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CEMEL VAK‘ASI Skip to content Hz. Ali ile Hz. Âişe arasında cereyan eden savaş (36/656).
1/2 Müellif: ETHEM RUHİ FIĞLALI Bölüme Git
Üçüncü halife Hz. Osman’ın isyancılar tarafından şehid edilmesi üzerine (18 Zilhicce 35 / 17 Haziran 656) Medine’de bulunan ashap Ali b. Ebû Tâlib’i h…
2/2 Müellif: YUSUF ŞEVKİ YAVUZ Bölüme Git
KELÂM. Cemel Vak‘ası İslâm akaidinde iman-küfür sınırı, irade hürriyeti, kader gibi önemli problemlerin tartışma konusu haline getirilmesine tesir ede…
Üçüncü halife Hz. Osman’ın isyancılar tarafından şehid edilmesi üzerine (18 Zilhicce 35 / 17 Haziran 656) Medine’de bulunan ashap Ali b. Ebû Tâlib’i halifeliğe getirdi (18 veya 23 Zilhicce 35 / 17 veya 22 Haziran 656). Hz. Ali’yi bekleyen en önemli mesele Hz. Osman’ın katillerini bulup cezalandırmaktı. Ancak ortada belirli bir katil yerine, “Osman’ı hepimiz öldürdük” diyen bir isyancı topluluk mevcuttu ve şehre hâkim olan bu âsilerle hemen başa çıkılamayacağı açıktı. Öte yandan yeni halifeye yalnız Medine’de biat edilmiş, diğer vilâyetlerin durumu henüz aydınlanmamıştı. Halife, biata yanaşmadıkları için Hz. Osman tarafından tayin edilen valilerin bir kısmını değiştirme kararı almış, bunu öğrenen Talha b. Ubeydullah Basra, Zübeyr b. Avvâm da Kûfe valiliğini istemiş, ancak onların bu isteği kabul edilmemişti (Taberî, I, 3069, 3082). Bunun üzerine Talha ile Zübeyr halifeden umre için Medine’den ayrılma izni istemişler, bu izin de dört ay sonra verilmişti.
Hz. Âişe, hilâfetinin son dönemlerinde Hz. Osman’ı çeşitli vesilelerle tenkit etmiş ve halifenin şehri terketmemesi ricasına rağmen isyan başladıktan sonra hac için Mekke’ye gitmişti. Haccını tamamlayarak Medine’ye dönmek üzere yola çıkan, fakat Osman’ın şehid edilip yerine Ali’nin halife seçildiğini öğrenen Âişe geri döndü ve Mekke’de halka hitaben Hz. Osman’ın mazlum olarak öldürüldüğü yolundaki meşhur konuşmasını yaptı. Bu arada Hz. Osman’ın ölümünden Hz. Âişe’yi sorumlu tutanlar olmuşsa da Âişe ileri sürülen iddiaları reddederek bu hususta herhangi bir kusurunun bulunmadığını ısrarla belirtmiştir.
Hz. Osman’ın şehid edilmesinden sonra Medine’den uzaklaşan Emevî ailesi mensupları ile Osman’ın Basra ve Yemen valileri, vilâyetlerinin beytülmâlinde bulunan para ve savaş malzemesiyle birlikte Mekke’ye gelerek Âişe’ye katıldılar (Taberî, I, 3099). Umre için yola çıkan Talha ile Zübeyr de Mekke’ye gidip Hz. Âişe’nin safında yer aldılar. Mekke’de “Osman’ın kanını talep için” Hz. Âişe’nin önderliğinde oluşan topluluk, uzun müzakerelerden sonra Medine’ye giderek isyancılara karşı çıkmak yerine Hz. Osman’ın Basra valisi Abdullah b. Âmir’in ısrarı üzerine Basra’ya gitmeye karar vermişlerdi. O sırada Mekke’de bulunan Hz. Peygamber’in diğer zevcelerinden Hafsa bint Ömer de Âişe ile birlikte Basra’ya gitmek istediyse de kardeşi Abdullah buna engel oldu. Resûl-i Ekrem’in Mekke’de bulunan diğer zevceleri ise Zâtüırk mevkiine kadar gittiler ve Hz. Âişe’yi ağlayarak uğurladılar. Daha sonraları bugün “ağlama günü” (yevmü’n-nahîb) diye anılmıştır.
Hz. Âişe “asker” adlı meşhur devesinin üzerinde Mekke’den yola çıktığı zaman yanında 3000 dolayında kuvveti vardı. Ancak önce Zâtüırk, sonra da Merrüzzahrân’da, zaferin kazanılması durumunda halifenin kim olacağı tartışılmaya başlandı. Talha, Zübeyr veya Osman’ın oğullarından birinin halife olması gerektiği yolundaki tartışmalar sürerken Hz. Osman’ın Kûfe valisi Saîd b. Âs hilâfetin Abdümenâf (Ümeyye) oğullarından alınamayacağını, dolayısıyla Hz. Osman’ın oğullarından birinin halife olması gerektiğini ileri sürerek taraftarlarıyla birlikte topluluktan ayrıldı, Mugīre b. Şu‘be de ona katıldı. Böylece Hz. Âişe, Talha ve Zübeyr yaklaşık 1000 kişilik bir kuvvetle Basra önlerine ulaşabildiler. Yolda köpek havlamaları duyan Âişe nerede olduklarını sormuş, Hav’eb suyu civarında bulunduklarını öğrenince Hz. Peygamber’in zevcelerine hitaben, “Acaba hanginize Hav’eb köpekleri havlayacak?” dediğini (Müsned , VI, 52, 97) hatırlamış ve onun bu hareketi tasvip etmediğine kani olarak yola devam etmekten vazgeçtiğini söylemişti. Bunun üzerine Abdullah b. Zübeyr ile birlikte bir grup sahâbî, bulundukları yerin adını belirleyen rehberin yanıldığını ısrarla söylemişler, Zübeyr b. Avvâm da, “Belki Allah Teâlâ senin sayende müminlerin arasını düzeltecektir” diyerek onu yola devama ikna etmişlerdi. Hz. Âişe ve beraberindekiler Basra önlerine gelince Abdullah b. Âmir’i, Basralılar’ı kendi taraflarına çekmek üzere şehre gönderdiler; ayrıca Âişe, Ahnef b. Kays gibi Basra’nın ileri gelenlerine mektuplar yazdı. Diğer taraftan Hz. Ali’nin Basra valisi Osman b. Huneyf, Hz. Âişe’nin kuvvetleriyle birlikte Basra yakınlarına geldiğini haber alınca maksatlarını öğrenmek üzere kendilerine İmrân b. Husayn ile Ebü’l-Esved ed-Düelî’yi gönderdi. Hz. Âişe, gayelerinin isyancı takımın bozduğu barış ve düzeni geri getirmek, mazlum olarak öldürülen Osman’ın katillerini cezalandırmak ve müslümanların arasını düzeltmek olduğunu bildirmiş, Talha ile Zübeyr de aynı görüşlere katıldıklarını, ayrıca kendilerinin Ali b. Ebû Tâlib’e zorla biat ettirildiklerini söylemişlerdi. Bu gelişmeler üzerine Basralılar ikiye ayrılmış ve sert münakaşalara başlamışlardı.
Öte yandan Hz. Ali, Hz. Âişe ile beraberindekilere Medine’nin kuzeydoğusunda Rebeze’de yetişebilme ümidiyle 3000 dolayındaki bir kuvvetle Medine’den ayrılmıştı (Ekim sonu, 656). Basra’da olup bitenler hakkında yolda bilgi alınca hemen Osman b. Huneyf’e bir mektup göndererek Talha ile Zübeyr’in kendisine biatları sırasında hiçbir şekilde zor kullanılmadığını bildirmişti. Bunun üzerine Osman, Ali b. Ebû Tâlib’in haklılığını ileri sürerek diğerlerinin Basra’yı terketmelerini istedi; onlar da kendilerinin haklı olduğunu söyleyerek Osman’ın şehri terketmesini istediler. Neticede bir akşam namazı sırasında bir baskınla Vali Osman b. Huneyf ve adamları esir alındı. Hz. Âişe onun öldürülmesine engel olduğu gibi serbest bırakılmasını da sağladı; fakat valinin saçı sakalı kökünden kazınmış, kaşları ve kirpikleri yolunmuştu. Osman b. Huneyf ve adamları bu durumda Zûkār’da konaklamış bulunan Hz. Ali’nin yanına gidip Basra’daki durumu anlattılar. Bu arada beytülmâl ele geçirildi ve idaresine Hz. Âişe’nin kardeşi Abdurrahman getirildi. Basralı taraftarlarından müşterek biat alan Talha ile Zübeyr kumandayı birlikte yürütecekler, namaz daha önce olduğu gibi Zübeyr’in oğlu Abdullah ve Talha’nın oğlu Muhammed tarafından kıldırılacaktı.
Hz. Âişe Basra’yı ele geçirmekle beraber buranın tam desteğini henüz sağlayamamış, Basra’nın önde gelenlerinden Ahnef b. Kays ile kabilesi Temîm’in bir kolu olan Benî Sa‘d’ı bir türlü ikna edememişti. Kûfe’yi kazanmak veya bu şehrin Hz. Ali’ye fiilen destek olmasını önlemek amacıyla Kûfe’nin ileri gelenlerine mektuplar gönderdi. Hz. Ali de hemen hemen aynı günlerde Kûfe’nin desteğini sağlamak maksadıyla şehre arka arkaya üç heyet gönderdiyse de bir sonuç alamadı. Vali Ebû Mûsâ el-Eş‘arî tarafsız kalmayı tercih ediyordu. Bunun üzerine Mâlik el-Eşter, Hz. Ali’nin izniyle duruma el koymak için Kûfe’ye gitti ve Ebû Mûsâ’nın konağını ele geçirdi.
Hz. Ali kuvvetlerini Kûfe dışında topladıktan sonra Basra’ya doğru hareket etti ve şehrin dışında Zâviye mevkiinde konakladı. Daha Zûkār’dan ayrılmadan anlaşma sağlama ümidiyle Hz. Âişe’nin karargâhına sahâbeden Ka‘kā‘ b. Amr’ı elçi olarak göndermişti. Ka‘kā‘ Basra’ya giderek Hz. Âişe, Talha ve Zübeyr ile görüşmüş, kendilerini, Hz. Ali’nin halifeliği etrafında toplandıkları takdirde katilleri cezalandırmanın kolaylıkla mümkün olabileceği yolunda ikna etmeye çalışmış, onlar da halifenin bu görüşte olması durumunda barışı kabul edebileceklerini bildirmişlerdi (Taberî, I, 3156-3157). Hz. Ali’nin Talha ve özellikle Zübeyr ile bizzat görüşmesi de olumlu sonuç verdi. Hatta Zübeyr, Ali’nin kendisine, Hz. Peygamber’in Ali ile haksız yere mücadele edeceğine dair sözlerini hatırlatması üzerine bu işten vazgeçmek istediğini Âişe’ye bildirdi. Ancak oğlu Abdullah onu korkaklık ve döneklikle suçladı. Bu sırada kimse ne olduğunu anlamadan iki taraf da kendisini savaş içinde buldu. Halbuki taraflar adamlarına, karşıdan bir saldırı olmadan kesinlikle savaşı başlatmamalarını emretmişlerdi (Taberî, I, 3183). Bir rivayete göre, Hz. Osman’ın katline iştirak edenlerden bir grup barış sağlandığı takdirde cezalandırılacaklarını düşünerek savaşı başlatmıştır. Hz. Âişe ile Hz. Ali savaşı durdurmak için gayret sarfetmişlerse de çarpışmalar bütün şiddetiyle devam etti. Hz. Âişe feryatlarının bir işe yaramadığını görünce Kâ‘b b. Sûr’a ön saflara koşarak barış için bağırmasını ve Kur’an’ın hakemliğini istemesini emretti. Fakat Kâ‘b bu sırada öldürüldü. İyi bir kumandana sahip olmayan Hz. Âişe kendi safındakilerin kaçmasını önlemeye çalışıyor, ancak birdenbire şiddetlenen savaş özellikle Hz. Âişe’nin etrafında cereyan ediyordu. Onun içinde bulunduğu hevdece oklar yağarken kendisini korumak için Abdullah b. Talha dahil yaklaşık yetmiş kişi burada can verdi. Hz. Ali, savaşın Hz. Âişe’nin bindiği devenin etrafında cereyan ettiğini görünce devenin öldürülmesini emretti; onun öldürülmesiyle bir anlamda savaş da sona ermiş oldu. Hz. Âişe savaşı devesinin üzerinden idare ettiği için İslâm tarihinde bu olaya “Vak‘atü’l-cemel” denilmiştir.
Hz. Âişe’nin hevdecine birçok ok saplanmışsa da kendisi yara almadan kurtuldu. Talha, savaşın daha başlarında rivayete göre Mervân b. Hakem tarafından atılan bir okla öldürülmüştü. Zübeyr ise savaş meydanından uzaklaşmakta iken Vâdissibâ’da Ahnef b. Kays’ın kabilesine mensup bir kişi tarafından öldürüldü. Hz. Âişe’nin devesi düşer düşmez Ali taraftarı olan kardeşi Muhammed ve ayrıca Ammâr b. Yâsir hemen yanına koşarak onu kalabalıktan uzaklaştırdılar. Hz. Âişe yanına gelen Hz. Ali’ye, “Sen galip geldin, artık müsamahalı davran” dedi. Hz. Ali de hem Âişe’ye hem de onun yanında savaşa katılanlara son derece iyi davrandı. Savaşta ölen müslümanları bizzat gömdürdü ve Basra’ya girmeden önce ordusuna yağmadan sakınmalarını ve kimseye dokunmamalarını emretti. Medine’ye dönmek üzere Basra’dan ayrılacağı sırada Hz. Âişe’yi bizzat uğurlamaya gitti. Hz. Âişe, meydana gelen olaylardan dolayı müminlerin birbirlerini incitmemelerini, kendisiyle Ali arasında şahsî herhangi bir kırgınlık bulunmadığını, onun iyi ve seçkin bir kişi olduğunu söyledi. Kendisine refakat edecek heyete ileri gelen Basralılar’dan kırk kadın, kırk kadar da erkek memur edildi. Hz. Âişe, kardeşi Muhammed ile birlikte 1 Receb 36 (24 Aralık 656) tarihinde Basra’dan ayrıldı, önce Mekke’ye gitti, hac ibadetini eda ettikten sonra Medine’ye geçti ve hayatının sonuna kadar orada kaldı.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 7. cildinde, 320-321 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
KELÂM. Cemel Vak‘ası İslâm akaidinde iman-küfür sınırı, irade hürriyeti, kader gibi önemli problemlerin tartışma konusu haline getirilmesine tesir eden dinî ve sosyal olaylardan biridir. Şehristânî bu olayı müslümanlar arasında meydana gelen ilk ihtilâfların önemlileri arasında zikreder (el-Milel , I, 27). Şiîler’in çoğu ile bazı Hâricîler’in Cemel Vak‘ası’nda Hz. Ali’ye karşı çıkan ashabı tekfir etmeleri, konunun bir akaid problemi olarak görülmesine ve kelâm kitaplarına girmesine yol açmıştır.
İslâm tarihinde esas itibariyle siyasî olmakla birlikte çeşitli sebeplerle dinî ve itikadî mesele haline getirilen olayların başlangıcı sayılabilecek olan Cemel Vak‘ası, akaid mezhepleri tarafından farklı şekillerde değerlendirilmiştir. Şîa ile Hâricîler’in tamamına göre Cemel Vak‘ası’nda Hz. Ali haklı, ona karşı çıkıp savaşan Hz. Âişe, Talha b. Ubeydullah, Zübeyr b. Avvâm ile bunların safında yer alanlar (ashâbü’l-cemel) haksız olup “bâgī” (âsi) durumundadırlar. Bu mezheplere bağlı bazı fırkalar ise daha da ileri giderek Hz. Ali’nin muhalifleriyle savaşmasını isabetli bulmuşlar, Hz. Âişe, Talha ve Zübeyr başta olmak üzere muhalefette bulunan bütün ashap ve tâbiîni tekfir etmişlerdir. Mu‘tezile’nin çoğunluğu Hz. Ali’yi haklı, muhaliflerini haksız ve hatalı görürken Ebû Bekir el-Esam, Dırâr b. Amr, Muammer b. Abbâd, Ebü’l-Hüzeyl el-Allâf gibi bazı Mu‘tezilî âlimler, Cemel Vak‘ası’na iştirak eden taraflardan hangisinin haklı, hangisinin haksız olduğunun bilinemeyeceğini (bk. VÂKIFE ) ve bunların hiçbirinden teberrî edilemeyeceğini söylemişlerdir. Mezhebin kurucusu Vâsıl b. Atâ ise taraflardan birinin mutlaka fâsık olduğunu, ancak bunu belirlemenin imkân dahilinde bulunmadığını ileri sürmüştür. Kerrâmiyye’nin çoğunluğu, savaşan her iki tarafın da haklı sebeplere dayandığı görüşündedir. Bir kısmı ise Hz. Ali’yi davasında haklı görmekle birlikte anlaşmazlığı müzakereler yoluyla çözmek yerine savaşa gidilmesini yanlış bulmuşlardır.
Cemel Vak‘ası’nın taraflarıyla ilgili olarak Ehl-i sünnet’in görüşü de diğer mezheplerde olduğu gibi farklıdır. Selefiyye’ye mensup âlimlerin çoğu, ashap arasında ortaya çıkan bu tür ihtilâfları tartışma konusu yapmayı uygun bulmamışlardır. Onlara göre hata etmiş olsalar bile savaşan iki sahâbe grubunu da Allah affetmiştir. İbn Hazm, Cemel Vak‘ası’nda her iki tarafın iyi niyetli olduğunu, yaptıkları işin ictihada dayandığını, savaşmak maksadıyla yola çıkmadıkları halde durumun aleyhlerine döneceğini hisseden katillerin komplosu sonunda kendilerini savaşın içinde bulduklarını ve dolayısıyla kusursuz olduklarını söyler (el-Faṣl , IV, 238-239). Hüseyin el-Kerâbîsî ile diğer bazı Sünnî âlimler de bu görüştedir (Eş‘arî, s. 457). Bazı Selef âlimleriyle Eş‘ariyye ve Mâtürîdiyye’ye bağlı Sünnî kelâmcıların hemen hemen tamamı Hz. Ali’nin haklı, karşı tarafın haksız olduğu kanaatindedir. Zira Hz. Âişe, Talha, Zübeyr ve onlara uyanlar, müslümanların hilâfet makamına getirdiği Hz. Ali’ye karşı tavır almış ve ona itaatsizlik göstermişlerdir. Hatta Teftâzânî’nin ifadesiyle bâgī olmuşlar (Şerḥu’l-Maḳāṣıd , II, 223), savaşın başlama şekli nasıl olursa olsun sonunda müslümanların birbirlerini öldürmelerine yol açmışlardır. Sünnî kelâmcılara göre savaş bittikten sonra muhalif grup liderlerinin pişmanlık duyduklarına ait rivayetler onların hatalı olduklarını gösterir. Bununla birlikte bu hatalarından ötürü tekfir edilemeyecekleri gibi fâsık oldukları da söylenemez. Çünkü onlar müslümanlar arasında ihtilâf çıkarmak gayesi taşımamışlardır; Hz. Ali’ye karşı çıkışları da İslâm âlimlerinin câiz gördüğü ictihadlarının bir sonucudur (Bağdâdî, Uṣûlü’d-dîn , s. 289-290; Ebû Ya‘lâ, s. 232; Nesefî, vr. 270a -271a ). Ayrıca içlerinde, Allah’ın kendilerinden razı olduğu bildirilen (Bey‘atürrıdvân’a katılan) ve cennetle müjdelenen sahâbîler de bulunmaktadır. Bu görüşlerin dışında, Cemel Vak‘ası’nda her iki tarafın da hatalı olduğu, Sa‘d b. Ebû Vakkās, Abdullah b. Ömer, Üsâme b. Zeyd ve Muhammed b. Mesleme’nin yaptığı gibi iki gruptan hiçbirine katılmayanların daha isabetli davrandığı kanaatini taşıyanlar da vardır.
Cemel Vak‘ası’na katılanlar hakkında isabetli değerlendirmeyi Sünnî kelâmcıların yaptığı söylenebilir. Bazı Şiîler’le Hâricîler’in ashabı tekfir etmeleri, bir kısım Mu‘tezilî ve Selefî âlimlerin bu konuda hüküm vermekten kaçınmaları ve aşırı muhafazakârlığa bürünen Selefiyye’nin savaşan her iki zümreyi de haklı bulması doğru değildir. Cemel Vak‘ası’na katılmaları sebebiyle ashap ve tâbiîni tekfir etmenin dinî bir dayanağı yoktur. Zira bu iddia hem naslara aykırıdır, hem de Hz. Ali’nin savaş sonrasında muhaliflerine karşı takındığı yumuşak tavırla uyuşmamaktadır. Çünkü muhalif zümre Ali’ye karşı çıkmakla isyankâr kabul edilebilir, bunun ise kâfir olma sonucunu doğurduğunu belirten hiçbir nas yoktur. Aksine Kur’ân-ı Kerîm, aralarındaki anlaşmazlıklar yüzünden savaşan grupları “müminler” olarak vasıflandırmıştır (bk. el-Hucurât 49/9). Şîa’nın bu konuda dayandığı hadislerin ise uydurma olduğu kanaati yaygındır. Esasen kaynaklarda Hz. Ali’ye karşı çıkanların gerçek niyetlerine, ayrıca savaşın başlaması, gelişmesi ve seyrine ilişkin yeterli bilgiler mevcut olmadığı gibi elde edilen bilgilerin güvenilirliği de tartışmalıdır (Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî, s. 406-407; Mahmûd Şükrî Âlûsî, s. 312-313). Ebû Hanîfe’nin de belirttiği gibi (bk. İbnü’l-Vezîr, s. 404) Hz. Ali, muhaliflerini kendisine karşı isyan eden kardeşleri olarak görmüş ve onlara mürted muamelesi yapmamıştır. Bütün bunlar, Hz. Ali’ye karşı olan zümreleri tekfir edenlerin yanlış yolda olduğunu göstermektedir. Selefiyye’nin, Cemel Vak‘ası’nda her iki zümreyi de haklı gösteren görüşleri de aklın prensiplerine aykırıdır. Ayrıca bu görüş, ashap ve tâbiînin peygamberler gibi hata işlemekten korunmuş (mâsum) oldukları sonucuna götürür ki bunun İslâm inanç esaslarıyla bağdaşmayacağı açıktır. Bazı âlimlerin, Cemel Vak‘ası gibi son derece ciddi sonuçlar doğuran bir tarihî olayı tahlil etmekten kaçınmaları ise en başta gelen görevi gerçekleri tesbit edip ortaya çıkarmak olan ilmin prensiplerine aykırıdır.
Cemel Vak‘ası, Hz. Peygamber’in vefatından sonra ilk ortaya çıkan ve etkileri günümüze kadar devam eden bir iç savaş olması sebebiyle önemli bir telif konusu olmuş ve hakkında müstakil eserler yazılmıştır. Bunlardan Câbir el-Cu‘fî, Ebû Mihnef Lût b. Yahyâ, Vâkıdî, İshak b. Bişr, Ali b. Muhammed el-Medâinî, Nasr b. Müzâhim, İbn Ebû Şeybe gibi müelliflerin kaleme aldığı ve hepsi de “Kitâbü’l-Cemel” başlığını taşıyan eserlerin günümüze kadar ulaşıp ulaşmadığı bilinmemektedir. Seyf b. Ömer el-Esedî’nin Cemel Vak‘ası’na dair rivayetleri Ahmed Râtib Armûş tarafından derlenerek el-Fitne ve Vaḳʿatü’l-cemel adıyla yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1406/1986). Muhammed b. Zekeriyyâ el-Gallâbî’nin Vaḳʿatü’l-cemel ’i bu konuda günümüze ulaşan nâdir eserlerdendir (Bağdad 1970). Cemel Vak‘ası’nda önemli rolü bulunduğu kabul edilen Abdullah b. Sebe hakkında yazılan eserler de konuya ilişkin monografilerden sayılır. Seyyid Murtazâ el-Askerî’nin ʿAbdullāh b. Sebeʾ (Kahire 1381), Süleyman el-Avde’nin ʿAbdullāh b. Sebeʾ ve es̱eruhû fî aḥdâs̱i’l-fitne fî ṣadri’l-İslâm (Riyad 1981) adlı eserleri bunlar arasında sayılabilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Câhiz, el-ʿOs̱mâniyye (nşr. Abdüsselâm M. Hârûn), Kahire 1374/1955, s. 49, 124, 173, 246, 249-250.
a.mlf., Risâle fi’l-ḥakemeyn (el-Meşriḳ içinde, nşr. Ch. Pellat), LII/4-5, Kahire 1958, s. 436.
Hayyât, el-İntiṣâr , s. 51.
Eş‘arî, Maḳālât (Ritter) , s. 456-457, 458.
Malatî, et-Tenbîh ve’r-red , s. 32.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 105-111, 115, 121, 285.
Bağdâdî, Uṣûlü’d-dîn , s. 289-291.
a.mlf., el-Farḳ (Kevserî), s. 17-72.
İbn Hazm, el-Faṣl (Umeyre) , IV, 233, 234, 238-239, 243-244.
Ebû Ya‘lâ el-Ferrâ, el-Muʿtemed fî uṣûli’d-dîn (nşr. Vedî‘ Zeydân Haddâd), Beyrut 1974, s. 232.
Nesefî, Tebṣıratü’l-edille , Kayseri Râşid Efendi Ktp., nr. 496, vr. 270a -271a .
Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî, el-ʿAvâṣım (Tâlibî) , s. 406-407.
Şehristânî, el-Milel (Kîlânî) , I, 27.
Teftâzânî, Şerḥu’l-Maḳāṣıd , II, 223, 224.
Ebû Abdullah İbnü’l-Vezîr, Îs̱ârü’l-ḥaḳ ʿale’l-ḫalḳ , Beyrut 1403/1983, s. 403-404.
Mahmûd Şükrî el-Âlûsî, Muḫtaṣarü’t-Tuḥfeti’l-İs̱nâʿaşeriyye , Kahire 1373, s. 273, 274, 312-313, 318-320.
W. Montgomery Watt, İslâm Düşüncesinin Teşekkül Devri (trc. Ethem Ruhi Fığlalı), Ankara 1981, s. 212, 239, 285.
L. Veccia Vaglieri, “al-D̲j̲amal”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 416.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 7. cildinde, 321-322 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.