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CEMÂAT-i İSLÂMÎ Skip to content Hint-Pakistan alt kıtasında kurulan en büyük İslâmî teşkilât.
Güney Asya’daki en etkili ve en iyi teşkilâta sahip İslâmî hareket olan Cemâat-i İslâmî Ağustos 1941’de, İngiliz Hindistanı’nda İslâmî uyanışı başlatmak isteyen Seyyid Ebü’l-A‘lâ el-Mevdûdî’nin çağrısı üzerine yetmiş beş delege tarafından Lahor’da kurulmuştur. Hareketin hedefi, Kur’an ve Sünnet rehberliğinde insan hayatının bütünüyle değiştirilmesini ve İslâm’ın sosyal hayata yerleştirilmesini sağlamaktı.
Cemâat-i İslâmî’nin tarihi, kurucusu olan Mevdûdî’nin hayatıyla yakından bağlantılıdır. Önemli bir İslâm düşünürü ve iyi bir yazar olduğu kadar dinamik bir hatip, güçlü bir siyasetçi, usta bir organizatör ve karizmatik bir lider olan Mevdûdî, yalnız Hindistan alt kıtasında değil bütün dünyada İslâmî uyanışın sembolü haline gelmiştir. Hindistan’ın Haydarâbâd eyaletinde Evrengâbâd’da doğan Mevdûdî, meşhur tarikat liderleri yetiştirmiş olan seçkin bir aileye mensuptur. On yedi yaşında babasını kaybettiğinden normal okul eğitimi alamadı; bu sebeple öğrenimi ve entelektüel gelişimi büyük ölçüde kendi çalışmalarının ürünüdür. 1920-1928 yılları arasında, içlerinde Hint Âlimler Cemiyeti’nin yayın organı olan Cemiʿyyet ’in de bulunduğu çeşitli Urduca gazete ve dergilerin editörlüğünü yaptı. 1927’de henüz yirmi dört yaşında iken İslâm hukukunda savaş ve barış üzerine yazdığı, “İslâm’ın kılıçla yayıldığı” yolundaki iddialara cevap veren eseriyle Hindistan’daki akademik hayatta yankı uyandırdı. 1928 yılında Dekken’e yerleşti. 1932’de, bugün de Pakistan’da Cemâat-i İslâmî’nin esas yayın organı olan aylık Tercümânü’l-Ḳurʾân dergisinin editörlüğüne getirildi. 1938 yılında, ünlü şair ve düşünür Muhammed İkbal’in daveti üzerine Doğu Pencap’taki Patankod’a giderek bir araştırma ve eğitim kurumu olan ve daha sonra Cemâat-i İslâmî’nin merkezi haline gelen Dârülislâm’ı kurdu. 1941’de Cemâat-i İslâmî’nin kuruluşu üzerine başkan (emîr) seçildi ve 1972’de sağlık sebebiyle ayrılıncaya kadar bu görevde kaldı. 1947 yılında Pakistan Devleti kurulunca Lahor’a giderek Ichchra’ya yerleşti; burası teşkilâtın yeni merkezi oldu ve kendisi de vefat edince (1979) buraya gömüldü.
1947’de Pakistan’ın kuruluşundan sonra Cemâat-i İslâmî Hindistan ve Pakistan’da Cemâat-i İslâmî-i Pâkistan ve Cemâat-i İslâmî-i Hind adlarıyla bağımsız iki ayrı teşkilât haline getirildi; daha sonra da Hindistan’ın eline geçen ihtilâflı Keşmir bölgesinde, Sri Lanka’da ve 1970’li yılların ortalarında Bengladeş’te yine bağımsız olarak ortaya çıktı. Bu beş ayrı teşkilât aynı isim altında faaliyet göstermelerine, benzer hedef ve ideolojik yaklaşımlara sahip olmalarına rağmen birbirlerine bağlı değildir. Her biri, içinde bulunduğu siyasî-ideolojik ortama göre kendi program ve stratejisini geliştirmiştir. Müslümanlar Hindistan ve Sri Lanka’da azınlık statüsünde olduklarından buralardaki Cemâat-i İslâmî hareketleri dinî uyanış hareketi durumundadır. Pakistan, Bengladeş ve Keşmir’de ise bu teşkilâtlar siyasî faaliyetlerde önemli rol üstlenmişler, seçimlere katılmışlar ve meclislerde birçok sandalye kazanmışlardır. Bugün de (1990’dan sonra) Keşmir Cemâat-i İslâmîsi başta olmak üzere her üçü birden bu bölgenin Hindistan yönetiminden kurtarılması için mücadale vermektedir.
Cemâat-i İslâmî’nin kuruluşu ile İngiliz Hindistanı’nın bölünmesi arasındaki dönemin (1941-1947) karakteristik özelliği yayılma, yerleşme, organizasyon ve eğitim faaliyetleridir. Bu dönemdeki çalışmaların çoğunu teşkilâtlanma, tebliğ ve yayınlar, mensupların ahlâkî ve mânevî eğitimi ile nasyonalizm ve laisizme karşı çıkan ve müslüman ümmetin evrensel kardeşliğini savunan iki millet teorisini yayma işi teşkil etti. 1947’deki bölünmeden sonra Pakistan tarafındaki liderlik Mevdûdî’de kalırken Hindistan’da Mevlânâ Ebü’l-Leys Islâhî lider oldu. Pakistan’ın kuruluşundan 1971’de Bengladeş’in ayrılışına kadar geçen dönemde teşkilât, ülkede İslâmî hayatın yerleşmesi ve kurumlaşması yönünde yoğun bir siyaset ve eğitim programı uyguladı; özellikle 1948-1956 yılları arasında ülkeyi İslâmî devlet statüsüne doğru yönlendirmede büyük gayret sarfetti. Mart 1949’da, kurucu meclisin yayımladığı ve Pakistan anayasasının temelini oluşturacak olan “hedef kararları”nın İslâmî muhteva taşımasında kamuoyunu da harekete geçirerek en önemli rolü oynadı. Hükümetin bu görüşlere karşı olumsuz, hatta düşmanca tavır alması ve mezhep farklılıklarına dayanarak İslâm’ı karalamaya çalışması üzerine Diyûbendî, Birîlvî, ehl-i hadîs ve Şîa gruplarına mensup âlimleri toplantıya çağırdı. Ocak 1951’de Karaçi’de yapılan tarihî toplantının sonunda İslâm devletinin yirmi iki prensibinin ortaya konduğu ortak bir bildiri yayımlandı ve böylece hükümetin İslâmî anayasaya karşı yürüttüğü propaganda ve faaliyetler boşa çıkarılmış oldu. 1956’da kabul edilen ilk anayasada, “İslâmî temellere dayanan bir toplum oluşturmayı ve bütün mevcut kanunları Kur’an ve Sünnet ışığında düzenlemeyi” esas alan maddelere yer verilmesi büyük ölçüde Cemâat-i İslâmî’nin eseridir. Pakistan’da İslâmî kuralların yerleştirilmesi konusunda taviz vermez tutumu ve hükümetin İslâmî olmayan uygulamalarına yönelik eleştirilerinden dolayı 1948-1967 yılları arasında toplam beş yıl olmak üzere dört defa hapse atılan Cemâat-i İslâmî’nin lideri Mevdûdî, Mart 1953’te sıkıyönetim mahkemesi tarafından, Pencap’ta Kādiyânîler’e karşı başlatılan kanlı olayları yazılarıyla kışkırttığı iddiasıyla ölüme mahkûm edildi. Ancak yurt içinden ve dışından gelen baskılar karşısında cezası ömür boyu hapse çevrildi; iki yıl sonra da Nisan 1955’te serbest bırakıldı.
1956 yılında yeni kabul edilen anayasaya göre seçim hazırlıklarına başlandı; fakat 1958’de Eyüp Han’ın sıkıyönetim ilânıyla bu girişim durdurularak Cemâat-i İslâmî dahil bütün siyasî partilerin faaliyetleri yasaklandı. 1962 yılında Eyüp Han yeni bir anayasa hazırlattı. Buna karşı çıkan Cemâat-i İslâmî’nin faaliyetleri tekrar yasaklanarak (1964) liderleri tutuklandı; fakat sonuçta mahkeme teşkilât lehine karar verdi. 1965 cumhurbaşkanlığı seçimlerinde Cemâat-i İslâmî Eyüp Han’a karşı Fâtıma Cinnah’ı destekledi ve 1969’da da öncülüğünü yaptığı yoğun protestolar üzerine Eyüp Han istifa etmek zorunda kaldı. Ancak sivil yönetim kurulamadı ve askerî rejim bu defa da General Yahyâ Han’ın liderliğinde devam etti. 1970 seçiminde teşkilât % 20’nin üzerinde oy almakla birlikte seçim sistemi dolayısıyla bunun karşılığı olan sandalyeyi kazanamadı.
Doğu Pakistan’daki savaşta Cemâat-i İslâmî hükümet tarafında ayrılıkçılara ve Hint ordusuna karşı çarpıştı. 16 Aralık 1971’de Doğu Pakistan’ın Bengladeş adıyla sosyalist eğilimli bir devlet olarak bağımsızlığını kazanması üzerine teşkilâtın burada kalan üyeleriyle taraftarları büyük can ve mal kaybına uğradılar; parti hemen hemen bütün teşkilâtıyla birlikte yok oldu. 1975’te siyasî partiler üzerindeki yasağın kaldırılmasından sonra eski üyeler teşkilâtı canlandırmak için çalışmaya başladılar. Kısa sürede kendini toparlayan parti 1991’de yapılan seçimlerde başarılı sonuçlar aldı ve parlamentoda yirmi sandalye kazanarak dördüncü parti konumuna yükseldi.
1971-1991 yılları arasındaki dönemde Cemâat-i İslâmî Pakistan’da demokrasi, şeriatı uygulatma ve hükümete katılma mücadelesi verdi. 1971-1977 arasında iktidarda olan sol eğilimli Zülfikar Ali Butto hükümeti İslâmî faaliyetleri engelledi. Bu sebeple teşkilât 1977 yılında başlayan Ziyâülhak askerî yönetimini destekleyerek muhalefet partilerinin oluşturduğu millî ittifaka katıldı ve dört bakanlık aldı. Kısa zamanda Ziyâülhakk’ın programını İslâmî açıdan yetersiz bulan ve millete verilen seçim sözünün yerine getirilmediğini gören bu dört bakan, bir yıl hizmetten sonra diğer bakanların çoğuyla birlikte istifa etti. Böylece hükümetten çekilen Cemâat-i İslâmî, askerî yönetimi eleştirmekle yetinmeyerek muhalefet partileriyle birlikte hareket etmeye başladı ve ülkede demokratik bir değişim için kamuoyu baskısı oluşturma çabalarına katıldı. Ziyâülhakk’ın 1987’de bir uçak kazasında ölümü bütün ülkeyi bir krizin içine soktu. Teşkilât 1988’deki seçimlere katıldı, fakat diğer İslâmî partiler gibi yeterince başarılı olamadı ve Zülfikar Ali Butto’nun kızı Benâzir Butto iktidara geldi. 1990’da Butto hükümetinin yolsuzluk ve etkisizlik sebebiyle cumhurbaşkanı tarafından azledilmesi üzerine yapılan yeni seçimlerde Cemâat-i İslâmî diğer İslâmî partilerle ittifak kurdu; ancak bu ittifak (Islamic Democratic Alliance) seçimleri kazandığında cemiyet hükümette bakanlık almayı reddetti ve seçim kampanyalarında İslâm hukukunun uygulanacağı yönünde verilen sözlerin yerine getirilmesi için baskı kurma politikası takip etti. Bunun sonucu olarak kısa zamanda hükümetle anlaşmazlığa düştü ve Mayıs 1992’de ittifaktan ayrılarak muhalefete çekildi.
Cemâat-i İslâmî çok etkili bir merkezî organizasyona sahiptir. Teşkilâtın nizamnâmesi şartlara göre birkaç kere değiştirilmiştir. Üst düzey yönetimi “emîr” ve “Merkezî Şûra Meclisi”nden oluşur. Lider olan emîr beş yıllığına seçilir ve yeniden seçilmesinin de sınırı yoktur. Emîre bağlı beş yardımcı (nâib) ile genel sekreter (kayyım) ve yardımcıları gibi büro personeli vardır. Merkezî Şûra Meclisi’nde üyeler tarafından gizli oyla üç yıllığına seçilen elli üye bulunur ve emîr bunlar arasından seçtiği on iki üyeden bir çalışma komitesi (meclis-i âmile) kurar. Merkezî teşkilâtın altında her birinin bir emîr, danışma meclisi ve sekretere sahip olduğu mahallî organizasyonlar mevcuttur. Merkezî yönetim, Lahor’da Mansûre’de bu amaçla inşa edilen binada görev yapmaktadır. Malî durumlar, eleman eğitimi, sosyal servisler, eğitim, çeviri ve yayın, halkla ilişkiler, dış ilişkiler, parlamento işleri gibi bölümler doğrudan bölüm başkanlarının gözetiminde çalışır. İç teşkilât itibariyle Cemâat-i İslâmî en demokratik siyasî organizasyonlar arasında yer almaktadır.
Teşkilât yapısının en çarpıcı unsurlarından biri üç kademeli üyelik sistemidir. Tam üyelik sadece kendini bütünüyle İslâm’a adayanlara ve teşkilâta sadık olanlara verilir. Şuurlu olarak İslâm’ı uygulayan ve haramlardan kaçınanlar dostluk ve eğitim yoluyla yetiştirilir ve organizasyona kazandırılır. Cemâat-i İslâmî, fert ve toplumun tamamen değişimini hedefleyen ideolojik bir hareket olduğundan teşkilâtın temeli sayılan üyelerin (erkân) topluma ve ülkeye ilmî, ahlâkî, dinî ve siyasî alanlarda liderlik yapması beklenir; emirlik ve Merkezî Şûra Meclisi seçimlerinde de sadece bunlar oy kullanabilirler. Sıkı tutulan ölçüler sebebiyle tam üyelerin sayısı daima çok az olmuştur. Meselâ bu sayı Pakistan’da 1978’de toplam 3497, 1983’te 4430, 1989’da 6044 ve Bengladeş’te 1989’da 5000 idi. İkinci kademe yardımcı üyeliktir (kârkün). İleride tam üyelik kazanmayı arzulayan bu elemanlar emîr ve Merkezî Şûra Meclisi seçimlerinde oy kullanamazlar; ancak mahallî teşkilâtların günlük işleyişinde önemli görevlere sahiptirler. 1989’da bu kademede Pakistan’da 16.364, Bengladeş’te 50.000 eleman bulunuyordu. Üçüncü kademeyi, cemaatin çoğunluğunu teşkil eden ve kendilerine “müttefik” denilen taraftarlar oluşturur. Bunlar ideoloji ve programı onaylayan, seçimlerde ve diğer faaliyetlerde destek veren, maddî katkıda bulunan, fakat henüz teşkilâtın sıkı disiplinine hazır olmayan sempatizanlardır. Bunların sayısı 1989’da Bengladeş’te yarım milyon, Pakistan’da ise 400.000 civarında idi. Taraftarların önemli bir kısmı öğrenciler (cemiyetin gayri resmî öğrenci teşkilâtı İslâmî Cem‘iyyet-i Talebe’dir), sendika üyeleri, doktorlar, öğretmenler, mühendisler, gazeteciler, yazarlar ve hukukçulardan meydana gelir.
Cemâat-i İslâmî, ideolojisinin her şeyi içine almasına önem verir. İslâm yalnız Allah ile insan arasında bir ilişki değildir ve sosyal, ekonomik, siyasî hayatı da düzenlemelidir. Müslümanlık sadece bir inanç olmayıp tam bir hayat tarzıdır; dolayısıyla kendine ait bir dünya görüşü ve sosyopolitik düzeni vardır. İlhamını Hz. Peygamber örneğinden ve İslâmî tecdid ve ihya geleneğinden alır; insanın temel tavrını değiştirmedikçe günlük hayattaki reform planının bir sonuç getirmeyeceğine inanır. Kişide kendine yeterlikten ilâhî rehberliği benimsemeye, dar materyalizmden maddî ve mânevî unsurları, her ikisi de aynı maksada hizmet edecek şekilde dengelemeye doğru bir gidiş olmalıdır. İnsan varlığının bütün alanlarında ilâhî hâkimiyet tesis edilmelidir. Cami ve parlamento, takvâ ve adalet, zikir ve şeriat aynı gerçeğin birbirinden ayrılmaz parçalarıdır. Cemâat-i Teblîğ’in ferdî takvâyı savunmasına karşılık Cemâat-i İslâmî, İslâm toplumu ve devletinin kuruluşunun en az ferdî kemal ve cinsî ahlâk kadar nebevî modelin bir parçası olduğunu vurgular.
Cemâat-i İslâmî’ye göre insan hükümdar, devlet veya gelenekler gibi Allah’ın dışındaki bazı güçlere boyun eğdiği için yanılgı içindedir. İlâhî rehberlik bütün insan faaliyetlerini içine aldığından İslâm devleti evrensel ve herkesi kucaklayıcı olmalıdır. Devletin amacı İslâm ideolojisini (şeriat) yerleştirmek olacağı için devlet, şeriata inanan ve onun ruhunu kavramış kimseler tarafından yönetilmelidir. Allah hukukun kaynağı, insan da onun halifesidir. Bu sebeple Cemâat-i İslâmî’nin devlet anlayışı, İslâm toplumunun temsilciler yoluyla ilâhî kanunları şeriat çerçevesinde yorumladığı bir çeşit teo-demokrasidir. İdareci veya hükümet başkanı uygun bir seçim tarzıyla seçilebilir; yeter ki halkın güvenini kazanmış ve İslâm’ın ölçülerine uymuş olsun. Cemâat-i İslâmî seçim yanlısı olmadığı gibi hizipçi yaklaşıma da sahip değildir; hizipçi görüşleri ve geleneksel dinî ihtilâfları ortadan kaldırmaya çalışır. Modern çağın gereklerine göre ictihad yolunu açık kabul etmekle beraber fıkıhta Hanefî mezhebine bağlıdır. Devrimci ideolojisine rağmen şiddeti gayri meşrû sayar ve İslâm devletine barışçı, demokratik ve parlamenter yollardan gidileceğine inanır.
Cemâat-i İslâmî, İslâmî düzenin kurulması ve sonuç olarak Allah’ın rızâsını kazanma ve âhirette kurtulma hedefine ulaşmak için dört maddelik bir program benimsemiştir. 1. İlâhî değerler ve prensiplerin ışığında insan düşüncesini yeniden şekillendirmek. 2. Ferdi değiştirip kötü huylarından temizleyerek gerçek bir İslâmî şahsiyete kavuşturmak. Davete uyanların tamamını bir nizama sokarak onların da insanları Allah’ın yoluna davet etmek üzere düzenli çalışmalar yapmalarına yardımcı olmak. 3. Toplumun bütün kurumlarını ve kişiler arasındaki ilişkileri İslâm öğretisine göre tanzim etmek ve düzeni yeniden kurmak üzere mümkün olan bütün adımları atmak. Bu amaçla eğitim programlarını, sosyal hizmetleri ve kültürel faaliyetleri desteklemek. 4. İslâm toplumunun liderliğinde bir inkılâp yapmak; ülkedeki siyasî ve sosyoekonomik hayatı İslâm ölçüleriyle yeniden düzene sokmak ve nihayet bir İslâm devleti kurmak.
Faaliyet ve hedeflerinin geniş kapsamlı oluşu sebebiyle Cemâat-i İslâmî başından beri büyük problemlerle karşılaşmıştır. Bunda toplumun içinden, Batılı güçlerden ve onların temsilcilerinden gelen muhalefetin payı büyüktür. Pakistan’daki en önemli engeller, bürokratlarla ordunun temsil ettiği feodal ve laik gruplardır. Ayrıca bazı İslâmî partiler de seçimlerde Cemâat-i İslâmî’yi kendilerine rakip gördüler. Teşkilâtın eğitim görmüş kesimde önemli bir tabana sahip olmasına rağmen kırsal kesimde ve sıradan insanlar üzerindeki etkisi sınırlı kalmış, İslâmî siyasete yeni bir anlayış getirmişse de toplumdaki geleneksel güç odağı engellerini aşamamıştır. Bunun sonucu olarak da kendi ahlâkî ve ideolojik ağırlığını bütünüyle ve doğru bir şekilde siyasî ağırlığa dönüştürememiştir.
Teşkilâtın önemli başarılarından biri, müslümanlar arasında yaygın olan kendine güvensizlik duygusunu ortadan kaldırması, din ve politika arasındaki koparılan bağları yeniden sağlamlaştırması ve İslâmiyet’in yalnız müslümanların değil bütün insanlığın bugün karşılaştığı problemleri çözebilecek bir alternatif dünya düzeni olduğu inancını getirmesidir. Bu çağda en azından Güney Asya’daki İslâmî anlayışa yeni bir siyasî üslûp kazandırmış ve artık “İslâm ideolojisi, İslâm devleti, İslâm anayasası, İslâm’ın ekonomik ve politik sistemi” gibi ifadeler müslüman yazarlar ve siyaset adamları tarafından her yerde kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.
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Ashiq Kashmiri, Târîḫ-i Taḥrîk-i İslâmî Cammû ve Keşmîr , Lahor 1989.
Abad Shahpuri, Târîḫ-i Cemâʿat-i İslâmî , Lahor 1989.
Khalil Ahmad al-Hamidi, Taḥrîk-i İslâm ki ʿÂlemî Es̱ârât , Lahor 1990.
Mumtaz Ahmad, “Islamic Fundamentalism in South Asia: The Jamaat-i Islami and the Tablighi Jamaat”, Fundamentalism Observed (ed. M. E. Marty – R. S. Appleby), Chicago 1991, s. 430-457.
K. B. Sayeed, “The Jamaat-i Islami Movement in Pakistan”, Pacific Affairs , XXX/1 (March 1957), s. 59-68.
Aziz Ahmad, “Mawdudi and Orthodox Fundamentalism”, MEJ , XXI (1967), s. 369-380.
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a.mlf., “The Way Ahead for Jamaat-i Islami”, a.e. , VI/1 (1979), s. 8-16.
W. L. Richter, “The Political Dinamics of Islamic Resurgence in Pakistan”, Asian Survey , XIX/6, Berkeley 1979, s. 547-557.
H. Mintjes, “Mawlana Mawdudi’s Last Years and the Resurgence of Fundamentalist Islam”, Al-Mushir , XXII/2 (1980), s. 46-73.
M. Manazir Ahsan – M. A. Anees, “Contemporary Islamic Resurgance – A Selected Bibliography (1979-1982)”, The Muslim World Book Review , II/4, Leicester 1982, s. 55-67.
Javed Ansari, “Jamaat-i Islami and the Politics of Pakistan”, Arabia , London 1985, s. 64-65.
F. Robinson, “Mawdūdī”, EI2 (İng.) , VI, 872-874.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 7. cildinde, 291-293 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.