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CEYB-i HÜMÂYUN Skip to content Osmanlılar’da doğrudan padişahın şahsî kullanımına ayrılan para ve buradan yapılan harcamaları ifade eden bir tabir.
Kaynaklarda “ceyb-i hümâyun akçesi, cep akçesi, ceyb-i hümâyun harçlığı, aylık-ı ceyb-i hümâyun, ceyb-i hümâyun dairesi” gibi değişik şekillerde geçmekte olup padişaha ait gelirleri ve bunlardan yaptığı harcamaları ifade etmektedir. Osmanlılar’da devlet gelirlerinin tamamı padişaha ait olmakla birlikte bunun bir kısmı dirlik olarak dağıtılmış ve artan kısmı da hâss-ı hümâyun hâsılı olarak devlet hazinesine aktarılmıştır. Bu gelirlerden, kullanımı sadrazam ve defterdara bırakılan ve devletin harcamalarına ayrılan meblağlar, sarayın dış bahçesindeki dış hazinede saklanırdı. Dış hazinenin bazı gelir kaynakları ise sarayın iç bahçesinde bulunan ve bundan dolayı iç hazine diye anılan hazineye aktarılır ve bu meblağların sarfı padişahın iradesine bırakılırdı. Padişah bunların bir bölümünü bugün amme masrafları denen harcamalara tahsis edebildiği gibi şahsî masraflarına da ayırabilirdi. Bazan gizli ödenek şeklinde kullanılabilen bu gelirler zaman zaman dış hazineye, defterdar ve sadrazamın tasarrufuna verilebilirdi. Sonuncu durumda bunlar tahsis edilen meblağları iade etmek zorundaydılar. Bu haliyle de iç hazine fonları bir çeşit hazine kredisi mahiyetini taşırdı. Bunların dışında tamamıyla padişahın şahsî masraflarını karşılamak üzere “ceyb-i hümâyun akçesi” adı verilen gelirler vardı. Bunun tipik bir örneğini, “Mısır hazinesi” veya “Mısır irsâliyesi” denilen, bu eyaletten gönderilen yıllık vergiler teşkil ediyordu. Mısır irsâliyesi devlet hazinesi durumundaki dış hazineye gelir olarak girer, sonra iç hazineye aktarılıp muhasebede gider kısmına kaydedilirdi. XVII. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren Mısır valileri, Mısır irsâliyesinden ayrı olarak bir de “ceyb-i hümâyun harçlığı” adı altında 5000 “mâmul hasene” (altın sikke) göndermeye başladılar.
Padişah devlet masraflarını, ayrıca şahsî giderlerini karşılamak için sadece iç hazine kaynaklarını değil dış hazine kaynaklarını da kullanırdı. Bir bakıma şahsî giderleri durumunda olan saray mutfağı harcamaları, saraylıların aylıkları, saraya bağlı özel imalâthanelerin masrafları genel bütçeden karşılanır ve bunlar masraf bütçelerinin “teslimat” fasıllarına kaydedilirdi. Bu fasılda, bizzat padişaha ve XVII. yüzyılın sonlarıyla XVIII. yüzyılın başında hanım sultanlara ayrılan meblağlarla saray mutfak emini ile İstanbul harc-ı hâssa emini ve şehremini gibi kişilere teslim edilen meblağlar yer alırdı. Padişahın kendisine ve harem mensuplarına verilen paralar, 1104-1108 (1693-1697) bütçelerinde “harçlık-ı harem-i hümâyun”, daha sonraki bütçelerde ise “berâ-yı ceyb-i hümâyun”, “harçlık-ı ceyb-i hümâyun” ve “aylık-ı ceyb-i hümâyun” diye gösterilmiştir. Padişahın yaptığı in‘âm lar ve dağıttığı sadakalar kendi özel iç hazinesinden karşılanabildiği gibi dış hazineden ve devlet bütçelerinden de verilebilirdi. Bu gibi masraflar devlet bütçelerinin “in‘âmat ve tasaddukat” masraf fasıllarında yer alırdı.
Osmanlı maliyesinde padişahın tasarrufunda olan iç hazine kaynaklarının özel bir kısmını teşkil eden ceyb-i hümâyun harçlığı, ayrıca “ceyb-i hümâyun akçesi” diye tasrih edilen meblağları ve iç hazine masraf hesaplarında bu isimle yapılan harcamaları da ifade etmekteydi. İç hazineden karşılanan diğer bazı özel giderler “harc-ı hâssa” adıyla kaydediliyordu. Öteki masraflar için özel bir isim kullanılmamakla beraber sadrazamın dileği üzerine dış hazineye transfer edilen fonlar “hazine kredisi” niteliğini taşımaktaydı.
Padişah iç hazineden çıkan meblağların “tesellüm temessükleri”ni, parmağındaki mühr-i hümâyun niyetiyle kullanılan yüzüğün zümrüt taşıyla mühürlerdi. İç hazine masraf rûznâmçelerinde, dökümü ceyb-i hümâyun veya harc-ı hâssa defterlerinde bulunan aylık masrafları, masrafların yapıldığı ayın bir sonraki ay hesaplarında toplu bir rakam olarak gösterilirdi. Nitekim 954-955 (1547-1548) malî yılına ait bütçede aynı fasılda 800.000’i nakit, 260.000 akçelik kısmı da külçe altın olmak üzere ceyb-i hümâyun olarak tahsis edilen 1.060.000 akçe, aylık, iki aylık, üç aylık harcamalar halinde verilmiştir. 974-975 (1567-1568) bütçesinde ise “teslimat” faslında padişaha teslim edilen meblağın 31.466.314 akçe olduğu belirtilmektedir. Ancak bunun ne kadarının ceyb-i hümâyun olduğu kaydedilmemiştir. Bununla beraber 1072 (1661-62) yılı bütçesinden Enderun hazinesine aktarılan 2.180.000 akçenin 480.000 akçesi, 40.000 akçe hesabıyla ceyb-i hümâyun aylığı olarak ödenmiştir. Kalan bölümden 80.000 akçesi de iki bayram için “ıydiyye” sayılmıştır. Yine 1079-1080 (1669-1670) bütçesinde de harçlık-ı ceyb-i hümâyun ve ıydiyye olarak 3.080.000 akçe ayrılmış, fakat buna daha sonra 1.500.000 akçe olan Dubrovnik cizyesi de eklenmiştir. 1099 (1687-88) ve 1102 (1690-91) bütçeleri de aynı şekilde düzenlenmiştir.
Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman devrinde 933-934 (1527-1528) bütçesinde “teslimat” faslında Mısır hazinesi dışında 3.476.452 akçe kaydedilmiştir. 1088-1098 (1677-1687) yıllarına ait Enderun gelir defterlerinde ise ceyb-i hümâyun faslında sadece Mısır valileri tarafından gönderilen 5000 altın bulunuyordu. I. Ahmed Selânik, Badracık ve İzmir has larını ceyb-i hümâyun harçlığı olarak tahsis ettirmiştir (TSMA, nr. E. 9287/29). II. Osman da bunun için Şeyhülislâm Mehmed Efendi’nin arpalığı olan Yanya’da Kotor Pazarı vb.nin 73.729 akçelik gelirini ayırtmıştı (TSMA, nr. E. 9287/53). Ayrıca dış hazineden de 50.000 akçelik meblağlar alır ve tükendikçe yenisini isterdi (TSMA, nr. D. 73).
XVIII. yüzyılda vâlide sultan ve haseki sultandan altıncı kadına kadar harem mensuplarının ceyb-i hümâyun harçlıkları, İstanbul Darphânesi hâsılından (darbedilen paranın darp hakkı ile hazineye ait madenlerin maden fiyatıyla para olarak değerinin farkından oluşan meblağ) verilirdi. Bu paradan artan kısım Enderun hazinesine gelir olarak kaydedilirdi. Kaynaklardan, XVIII. yüzyıl boyunca padişahlara bağlanan ceyb-i hümâyunun değişiklikler gösterdiği anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim 1148 Rebîülevvelinde (Ağustos 1735) aylık 2000 kuruş ve 120 akçe (BA , Cevdet-Darphâne, nr. 2652), 1164 yılı Muharrem ayında (Aralık 1750) 3750 kuruş (TSMA, nr. E. 239), 1189 Muharreminde (Mart 1775) 666 “zer-i mahbûb” altını ve bu altının yarımlıklarından her birinde 100 adet bulunan 30 çıkın ve 1500 kuruş tutarında beyaz akçe (gümüş para) idi (TSMA, nr. D. 60).
Ceyb-i hümâyun olarak tahsis edilen paraların nerelere sarfedildiği de defterlere yazılırdı. Meselâ 1098 yılı Cemâziyelâhir ayına (Nisan 1687) ait ceyb-i hümâyun masrafları deftere şu şekilde kaydedilmişti (TSMA, nr. D. 1057): Haseki sultana 120.000 cedîd akçe, silâhdar ağa aylığı olarak 4000 akçe, Okmeydanı’nda dört çift pehlivana ve duacılara 8,5 kuruş, Karaağaç bahçesinde balıkçılara 1 zolota, Üsküdar harem-i şerifine silâhdar ağa mârifetiyle 100 altın, Mîrâhur Köşkü’nde güreşen beş çift pehlivana 13 kuruş, Beşiktaş’ta güreşen altı çift pehlivana 12 kuruş, Mîrâhur Köşkü’nde kayıkçı ihtiyara 2 kuruş, Mîrâhur Köşkü’ne Bahri Ağa eliyle 50 altın, musâhip Barnit Ağa eliyle Bahri Kadın’a kan aldığı için 7000 akçe, baruthânede güreşen beş çift pehlivana 9,5 kuruş, İncili Köşk’e alınan kiraz bahası 1000 akçe ki toplam 132.000 akçe, 1 zolota, 45 kuruş ve 150 altın. Aynı şekilde 1189 yılı Muharrem ayına (Mart 1775) ait ceyb-i hümâyun harcamaları arasında harem “şehriye”si olarak baş kadına 500, ikinci kadına 400 ve üç ile beşinci kadına 250’şer kuruş, bazı meşâyihe 111 zer-i mahbûb, Üsküdar yangınının söndüğü haberiyle gelen sadrazam çuhadarına 10 Mısır zer-i mahbûbu, Mâbeyn-i Hümâyun’da ihsân-ı şâhâne olarak 1500 kuruş, hekimbaşıya 500, cerrahbaşıya 200, müneccimbaşıya 100 ve kehhâlbaşıya da 60 kuruş nevrûziyye ihsanı verildiği kayıtlıdır.
Öte yandan hazinenin buhranlı yıllarında zaman zaman ceyb-i hümâyundan sefer masrafları için para tahsisi de yapılıyordu. Özellikle Mısır hazinesi bazan bu maksatla kullanılmıştır. Meselâ Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman Sigetvar seferi (1566) masraflarının bir kısmını bu yolla karşılamıştı. Ancak I. Ahmed döneminde 1606’da İran’a yapılması düşünülen sefer için Şeyhülislâm Sun‘ullah Efendi’nin Mısır hazinesinden para çıkarılması teklifinin padişah tarafından, “Mısır hazinesi bizim ceyb harçlığımızdır” denilerek reddedildiği bilinmektedir. Ayrıca 1247 (1831) yılında Enderun halkının maaşları da ceyb-i hümâyundan verilmiştir.
Ceyb-i hümâyunla ilgili işler, harem-i hümâyun hazinesi ve daha sonra ceyb-i hümâyun hazinesinde görülürdü. Âmiri, “sır kâtibi” adını taşıyan yüksek dereceli bir memurdu. Hazîne-i hâssadan her ay gönderilen gerekli miktarda para, bu daire kanalıyla hükümdarın isteği doğrultusunda dağıtılırdı. Meselâ II. Abdülhamid, Veliaht Reşad Efendi’nin aylığını bu fasıldan verdirmiştir.
Ceyb-i Hümâyun Dairesi saltanatın kaldırılmasına kadar devam etmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
TSMA, nr. D. 13, 60, 73, 243, 1057, 1996, 1997, 2009; nr. E. 66, 67, 239, 1053, 3313, 9287.
BA, MAD , nr. 22.249.
BA , Cevdet-Darphâne, nr. 2652.
Peçuylu İbrâhim, Târih , s. 327.
Uzunçarşılı, Merkez-Bahriye , s. 363-364.
a.mlf., Saray Teşkilâtı , s. 77-78, 236, 376, 486-487, 489.
Barkan, “H. 933-934 Tarihli Bütçe Cetveli ve Ekleri”, İFM , XV/1-4 (1955), s. 3, 12.
a.mlf., “H. 954-955 (m. 1547-1548) Malî Yılına Âit Bir Osmanlı Bütçesi”, a.e. , XIX/1-4 (1960), s. 253.
a.mlf., “H. 974-975 (m. 1567-1568) Malî Yılına Âit Bir Osmanlı Bütçesi”, a.e. , XIX/1-4 (1960), s. 307.
a.mlf., “1079-1080 (1669-1670) Malî Yılına Ait Bir Osmanlı Bütçesi ve Ekleri”, a.e. , XVII/1-4 (1960), s. 8.
Ed., “D̲j̲ayb-i Humāyūn”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 502.
Pakalın , I, 265-266.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 7. cildinde, 465-467 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.