1499’da Napoli kralı tarafından Osmanlılar’a teslim edilerek Bursa’da Murâdiye Camii hazîresine defnedilmiştir.
Hayatı oldukça maceralı geçen ve Avrupalı devletlerin siyasî oyunlarına hedef olan Cem Sultan iyi bir şair olup Farsça ve Türkçe iki divanı vardır. Ayrıca adına birçok eser yazılmıştır. Doğu’da ve Batı’da portreleri yapılmış olan Cem Sultan’ın hayatı sonraki dönemlerde çok ilgi çekmiş, hakkında çeşitli ilmî araştırma yapıldığı gibi roman, piyes ve çizgi romanlara da konu olmuştur. Avrupa literatüründe isminin “Zizim” şeklinde yazılması muhtemelen “Cimcime”den kaynaklanmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Haydar Bey, “Vâkıât-ı Sultan Cem”, TOEM ilâvesi (nşr. M. Ârif), İstanbul 1330.
Marino Sanudo, I Diarri , Venezia 1879, I, 21, 56, 94, 427, 437, 1007; II, 430, 436, 463, 596, 610, 660, 684, 697-698, 700, 714, 734, 1023, 1112.
Feridun Bey, Münşeât , I, 290-294.
Hoca Sâdeddin, Tâcü’t-tevârîh , I, 8-40.
L. Thuasne, Djem Sultan, étude sur la question d’Orient à la fin du XVe siècle , Paris 1892.
M. Koman, Şikârî’nin Karaman Oğulları Tarihi , Konya 1946, s. 199-204.
İsmail Hikmet Ertaylan, Sultan Cem , İstanbul 1951.
J. Lefort, Topkapı Sarayı Arşivlerinin Yunanca Belgeleri, Cem Sultan’ın Tarihine Katkı (trc. H. Gonnet), Ankara 1981.
G. E. Careetto, Un sultano prigioniero del Papa , Venezia 1989.
a.mlf., Gem Sultan. Pellegrino d’Oriente , Paese (Treviso) 1991.
H. Heidenheimer, “Die Korrespondeuz Sultan Bajazet mit Papst Alexander VI”, Zeitschrift für Kirschengeschichte , V (1882), s. 511-573.
İ. Hami Danişmend, “Vâkıât’a Nisbetle Gurbetnâme”, Fatih ve İstanbul , II/7-12, İstanbul 1954, s. 211-270.
İbrahim Artuk, “Fatih Sultan Mehmed ve Onu Müteakıb Bayezid’le Cem Adına Kesilen Sikkeler”, a.e. , s. 39.
İ. Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, “Cem Sultan’a Dâir Beş Orijinal Vesika”, TTK Belleten , XXIV/95 (1960), s. 457-483.
Şerafettin Turan, “Barak Reis’in Şehzade Cem Meselesiyle İlgili Olarak Savoie’ye Gönderilmesi”, a.e. , XXVI/103 (1962), s. 539-555.
M. İzzeddin, “Un Prince Turc en France et en Italie au XVe siècle: Djem Sultan”, Orient , nr. 30 (1964), s. 79-99.
Semavi Eyice, “Sultan Cem’in Portreleri Hakkında”, TTK Belleten , XXXVIII/145 (1973), s. 1-49.
Halil İnalcık, “A Case Study in Renaissance Diplomacy, The Agreement between Innocent VIII and Bajazıd on Djem Sultan”, JTS , III (1979), s. 209-230.
a.mlf., “D̲j̲em”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 529-531.
A. Gallotta – G. Bova, “Venedik Devlet Arşivi’nde Osmanlı Şehzâdesi Sultan Cem ile İlgili Belgeler” (trc. Mahmut Şakiroğlu), TT , V/30 (1986), s. 19-27.
M. Cavit Baysun, “Cem”, İA , III, 69-81.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 7. cildinde, 283-284 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
Edebî Yönü. Henüz küçük bir çocukken Edirne Sarayı’nda aldığı özel derslerle Arapça ve Farsça’yı öğrenmeye başlayan Cem’in, 873 (1469) yılında devrin kültür merkezlerinden biri olan Kastamonu sancak beyliğine tayin edildiği sırada on yaşlarında iken gazel yazdığı rivayet edilir. 1474’te Şehzade Mustafa’nın ölümü üzerine sancak beyi olarak gönderildiği Konya’da tahsiline devam eden Cem Sultan, ilim ve kültür faaliyetlerinin yanı sıra silâhşorluk ve binicilik gibi askerî nitelikleri de kazanmıştı. Konya’ya gider gitmez etrafında Sa‘dî-i Cem, Haydar, Sehâyî, La‘lî, Kandî ve Şâhidî gibi bazı şairler toplandı. Bunların bir kısmı, daha sonra memleketinden ayrılmak zorunda kaldığında bile onu yalnız bırakmamışlar ve bu sebeple “Cem şairleri” olarak anılmışlardır. 1481’de ağabeyi II. Bayezid karşısında Yenişehir ovasında kesin bir yenilgiye uğrayınca yurdunu terketmeye mecbur kalan Cem, bundan sonra ölümüne kadar gurbette sıkıntılı, kederli ve hasret içinde bir hayat sürmüştür. Bazı şiirlerinde bu ayrılıktan ne kadar üzüntü duyduğu açıkça belli olur. Birinci bendi “felek” redifiyle başlayan terkibibendinde talihsizliğinden kinaye olarak felekten şikâyet etmekle birlikte kendisiyle de hesaplaştığı görülmektedir.
Sehî, Cem’in şiirlerinin hayal dolu, gazellerinin öğretici olduğunu söyler. Latîfî onun şairliğini över. Âlî de aynı görüşleri paylaşır. Âşık Çelebi, tezkiresinde onun musahiplerinden Sa‘dî-i Cem ile divanını ve “kerem” redifli kasidesini II. Bayezid’e gönderdiğini bildirmektedir. Affedilmesi umuduyla ağabeyine yolladığı yetmiş dört beyitlik kaside olumlu bir sonuç vermemiştir. Yine aynı tezkireden, onun “Râiyye Kasidesi”nin daha o zamanlar bir hayli ünlü olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Cem Sultan, köklü bir kültüre sahip olması ve klasik edebiyatı çok iyi bilmesinin yanı sıra Farsça’ya ve İran edebiyatına da derin vukufu sayesinde zengin hayallerle dolu şiirler yazmıştır. Birinci sınıf bir şair olmamakla birlikte şiirlerinde klasik edebî mazmunları, kıssa, hikâye ve efsanelerle divan edebiyatının hayal dünyasına ait unsurları çok iyi kullanmıştır. Cem’in şiirde örnek aldığı kişilerden biri Bursalı Ahmed Paşa’dır. Divanında onun bazı şiirlerine nazîreler yazdığı görülür. Ayrıca Şeyhî ve Nizâmî’den de etkilenmiştir.
Şiirlerinde devamlı olarak yalnızlıktan şikâyet eden Cem Sultan romantik bir ruh hali içinde görülmektedir. Oğlu Oğuz Han’ın öldürülmesi üzerine yazdığı mersiyede kederli bir babanın acısını çok iyi yansıtmıştır. İsmail Hikmet Ertaylan, Cem’in Farsça şiirlerinin Türkçe şiirlerinden daha üstün olduğunu söylemektedir.
Eserleri. 1. Türkçe Divan . Âşık Çelebi’nin kaydettiği, Cem’in divanını musahibi Sa‘dî aracılığı ile Bayezid’e gönderdiği şeklindeki bilgiye dayanarak ve özellikle divanın içindeki bazı kaside ve gazellerden hareketle onun divanını gurbette iken tamamladığı sonucu çıkarılabilir. Yine Âşık Çelebi’nin ifadesinden, divanını babası II. Mehmed adına tertip ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. İ. Halil Ersoylu’nun hazırladığı Cem Sultan’ın Türkçe Divanı (Ankara 1989) adlı tenkitli yayınında iki tevhid, bir münâcât, iki na‘t, dört kaside, bir terkibibend, bir terciibend, 348 gazel, bir rubâî, kırk bir muamma ve on dokuz müfred bulunmaktadır. Ersoylu’nun sadece beş nüshasından söz ettiği divanın bugün on bir nüshası bilinmektedir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Lala İsmâil, nr. 431, Fâtih, nr. 3794; Millet Ktp., Ali Emîrî, Manzum, nr. 81; İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 5474, 5547; Bursa Orhan-Haraççı Ktp., nr. E. 6; Kayseri Râşid Efendi Ktp., nr. 1262; İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı, Muallim Cevdet kitapları, nr. 416; TSMK, Revan Köşkü, nr. 739; Bibliothèque Nationale, Suppl. 1163; Münih Devlet Kütüphanesi, Cod. or. 136). Vatikan Kütüphanesi’nde de sadece muammaları ihtiva eden bir nüsha mevcuttur (Rossi, s. 105).
2. Farsça Divan . Türkçe divan ile bir arada Bursa Orhan-Haraçcı (nr. E. 6), Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi (Revan Köşkü, nr. 739), Süleymaniye (Fâtih, nr. 3794) ve Millet (Ali Emîrî, Manzum, nr. 328) kütüphanelerinde olmak üzere toplam dört nüshası bilinmektedir. Bursa nüshası, Türkçe divan ile birlikte İ. Hikmet Ertaylan’ın Sultan Cem (İstanbul 1951) adlı eseri içinde tıpkıbasım olarak yayımlanmıştır.
3. Cemşîd ü Hurşîd (Âyât-ı Uşşâk ). Selmân-ı Sâvecî’nin (ö. 778/1376) Farsça mesnevisi önce Ahmedî, daha sonra da Cem tarafından Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir. Sehî ve İsmâil Belîğ’in bahsettiği Cem’in bu tercümesine uzun zaman rastlanmadığı için üzerinde durulmamıştır. Cem şairlerinden Şâhidî de kendi yazmış olduğu Leylâ vü Mecnûn mesnevisinde bu eserden söz ederek iki mesnevinin aynı tarihte bittiğini kaydeder. Buna göre eserin telif tarihi 883’tür (1478). Cemşîd ü Hurşîd ilk defa Münevver Okur tarafından Kütahya Vâhid Paşa İl Halk Kütüphanesi’nde (nr. 1666) bulunarak 1958 yılında ilim dünyasına tanıtılmıştır. Eserin ikinci nüshası Cahit Öztelli tarafından 1972’de Ankara İlâhiyat Fakültesi Kütüphanesi’nde (nr. 18.464) bulunmuştur. Bu nüshadaki, “Dedim anın adın ‘Âyât-ı Uşşâk’ / Hesâb ederseniz ehl-i tevârîh / Girü adı olur kendüye târîh” mısralarında hem eserin adı hem de telif tarihi (“Âyât-ı Uşşâk”=883) verilmektedir. Ayrıca bir beyitte Cemşîd ü Hurşîd ’in Fâtih Sultan Mehmed için yazıldığı açıkça belirtilmektedir. Çin Padişahı Fağfûr’un oğlu Cemşîd ile Rum kayserinin kızı Hurşîd arasındaki aşk macerasının anlatıldığı eser 5000 beyitten fazladır. Mesnevi üzerinde Adnan İnce tarafından bir doktora çalışması yapılmıştır (bk. bibl.).
4. Fâl-ı Reyhân-ı Cem Sultân . Kırk sekiz beyitlik bir mesnevi olup İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde iki nüshası bulunmaktadır (nr. 5474, 5547). İçinde Cem’in adı geçmemekle birlikte eser Cem’e ait iki divan nüshasında da mevcuttur. İsmail Hikmet Ertaylan tarafından yayımlanan Fal-nâme (İstanbul 1951) adlı eser içinde tıpkıbasımı verilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Cem Sultan’ın Türkçe Divanı (nşr. Halil Ersoylu), İstanbul 1981, I-III; a.e. , Ankara 1989.
Haydar Bey, Vâkıât-ı Sultân Cem , TOEM ilâvesi (nşr. M. Ârif), İstanbul 1330.
Sehî, Tezkire , s. 14-15; a.e. (Kut), s. 101-102, 245.
Âşık Çelebi, Meşâirü’ş-şuarâ , vr. 67a -68a .
Latîfî, Tezkire , s. 64-65, 188.
Âlî, Künhü’l-ahbâr , İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 5959, vr. 136a -138a .
Belîğ, Güldeste , s. 47-52.
J. Aumer, Verzeichnis der Orient , Münih 1875.
Osmanlı Müellifleri , II, 122.
Blochet, Catalogue , II, 1933; Suppl. , s. 1163.
Ergun, Türk Şairleri , s. 960-963.
TYDK , I, 40-42.
İsmail Hikmet Ertaylan, Sultan Cem , İstanbul 1951.
a.mlf., Fal-nâme , İstanbul 1951.
E. Rossi, Elenco Dei Manoscritti Turchi Biblioteca Vaticana , Roma 1953, s. 105.
Karatay, Türkçe Yazmalar , II, 98-99.
Banarlı, RTET , I, 450-451.
Adnan İnce, Cem Sultan Cemşîd ü Hurşîd (doktora tezi, 1981), Atatürk Üniversitesi Ed.Fak.
a.mlf., “Cemşîd ü Hurşîd Mesnevileri”, Fırat Üniversitesi Dergisi (Sosyal Bilimler), III/2, Elazığ 1989, s. 109-139.
R. C. Morris, Jem, Memoirs of an Ottoman Secret Agent , London 1988, s. 330.
Münevver Okur, “Cem Sultan, Cemşid ü Hurşid”, TD , VII/84 (1958), s. 612-614.
a.mlf., “Cem Sultan’ın Yeni Bulunan Fâl-ı Reyhân-ı Sultan Cem Adlı Eseri”, TT , XVI/96 (1991), s. 24-27; XVII/97 (1992), s. 64.
Cahit Öztelli, “Cem Sultan’ın Yeni Bulunan Cemşid ü Hurşid Mesnevisi”, TD , XXVI/248 (1972), s. 124-128.
Halil Ersoylu, “Fal, Falnâme ve Fâl-ı Reyhân-ı Cem Sultan”, İsl.Med. , V/2 (1981), s. 69-81.
M. Cavit Baysun, “Cem”, İA , III, 80-81.
TA , X, 140.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 7. cildinde, 284-286 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.