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ÇEVRE KİRLİLİĞİNİN SAĞLIK HARCAMALARINA ETKİSİ: GMM YÖNTEMİ Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 46, 603 – 620, 30.06.2024
Emrah Ustundağ
Öz Sağlık harcamaları ülke ekonomilerinde farklı makroekonomik değişkenlerden etkilenmektedir. Bu noktadan hareketle bu çalışma 2000-2019 dönemi için Üst Gelir Grubu Ülkeler ve Üst-Orta Gelir Grubu Ülkeler olarak sınıflandırılan iki ülke grubunda çevre kirliliği ile sağlık harcamaları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada bağımlı değişken olarak sağlık harcamaları; bağımsız değişkenler olarak CO2 emisyonu, ekonomik büyüme ve nüfus seçilmiştir. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişki “İki Aşamalı GMM Yöntemi” ile tahmin edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, hem Üst Gelir Grubu Ülkeler ve hem de Üst-Orta Gelir Grubu Ülkelerde çevre kirliliğindeki artışın, sağlık harcamalarındaki artışı pozitif yönlü olarak etkilediği saptanmıştır. Dolayısıyla çevresel kirliliğin azaltılmasına yönelik olarak atılacak her olumlu adımın sağlık harcamalarındaki azalışlara katkı sağlayacağını ifade edebiliriz.
Anahtar Kelimeler Sağlık Harcamaları, CO2 Emisyonu, GMM Yöntemi
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THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ON HEALTH EXPENDITURES: GMM METHOD Yıl 2024, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 46, 603 – 620, 30.06.2024
Emrah Ustundağ
Öz Health expenditures are affected by different macroeconomic variables in country economies. From this point of view, this study aims to examine the relationship between environmental pollution and health expenditures in two country groups classified as Upper Income Group Countries and Upper-Middle Income Group Countries for the period 2000-2019. Health expenditures as the dependent variable in the study; CO2 emissions, economic growth and population were chosen as independent variables. The relationship between variables was estimated with the “Two-Stage GMM Method”. According to the analysis results, it has been determined that the increase in environmental pollution positively affects the increase in health expenditures in both Upper Income Group Countries and Upper-Middle Income Group Countries. Therefore, we can state that every positive step taken to reduce environmental pollution will contribute to decreases in health expenditures.
Anahtar Kelimeler Health Expenditures, CO2 Emissions, GMM Method
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Chaabouni, S., Zghidi N., Mbarek, MB. (2016). On The Causal Dynamics Between CO2 Emissions, Health Expenditures and Economic Growth. Sustain Cities Soc, 22,184–191. Çağlayan Akay, E., (2015). "Dinamik Panel Veri Modelleri," In STATA ile Panel Veri Modelleri, İstanbul: DER Yayınları. Chen, L., Zhuo, Y., Xu, Z., Xu, X., Gao, X., (2019). Is Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission An İmportant Factor Affecting Healthcare Expenditure? Evidence From China, 2005–2016, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16(20), 3995. Dhrifi, A. (2018). Does Environmental Degradation, Institution Quality And Economic Development Matter For Health? Evidence From African Countries. Journal of Knowledge Economy, 10(3), 1098–1113. Gündüz, M. (2019). Healthcare Expenditure And Carbon Footprint İn The USA: Evidence From Hidden Cointegration Approach. The European Journal of Health Economics, 21, 801-811. Güney, T. (2017). Hükümet Etkinliği ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi. International Review of Ecnomics and Management, 5(4), 42-55. Hao, Y., Shuang, L., Lu, Z. N., Huang, J., ve Zhao, M. (2018). The Impact of Environmental Pollution on Public Health Expenditure: Dynamic Panel Analysis Based on Chinese Provincial Data. Environmental Science And Pollution Research, 25, 18853- 8865. Haseeb, M., Kot, S., Hussain, H. I., ve Jermsittiparsert, K. (2019). Impact Of Economic Growth, Environmental Pollution, And Energy Consumption On Health Expenditure And R&D Expenditure Of ASEAN Countries. Energies, 12(19), 3598. Jerrett, M., Eyles, J., Dufournaud, C., Birch, S., 2003. Environmental İnfluences On Health Care Expenditures: An Exploratory Analysis From Ontario, Canada. Journal of Epidemiology And Community Health, 57, 334–338. Kais, S. Ve Saida, Z., (2018). “Environmental Pollution, Health Expenditure and Economic Growth And İn The Sub-Saharan Africa Countries: Panel ARDL Approach”. Sustainable Cities and Society, 41, 833-840. Li, Y., Yang, X., Ran, Q., Wu, H., Irfan, M., ve Ahmad, M. (2021). Energy Structure, Digital Economy, and Carbon Emissions: Evidence From China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 64606–64629. Moosa, N., ve Pham, H. N. A. (2019). The Effect Of Environmental Degradation On The Financing Of Healthcare. Emerging Markets Finance And Trade, 55(2), 237-250. Mujtaba, G., Ashfaq, S., (2022). The İmpact Of Environment Degrading Factors And Remittances On Health Expenditure: An Asymmetric ARDL And Dynamic Simulated ARDL Approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 29(6), 8560–8576. Murthy, V. N., ve Okunade, A. A. (2009). The Core Determinants Of Health Expenditure İn The African Context: Some Econometric Evidence For Policy. Health Policy, 91(1), 57-62. Narayan, P. K., ve Narayan, S. (2008). Does Environmental Quality İnfluence Health Expenditures? Empirical Evidence From A Panel Of Selected OECD Countries. Ecological Economics, 65, 367- 74. Oyelade, AO., Tijani OD., Wakile, MO., Kanimodo, AL., (2020) Environmental Quality And İts Attendant Effect On Human Health: New Evidence From Panel Quantile Regression For Anglophone Countries in West Africa. Int Immunol, 8(4), 89–95. Raeissi, P., Harati-Khalilabad, T., Rezapour, A., Hashemi S. Y., Mousavi, A., ve Khodabakhshzadeh, S. (2018). Effects of Air Pollution On Public And Private Health Expenditures İn Iran: A Time Series Study (1972-2014). Journal of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, 51, 140 – 147. Samah, IHA., Abd Rashid, IM., Husain, WAFW., Ibrahim, S., Hamzah, H., Amlus, MH., (2020). The İmpact Of Healthcare Expenditure And Healthcare Sector Growth on CO2 Emission Using Dynamic Panel Data System GMM Estimation Model During COVID 19 Crisis. Int J Energy Econ Policy, 10(6), 235–241. Shahzad, K., Jianqiu, Z., Hashim, M., Nazam, M., Wang, L., (2020). Impact of Using İnformation And Communication Technology and Renewable Energy on Health Expenditure: A Case Study From Pakistan. Energy, 204, 117956. Tarı, R., (2006). Ekonometri, Kocaeli: Umuttepe Yayınları. Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. ve Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2020). The Impacts of Air Pollution on Health And Economy İn Southeast Asia. Energies, 13(7), 1812. Ullah, I., Ali, S., Shah, MH., Yasim, F., Rehman, A., Al-Ghazali, BM., (2019). Linkages Between Trade, CO2 Emissions And Healthcare Spending in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16(21), 4298. Usman, M., Ma, Z., Zafar, M. W., Haseeb, A., ve Ashraf, R. U. (2019). Are Air Pollution, Economic And Non- Economic Factors Associated With Per Capita Health Expenditures? Evidence From Emerging Economies. International Journal of Environmental Research And Public Health, 16, 1-22. Wang, Z., Mansoor, M. M., Asghar, Zaidi, S. A. H., ve Wang, B. (2019). Dynamic Linkages Among CO2 Emissions, Health Expenditures, And Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence From Pakistan. Environmental Science And Pollution Research, 26, 15285-15299. WHO (2022). Billions Of People Still Breathe Unhealthy Air: New WHO Data. World Health Organization. Yahaya, A., Nor, N. M., Habibullah, M. S., Ghani J. A., ve Noor, Z. M. (2016). How Relevant İs Environmental Quality To Per Capita Health Expenditures? Empirical Evidence From Panel Of Developing Countries. Springer Plus, 5(925), 1-14. Yazdi, S. K., ve Khanalizadeh, B. (2017). Air Pollution, Economic Growth And Health Care Expenditure. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 30(1), 1181-1190. Zeng J, He Q., (2019). Does İndustrial Air Pollution Drive Health Care Expenditures? Spatial Evidence From China. J Clean Prod, 218, 400-408. Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Makro İktisat (Diğer) Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi Yazarlar Emrah Ustundağ Bir kuruma bağlı değildir 0000-0003-0384-4308 Türkiye
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 28 Haziran 2024 Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Ekim 2023 Kabul Tarihi 20 Haziran 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 46
Kaynak Göster APA Ustundağ, E. (2024). ÇEVRE KİRLİLİĞİNİN SAĞLIK HARCAMALARINA ETKİSİ: GMM YÖNTEMİ. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 26(46), 603-620.
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