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ÇERKEŞÎ MUSTAFA EFENDİ Skip to content (ö. 1229/1814)
Halvetiyye-Şâbâniyye tarikatının Çerkeşiyye kolunun kurucusu.
Çankırı’nın Çerkeş ilçesinde doğdu. Kaynaklarda doğum tarihi ve hayatı hakkında fazla bilgi yoktur. Ölüm tarihiyle ilgili bilgiler de farklıdır. Hüseyin Vassâf, “Oldu şeyh vâsıl-ı cânân yâhû” mısraını kaydederek 1224 (1809) tarihini verir (Sefîne , IV, 56). Sâdık Vicdânî ise kaynak göstermeden 1229’da (1814) öldüğünü belirtir. Son zamanlarda yapılan bir araştırmada Sâdık Vicdânî’nin verdiği tarih doğrulanmış bulunmaktadır. Bu araştırmada, Çerkeşî’nin müridi olduğu tesbit edilen Âkif Paşa’nın bir manzumesinden hareketle şeyhin doğum ve ölüm tarihleri belirlenmiştir (Azamat, s. 330). Âkif Paşa bu manzumesinde şeyhinin yetmiş üç yaşında öldüğünü söyler ve tarih olarak, “Hû deyip firdevs-i vasla erdi pîrim Mustafâ” mısraını kaydeder. Bu mısradan şeyhin 1229’da vefat ettiği ve yetmiş üç yıl yaşadığına göre 1156’da (1743) doğduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Şeyhin türbesi Çerkeş’te kendi adıyla anılan caminin içindedir.
Çerkeşî Mustafa Efendi, Safranbolu’ya bağlı büyükçe bir köy olan Zora’da yetişen Halvetî-Şâbânî şeyhlerinden Şeyh Mehmed Efendi’ye intisap etmiş ve ondan hilâfet almıştır. Baş tarafında, ulemâ ile tarikat mensupları arasındaki ihtilâfın mahiyeti ve çözüm yolları hakkında devrin padişahı tarafından yöneltilen sorulara cevap olarak kaleme alındığı kaydedilen Risâle fî tahkīki’t-tasavvuf adlı birkaç sayfalık Türkçe risâlesinden Çerkeşî Mustafa Efendi’nin şöhretinin İstanbul’da saraya kadar ulaşmış olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Risâlede adı geçmemekle birlikte söz konusu padişah muhtemelen II. Mahmud’dur. Nitekim bazı kaynaklarda (Hüseyin Vassâf, IV, 58; Gölpınarlı, s. 188) risâlenin II. Mahmud’un emriyle yazıldığı kaydedilmiştir. Çerkeşî Mustafa Efendi’nin bir süre İstanbul’da ikamet ettiği görüşü (Öztürk, s. 34), risâlenin başında padişaha gönderildiği açıkça kaydedildiğine göre bir varsayımdan ibarettir. Ayrıca İstanbul’daki ulemâ ve meşâyihe de sorulup sorulmadığı şimdilik tesbit edilemeyen bu soruların cevabının Çerkeşî Mustafa Efendi’den istenmesi, onun ilim ve irfanının seviyesini, şöhretinin yaygınlığını göstermesi açısından son derece önemlidir. II. Mahmud’un, saltanatının ilk yıllarında Kastamonu’da çıkan Tahmisçioğlu isyanını bastırma hususunda şeyhin nüfuzundan faydalanmak amacıyla ona bu soruları sormuş olabileceğinin ileri sürülmesi (Abdulkadiroğlu, s. 340), risâlenin muhtevasına göre çok uzak bir ihtimaldir.
Çerkeşî Mustafa Efendi bu risâlede tasavvuf tarihi açısından dikkate değer önemli tesbitlerde bulunur. Ona göre tarikat mensuplarının ulaşmaya çalıştıkları tasavvuf yolu fiil, sıfat ve zât tecellileri (tecellî-i ef‘âl, tecellî-i sıfât, tecellî-i zât) olarak tanımlanan üç halden ibarettir. Bu üç tecelliye mazhar olanlar zâhiren üç bâtıl fırka mensuplarına (Cebriyye, Hulûliyye, İttihâdiyye) benzerler. Fiil tecellileri sahipleri Cebriyye, sıfat ve zât tecellileri sahipleri ise Hulûliyye ve İttihâdiyye mensuplarına benzetilebilirler. Ancak bu üç halin kendilerinde tecelli ettiği sûfîlerin cebir, hulûl ve ittihad fikirleriyle hiçbir ilgisi yoktur. Sûfîleri bu bâtıl fırka mensuplarından ayırt etmenin temel ölçüsü şerîat-ı Muhammediyye’dir. Şeriattan ayrılmamak şartıyla yukarıdaki üç hal ve makamın kendisi üzerindeki tecellilerinden bahseden sûfînin sözleri ilâhî sır ve hikmetlerden ibarettir; ondan zuhur eden olağan üstü haller ise keramettir. Ancak keramet göstermek Allah, peygamber ve mürşid katında makbul değildir; çünkü edebe aykırıdır. Şeriata aykırı en ufak bir harekette bulunan sûfî sapıktır; sözleri ilhâd ve ifsat, ondan zuhur eden haller sihir ve istidrâc dır.
Risâlenin daha sonraki satırları, şeyhten Melâmîler’le ilgili görüşünün de sorulduğu kanaatini vermektedir. Çerkeşî Mustafa Efendi, halkın ve anlayışsız zâhir ulemâsının hakikatini kavramaktan âciz oldukları, zâhiren şeriata aykırı sözler söyleyen ve bazı davranışlarda bulunan Melâmî büyüklerinin dikkatle incelendiğinde şeriata ters düşen hiçbir hallerinin olmadığını söyler. Ona göre hallerini gizlemeyi sevdiklerinden şeriatın zâhirine aykırı gibi görünen söz ve davranışlarla kendilerini halkın ilgi odağı olmaktan çıkarmayı tercih eden Melâmîler kâmil insanlardır; fakat kemale erdirici değildirler. Kendileri “râşid” olup “mürşid” olamazlar. Onlardan dua istemek ve irşad talep etmek doğru değildir. Çünkü tâlibi şüpheye sevkedebilirler. Halbuki irşad tâlibi şüpheye düşürmek değil aksine şüphelerini gidermektir. İrşad, Allah’ın kulunu kendine cezbedip kemale eriştirdikten sonra tekrar beşeriyet makamına döndürmesidir. Mürşid, kâfiri küfürden imana, halkı mâsiyetten ibadete, havassı ise mâsivâdan ilâhî vuslata davet etmekle Allah’ın görevlendirdiği ve bu konuda kendisine halifelik verdiği kişidir. Peygamberler de birer mürşiddir. Eğer mürşid peygamber ise bu göreve “nübüvvet-i ta‘rîfiyye” adı verilir. Peygamberler getirdikleri şeriatın hükümlerini ümmetleri üzerinde uygulamakla yükümlü oldukları gibi mürşidler de zikir, evrâd, halvet gibi tarikatlarının gereklerini müridlerine uygulatmakla görevlidirler. Dinin koruyucusu olan ulemâdan nefret edip sûfîlik iddiasında bulunmanın, tarikat ve şeriatı birbirinden farklı şeyler gibi göstermenin, ulemâ ile meşâyihin üzerinde birleştikleri taat, riyâzet, mücahede gibi hususları terketmenin sapıklık olduğunu söyleyen Çerkeşî Mustafa Efendi’ye göre ulemâ bu gibi sahte sûfîlerle gerçek sûfîleri ayırt etme gayretini göstermeden aleyhlerinde birçok risâle kaleme almış, sûfîler de onlara cevap vermişlerdir. Çerkeşî’nin bu konudaki son sözü şudur: Ulemâ ile meşâyih arasındaki ihtilâf lafzîdir, aralarında mânada ve özde ihtilâf yoktur. Onun bu uzlaştırıcı tavrı ulemâ üzerinde tesirini göstermiştir. Nitekim Şeyhülislâm Ârif Hikmet Bey ve Şeyhülislâm Mehmed Sâdeddin Efendi, devrin tanınmış âlimlerinden Mehmed Zihni Efendi, kelâmcı Abdüllatif Harpûtî onun tarikatına intisap etmişlerdir.
İslâm toplumunda tarih boyunca önemli bir problem teşkil eden şeriat-tasavvuf ilişkisi konusunu inceleyip açık ve net bir şekilde ortaya koyan bu risâle birkaç defa basılmıştır (İstanbul 1290 [Sergüzeşt ve Tarîkatnâme-i Pîrân ve Meşâyih-i Halvetiyye ’nin sonunda]; İstanbul 1300 [Yûsuf Halvetî’nin Tenbîhü’l-gabî adlı eseriyle birlikte]; Eskişehir 1331). Ayrıca 48,5 × 34,5 cm. ebadındaki bir levhaya sülüs hatla yazılarak türbesinin bulunduğu camiye asılmıştır. Rîsâle fî tahkīki’t-tasavvuf Abdulkerim Abdulkadiroğlu tarafından yayımlanmıştır (AÜİFD , XXVIII, s. 344-348).
Çerkeşî Mustafa Efendi’nin Mehmed, Mesud ve Osman Vehbi adlı oğulları kendisinden sonra irşad faaliyetlerini sürdürerek birçok mürid ve halife yetiştirmişlerdir. Osman Vehbi Efendi’nin (ö. 1277/1860) soyundan İstanbul’da Çerkeşîzâdeler adı verilen bir ulemâ ailesi meydana gelmiştir. Babasının ölümünden sonra Ankara’ya yerleşerek şehrin tanınmış âlimlerinden biri olan Osman Vehbi Efendi’yi II. Mahmud İstanbul’a davet etmiş ve kendisine İstanbul ruûs u verilmiştir. Çeşitli eserleri olan Osman Efendi’nin II. Mahmud için kaleme aldığı el-Ḥıṣnü’l-ḥaṣîn (Kahire, ts.) ve Tasrîfâtü’l-Fârisiyye (İstanbul 1267) adlı iki kitabı basılmıştır.
Osman Vehbi Efendi’nin oğlu Mehmed Tevfik Efendi Beşiktaş, Halep, Çankırı, Bursa, Balıkesir ve Mısır’da mevleviyet görevlerinde bulunduktan sonra Medine kadısı olmuş, daha sonra Ankara’ya dönerek on iki yıl müderrislik yapmıştır. Üç yıl İstanbul kadılığı yaptıktan sonra Rumeli kazaskerliği muavinliğine tayin edilmiş (1886), aynı yıl Meclis-i Meşâyih Nezâreti reisi olmuş, 1889’da Anadolu, ertesi yıl Rumeli kazaskeri pâyelerini almış ve şeyhülislâmlığın Meclis-i Müellefât Encümeni başkanlığına tayin edilmiştir. Dedesi Çerkeşî Mustafa Efendi’nin tarikatına mensup olan Tevfik Efendi vefatında (1893), bir Şâbânî-Çerkeşî tekkesi olan Aksaray Sofular’daki Ekmel Dergâhı’na defnedilmiştir. Mehmed Tevfik Efendi’nin Gāyetü’l-beyân fî ilmi’l-mîzân (İstanbul 1306), Hediyyetü’s-sıbyân (İstanbul 1308), Divançe (Mısır 1283), Kasâid-i Tevfîk (Şam 1286, 1304), Levâyihu’l-kudsiyye (İstanbul 1303), Behcetü’t-tarf fî ilmi’s-sarf (İstanbul 1308), Meziyyet-i İslâmiyye (İstanbul 1306), Miftâhu’l-akāid (İstanbul 1301), Şerh-i Akāid-i Nesefî Tercümesi’ndeki Hatalara Dair Risâle (baskı yeri ve tarihi yok) adlı eserleri basılmıştır.
Tevfik Efendi’nin oğlu Ahmed Muhtar Efendi nakîbüleşraf lık görevinde bulunmuştur. Osman Vehbi Efendi’nin Mehmed Refî adlı oğlundan olan torunu Halil Hâlid Bey (ö. 1934), Mekteb-i Hukuk’u bitirdikten sonra gittiği İngiltere’de Cambridge Üniversitesi’nde Türk dili ve edebiyatı hocalığı yapmış, edebiyat, tarih, dış politika, iktisat alanlarında dikkate değer eserler yazmış önemli bir fikir adamıdır (bk. HALİL HÂLİD BEY ).
Çerkeşî Mustafa Efendi’nin tarikat silsilesi Zoralı Şeyh Mehmed, Mudurnulu Şeyh Abdullah Rüşdü (ö. 1141/1728-29), Şâbâniyye’nin Nasûhiyye kolunun kurucusu Şeyh Mehmed Nasûhî Üsküdârî (ö. 1130/1718), Karabaşiyye kolunun kurucusu Karabaş Velî (ö. 1097/1686) vasıtasıyla tarikatın pîri Şeyh Şâbân-ı Velî’ye (ö. 976/1568) ulaşır. Şâbâniyye mensuplarınca tarikatın ikinci kurucusu anlamında “pîr-i sânî” unvanıyla anılan Çerkeşî Mustafa Efendi’nin on üç (Hüseyin Vassâf, IV, 58) veya on bir (Eş‘âr-ı el-Hâc Âkif Efendi , s. 28; Enderunlu Âlî, vr. 4b ) halifesi olduğu kaydedilmektedir. Bunlardan ancak altısının (Beypazarlı Ali, Geredeli Halil, Mustafa Safî, Semerci Şeyh İbrâhim, Tiritzâde Hüseyin, Ahmed Nûri Baba) adı ve kimliği tesbit edilebilmiştir. Halifelerin faaliyetleri sonucu Çerkeşiyye tarikatı Batı Karadeniz, başta Ankara ve çevresi olmak üzere Orta Anadolu, İstanbul ve Balkanlar’da yaygınlık kazanmıştır.
Çerkeşiyye’den Beypazarlı Ali Efendi’nin halifesi Kuşadalı İbrâhim ile Geredeli Halil Efendi’ye nisbet edilen İbrâhimiyye ve Halîliyye adlı iki şube meydana geldiği söylenirse de (Tomar-Halvetiyye , s. 74) bunlardan ancak ilki bir kol olarak kabul edilebilir. Çerkeşî’nin emrine uyarak ölümünün hemen ardından İstanbul’a giden ve Şeyhülislâm Dürrîzâde Abdullah Efendi tarafından Fındıkzade’deki Beşikçizâde Dergâhı şeyhliğine tayin edilen Beypazarlı Ali Efendi’nin (ö. 1234/1819) yetiştirdiği tek halife olan Kuşadalı İbrâhim Efendi (ö. 1262/1846) tekke, taç, hırka gibi tarikatlara ait geleneksel unsurları reddeden fikir ve uygulamalarıyla Türk tasavvuf tarihinde çok önemli bir yere sahiptir. Tarikata Melâmetî bir hüviyet kazandıran Kuşadalı’nın Mehmed Tevfik Bosnevî ile (ö. 1283/1866) devam eden silsilesi, “Fâtih türbedarı” diye meşhur olan Ahmed Amiş Efendi (ö. 1920) vasıtasıyla günümüze kadar ulaşmıştır.
Çerkeşî’nin diğer tanınmış halifesi ümmî bir zat olan Geredeli Halil Efendi’dir. Şeyh Halil Efendi II. Mahmud tarafından İstanbul’a davet edilmiş, amellerin niyetlere göre olduğunu ifade eden hadise verdiği mânalar padişahı ve huzurda bulunanları hayrete düşürmüş, büyük iltifat ve takdire mazhar olmuştur. Gerede’de vefat eden Halil Efendi’nin türbesi Aşağı Tekke Camii’nin bahçesindedir.
Geredeli Halil Efendi’nin halifelerinden Ömer Fuâdî (ö. 1274/1857), İstanbul’da Sofular Ekmel Dergâhı’nda uzun yıllar şeyhlik görevinde bulunmuştur. Devrin iki şeyhülislâmı Ârif Hikmet ve Mehmed Sâdeddin efendilerin kendisine intisap etmeleri, Ömer Fuâdî Efendi ve Şâbâniyye-Çerkeşiyye’nin ulemâ üzerindeki tesirini göstermesi bakımından önemlidir. Vefatından sonra makamına oğulları Abdullah Rüşdü (ö. 1299/1882) ve Yâkub Sıdkı (ö. 1319/1901) geçmiş, Yâkub Efendi’nin ölümünden sonra dergâh oğlu Yûsuf Selâhaddin ile Abdullah Rüşdü’nün oğlu Mustafa Sîret efendiler tarafından yönetilmiştir. Daha sonra Üsküdar’daki Atik Vâlide Şâbânî dergâhına tayin edilen Mustafa Sîret Efendi, Meclis-i Meşâyih âzası olarak da görev yapmıştır.
Geredeli Halil Efendi’nin diğer halifesi Yazıköylü Emin Efendi, bugün Bulgaristan sınırları içinde kalan Nevrekop’a giderek irşad faaliyetinde bulunmuştur. Emin Efendi’nin Mir’âtü’l-âşıkīn adlı eseri basılmıştır (baskı yeri ve tarihi yok). Halifesi Nevrekoplu Ahmed Efendi’nin burada açtığı dergâh Balkan Harbi’nde Bulgarlar tarafından yakılmıştır.
Diyarbekirli Hacı Mustafa Safî Efendi’yi (ö. 1263/1847), Hüseyin Vassaf Geredeli Halil’in halifesi olarak gösterir. Ancak Safî Efendi hakkında bir menâkıbnâme yazan İbrahim Hilmi onun aslında Çerkeşî Mustafa Efendi’nin halifesi olduğunu söyler. Safî Efendi’nin halifesi Geredeli Saatçi Abdullah Efendi’nin müridi Halil Rahmi Efendi (ö. 1284/1867), uzun yıllar Dîvân-ı Hümâyun Kalemi’nde görev yapan Necib Efendi’nin (ö. 1307/1890) şeyhidir. Necib Efendi Aksaray’daki evinde irşad faaliyetini sürdürmüş, devrin tanınmış âlimleri Mehmed Zihni Efendi ve Abdüllatif Harpûtî kendisine mürid olmuşlardır. Oğlu Fahri Efendi Kanlıca’daki Atâullah Dergâhı’nda şeyhlik yapmıştır.
Sultanahmet’teki Sokullu Mehmed Paşa Dergâhı şeyhi Hüseyin Efendi’nin oğlu olan Şeyh Mustafa Hulûsi Efendi de (ö. 1299/1882) Geredeli Halil’in halifelerindendir. Halil Efendi İstanbul’a geldiğinde kendisine intisap ederek onunla birlikte Gerede’ye gitmiş, sülûkünü tamamladıktan sonra babasından boşalan dergâhın şeyhliğine tayin edilmiştir. Ölümünden sonra makamına oturan oğlu Hayrullah Efendi’nin birkaç ay sonra vefat etmesi üzerine dergâhta irşad faaliyeti diğer oğlu Atâullah Efendi (ö. 1308/1890-91) tarafından sürdürülmüştür. Atâullah Efendi’den sonra yerine, halifesi Beykozlu Ahmed Efendi’den icâzet alan oğlu Mehmed Nidâî Efendi şeyh olmuştur.
Halil Efendi’nin Kütahyalı Şeyh Salih Efendi adlı halifesi vasıtasıyla devam eden diğer bir silsilesi günümüze ulaşmıştır.
Çerkeşî Mustafa Efendi’nin bir halifesi de İstanbul Zeyrek’te Kilise Camii yanındaki Akşemseddin Dergâhı Şeyhi “Semerci Şeyh” diye anılan İbrâhim Efendi’dir (ö. 1247/1831). Onun vefatından sonra bu dergâhta halifesi Şeyh Halil Efendi (ö. 1274/1858) ile bu zatın oğlu ve adaşı Halil Efendi (ö. 1333/1915) görev yapmışlardır.
Kaynaklarda adı geçmeyen diğer bir Çerkeşî halifesi de Ankaralı Tiritzâde Hüseyin Efendi’dir. Madde yazarının bir Şâbânî şeyhinin elinde bizzat gördüğü Şâbâniyye silsilenâmesinden Çerkeşî halifesi olduğu anlaşılan Hüseyin Efendi’nin silsilesi günümüze kadar ulaşmış olup İstanbul ve Karadeniz bölgesinde mensupları bulunmaktadır. Çerkeşî Mustafa Efendi’nin adı ve kimliği tesbit edilen son halifesi, Hacı Bayrâm-ı Velî soyundan gelen şair Ahmed Nûri Baba’dır (ö. 1263/1847). Şeyh Halil Baba’nın oğlu olan Ahmed Nûri Baba, babasının ölümünden sonra Çerkeş’e giderek Mustafa Efendi’ye intisap etmiş ve onun halifesi olmuş (Fatîn, s. 420), ancak Melâmetî tavra sahip olduğundan irşad faaliyetinde bulunmamıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Fatîn, Tezkire , s. 420-421.
Eş‘âr-ı el-Hâc Âkif Efendi , İstanbul 1259, s. 28.
Osmanlı Müellifleri , I, 55.
Tomar-Halvetiyye , s. 72-77.
Hüseyin Vassâf, Sefîne , IV, 56-70.
Enderunlu Âlî, Hidâyetü’l-velî fî menâkıbı Kuşadalı , İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 9849, vr. 4b .
İbrahim Hilmi, Menâkıb-ı Şeyh Safî-i Âmidî , Millet Ktp., Ali Emîrî, Şer‘iyye, nr. 1111.
Abdülbaki [Gölpınarlı], Melâmîlik ve Melâmîler , İstanbul 1931, s. 188.
İbnülemin, Son Asır Türk Şairleri , s. 1914-1915.
Zâkir Şükrü, Mecmûa-i Tekâyâ (Tayşi) , s. 9, 19, 20.
Özege, Katalog , I, 298; II, 441; III, 966, 1137, 1144, 1163; IV, 1468, 1645, 1764.
Albayrak, Osmanlı Ulemâsı , IV-V, 126-127.
Yaşar Nuri Öztürk, Kuşadalı İbrahim Halvetî , İstanbul 1982, s. 34.
Nihat Azamat, “Kuşadalı İbrahim Halvetî”, Osm.Ar. , IV (1984), s. 330.
Abdulkerim Abdulkadiroğlu, “İki Vesika”, AÜİFD , XXVIII (1986), s. 338-348.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 272-275 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.