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CEZZÂR AHMED PAŞA Skip to content (ö. 1804)
XVIII. yüzyıl sonlarında Suriye bölgesinin idaresinde önemli rol oynayan, Akkâ müdafaasıyla meşhur Osmanlı valisi.
Bosnalı olup çeşitli kaynaklarda 1720, 1722 veya 1735’te doğduğu ileri sürülmektedir. Hayatının ilk yılları âdeta efsanelerle süslüdür. Kesin olarak bilinen husus, Bosna Valisi Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa’nın hizmetine girip onunla birlikte Mısır’a gittiğidir (1756). Orada iken memlük grupları arasındaki çekişmelere katılmış, kendine yer edinme gayretleri dolayısıyla Mısır’ın sosyal ve idarî yapısını yakından tanımış ve bu durum ona hayatının ileriki yıllarında karşı karşıya kaldığı meselelerin hallinde büyük tecrübe kazandırmıştır. Sayda ve Şam valilikleri sırasındaki faaliyetleriyle, bu topraklarda merkezî idareyi kuvvetlendirmek isteyen Osmanlı hükümetine genel olarak bağlı kalıp nüfuzunu arttırmış ve karışık bir sosyal yapıya sahip iktisadî bakımdan son derece önemli bu geniş bölgeyi otuz yıl gibi uzun bir süre idare etme başarısını göstermiştir.
Mısır’da bir müddet Ali Paşa’nın yanında kalan ve bu sıralarda Boşnak lakabıyla anılan Ahmed Bey, 1758’de Emîrülhac Sâlih el-Kāsımî’ye kapılanıp onunla birlikte hacca gitti. Ardından Mısır Kahire şeyhülbeledi Bulutkapan Ali Bey’in nüfuzlu adamlarından Buhayre kâşifi (sancak beyi) Abdullah Bey’in hizmetine girdi. Onun Hunadi urbânına karşı yaptığı seferde öldürülmesi üzerine Mısır’da bağımsız bir idare kurmaya çalışan Ali Bey tarafından Buhayre kâşifliğine getirildi. Bazı kaynaklara göre Hunadi urbânı ile yaptığı savaşlarda birçok kişiyi develeriyle birlikte öldürdüğü için kendisine “deve kasabı” anlamına gelen “Cezzâr” lakabı verildi. Ayrıca bu lakabın, korku ile karışık takdir hislerini belirtmek için kendisine halk tarafından verildiği, çok önceden beri bu şekilde anıldığı, hatta düşmanlarını sindirmek, askerî meziyetlerini ifade etmek ve kendi adamları üzerindeki otoritesini yerleştirmek için özellikle bu lakabı kullandığı da ileri sürülür. Nitekim onunla ilgili resmî kayıtlarda, hatta III. Selim’in hatt-ı hümâyunlarında sadece Cezzâr veya Cezzâr Paşa olarak adından bahsedildiği dikkati çekmektedir.
Kısa zamanda büyük şöhret kazanan Cezzâr, Bulutkapan Ali Bey’in yakın adamlarından biri oldu; hatta onun on sekiz has memlükü arasına girdi. Bundan sonra Memlük beyleri arasındaki entrikalara karıştı, Kahire’de barınamayacağını anlayınca İstanbul’a kaçtı; ardından gizlice Kahire’ye döndüyse de Ali Bey’in baskısı sonucu orada da fazla kalamayarak Halep ve Şam taraflarına geçti. Önce bölgedeki güçlü hânedanlardan Şihâboğulları’na sığındı, sonra da Şam muhafızı Osman Paşa’nın hizmetine girdi. Bölgede büyük bir isyan çıkaran Zâhir el-Ömer ile yapılan mücadelelere katıldı. Zâhir el-Ömer’in müttefiki olup Akdeniz’de faaliyet gösteren Ruslar’ın Beyrut’u topa tutması üzerine hemen buranın imdadına koştu ve Şihâboğulları’ndan Beyrut hâkimi Emîr Yûsuf tarafından Beyrut mütesellimliğine getirildi. Cezzâr’ın niyeti Beyrut’a hâkim olmaktı, hatta bu maksatla bazı hareketlere de teşebbüs etmişti. Onun davranışlarından şüphelenen Emîr Yûsuf Beyrut’u terketmesini istediyse de Cezzâr bunu kabul etmeyip savunma hazırlıklarına başladı. Emîr Yûsuf önce eski düşmanı Zâhir el-Ömer’den yardım istedi, daha sonra da Ruslar’a başvurdu. Karadan ve denizden kuşatılan Beyrut’ta bir müddet dayanan Cezzâr gizlice Zâhir el-Ömer ile anlaştı ve teslim şartlarını da Şihâboğulları’na bildirdi. Teklifin kabulünden sonra Beyrut’tan çıkarak Mısır’da iyice kuvvetlenen Ebü’z-Zeheb Muhammed’e karşı kendisinden faydalanmayı düşünen Zâhir el-Ömer’in yanına gitti. Fakat burayı da kendisi için tehlikeli gördüğünden gizlice Akkâ’dan kaçıp Şam Valisi Osman Paşa’ya sığındı.
Gerek burada gerekse daha önce Beyrut’ta Osmanlı hükümetine bağlılık bildirmiş olduğundan onun bu sadakatinin karşılığı olarak kendisine Rumeli beylerbeyiliği pâyesi ve ardından Karahisar mutasarrıflığı verildi; 1775’te Zâhir el-Ömer’in bertaraf edilmesinden sonra da vezirlik rütbesiyle Sayda valiliğine getirildi. Böylece Cezzâr’ın hayatında yeni bir dönem başlamış oldu. O artık bulunduğu mevkii sürekli olarak koruyup bölgedeki âsi aşiretler, nüfuzlu yerli beyler, hatta valilerle mücadele ederek otoritesini kabul ettirmeye, bunu yaparken de Osmanlı hükümet merkezini dikkatle takip etmeye çalışacaktı. Osmanlı hükümeti ise bölgenin karışık sosyal yapısı ve nüfuzunun zayıflığı yüzünden onun giderek güçlenip örneklerine sık rastlandığı gibi müstakil bir devlet kurmaya çalışacağından endişe ediyor, onun hareketlerini zaman zaman şüphe ile karşılıyordu. Öte yandan Cezzâr’ın açıkça merkezî idareye baş kaldırmamasının, sürekli olarak Osmanlı idaresine bağlı kaldığı ve Osmanlı gücünün bölgedeki temsilcisi olduğu şeklinde yorumlanması (EI2 Suppl. [İng.] , s. 269) pek doğru olmamalıdır. Nitekim o kendi şahsî gücü ve nüfuzu sayesinde ölümüne kadar bu bölgeyi idare edebilmiş, Osmanlı hükümetinin bu gücü sınırlama çabaları bir sonuç vermemiştir.
Boşnaklar, Arnavutlar ve Kuzey Afrikalılar’dan teşkil ettiği memlükleriyle güçlü bir askerî kuvvet kuran Cezzâr bölgedeki âsi urbân ve aşiretlerle mücadeleye başladı; uyguladığı sert tedbirlerle onları iyice sindirdi. Daha o sıralarda giriştiği bu faaliyetler İstanbul’da endişe ile karşılanmış, hatta emîrülhaclık göreviyle Şam valiliğine tayini için yapılan müzakerelerde bu makama gelmesi durumunda o yöredeki eyaletleri kendi adamlarına vereceğinden korkulmuştu. Nihayet Mısır’ın durumu hakkındaki raporları devlete bağlılık şeklinde yorumlanarak Şam valiliğine getirildi (1780). Daha sonra da Mısır’da durumun karışıklığı göz önünde tutularak yeniden o tarafa yakın bulunan Sayda eyaletine nakledildi. Bundan sonra Osmanlı hükümetinin onun hakkındaki tereddütlerine rağmen birkaç defa emîrülhaclık görevi Şam valiliğiyle birlikte kendisine verildi. Gerek Şam gerekse Sayda valilikleri sırasında sürekli olarak Akkâ’da oturan Cezzâr, baskısı altında bunalmış olan memlük gruplarının çıkardıkları isyanı bastırdıktan sonra Akkâ’daki mevkiini daha da güçlendirdi. Bu durumdan endişe eden Osmanlı hükümeti bir ara onu uzaklaştırmak isteyip Bosna’ya tayin ettiyse de bölgeyi zapturapt altına alabilecek tek adam olarak görüldüğünden bundan vazgeçildi. Gerçekten Cezzâr Sayda kıyılarında yoğun ticarî faaliyeti engelleyen Şiî Mutevâl (Mitvalî) aşiretiyle Kuzey Filistin dağlarındaki âsi kabileleri sindirdi, Lübnan dağlarındaki Şihâb emîrleriyle mücadele etti, onların siyasî güç ve yetkilerini kırdı, Mârûnî-Dürzî çekişmesinden de kendi lehine istifade etti. Akkâ, Sayda ve Beyrut’ta ticarî faaliyetleri kontrolü altına aldı, çok gelir getiren ve Avrupalı tüccarların gözde malları olan pamuklu, hububat ve ipekli ticaretini tekeline geçirdi. Bu iktisadî güç siyasî kudretinin de anahtarı oldu. Onun bu faaliyetleri özellikle Fransızlar’ı çok ürküttü; ticarî menfaatleri zedelenen Fransızlar, ileri gelen zengin hıristiyan Arap burjuvaları, daha alt kesimi oluşturan müslüman grubun büyük desteğini kazanmış olan Cezzâr hakkında menfi propagandaya giriştiler. Hatta bizzat İstanbul’daki Fransız elçisi Cezzâr’ı III. Selim’e şikâyet etmişti. Bir süre sonra Fransızlar karşılıklı menfaat çerçevesinde onunla iyi münasebetler tesisine çalışmaya mecbur oldular. Nitekim 1782-1785 yıllarında yeni Fransız konsolosu Renaudot zamanında münasebetlerde kısmî bir iyileşme görülmüş, yeni Fransız kolonileri kurulmuştu. Fakat bu yakınlaşma Napolyon Bonapart’ın cüretkâr siyasetiyle yepyeni bir şekil kazandı.
Mısır’ı işgal eden Napolyon’un bu hareketine büyük bir tepki gösteren Osmanlı hükümeti, yapılan müzakereler sonucu, Mısır’ı çok iyi tanıyan Cezzâr’ı Mısır seraskeri olarak tayin edip gerekli asker ve malzeme yardımı göndermeyi kararlaştırdı. Cezzâr yeni kazandığı Mısır seraskerliği unvanının önemini ve kendine sağlayacağı avantajları çok iyi biliyordu. Fransızlar’ın Mısır’dan çekilmesinden sonra tamamıyla buraya hâkim olacağından endişe eden hükümet merkezi ise çaresizlik içinde onu yetkili kılmakla birlikte Mısır seraskerliği unvanını geniş anlamda yorumlayıp nüfuzunu daha da genişletmesini önleyici tedbirler almaktan da geri durmamıştı. Nihayet Mısır’da sıkışan Napolyon Bonapart Suriye bölgesine ilerleyip bu bölgenin kilidi durumundaki Akkâ’yı zapta karar verdi. 19 ve 20 Mart 1799’daki hücumlarla başlayan Akkâ muhasarası sırasında İngiliz donanmasından da yardım gören Cezzâr bunlara şiddetle karşı koydu. Kuşatmada yeni kurulmuş Nizâm-ı Cedîd askerine mensup bir kuvvet Akkâ’da bulunduğu gibi İstanbul’dan da donanma ile yeni askerî kuvvetler gönderilmişti. Birbiri ardınca yaptığı saldırılardan bir sonuç alamayan Bonapart, yardım kuvvetlerinin yetişmesinden bir süre sonra 20 Mayıs’ta kuşatmayı kaldırıp geri çekilmeye mecbur oldu.
Fransızlar’ın bu başarısızlığı İstanbul’da büyük bir sevince yol açmış, Cezzâr ve adamlarına, savaşta yararlılığı görülenlere dağıtılmak üzere çeşitli hediyeler gönderilmişti. Fakat Osmanlı hükümetinde, dolayısıyla da III. Selim’de Mısır’ın Cezzâr tarafından ele geçirileceği endişesi hâkimdi. Nitekim Mısır’a sadrazam ve serasker Yûsuf Ziyâ Paşa ordu ile gönderilmiş, kendisine büyük yetkiler tanınacağını ümit eden Cezzâr ise bu durumdan huzursuz olmuştu. Hatta Yûsuf Ziyâ Paşa merkeze gönderdiği bir raporda Mısır işinin hallinden sonra “habâset”inden bahsettiği Cezzâr’ın işini bitireceğini yazmış (TSMA, nr. E. 3402/6-8), Cezzâr da Yûsuf Paşa’dan şikâyet eden arz lar göndermişti (TSMA, nr. E. 3402/9). Fakat bu siyasî mücadele bir sonuç vermedi. Yûsuf Ziyâ Paşa’nın dönüşünden sonra Cezzâr’ın Yafa’yı ele geçirip (1802) Nablus emîriyle mücadeleye girişmesi alenî isyan olarak yorumlandıysa da, Vehhâbî tehlikesi yüzünden affedilerek Hicaz seraskerliğiyle Şam valiliğine getirildiği gibi Mısır işleri de kendisine bırakıldı. Artık Osmanlı hükümeti bu sıralarda oldukça yaşlanan Cezzâr’ı bir tehlike olarak görmemeye başlayıp bu bölgede ondan sonraki durumu ve takip edilecek siyaseti belirlemeye çalışacaktı. Böylece Cezzâr, iyice yaşlandığı bu tarihlerde istiklâle kadar gidebilecek çok geniş bir nüfuz sahasını idare fırsatını yakalamış oluyordu. Fakat bu elverişli durum fazla sürmedi, Cezzâr Ahmed Paşa bir süre sonra her bakımdan geliştirip kendisine merkez yaptığı Akkâ’da vefat etti (23 Nisan 1804).
Cezzâr Ahmed Paşa, özellikle Batı kaynaklarında ve bir kısım Arap ve Osmanlı tarihlerinde son derece zalim, gaddar bir insan olarak gösterilir. Bu çok karışık bir sosyal yapıya sahip coğrafyada kendisine karşı sürekli olarak düşmanlık besleyen aşiretler, nüfuz sahibi yerli gruplar, ticarî menfaatleri zedelenen Avrupalı devletler, hatta nüfuzunu kısıtlamaya çalışan Osmanlı hükümeti karşısında uzun müddet hükmünü yürütmesi, ilk kesimlere karşı oldukça sert ve acımasız idaresi, diğerlerine karşı ise ustalıklı siyaseti sayesinde mümkün olabilmişti. Cezzâr bu sert siyasetiyle asayişi temin ederken Akkâ, Sayda, Beyrut gibi önemli merkezlerin iktisadî bakımdan gelişmelerini sağlamış; Akkâ’da biri kendi adını taşıyan altı cami, iki çarşı ve birçok han, hamam, çeşme, yedi su değirmeni yaptırmış, surları esaslı şekilde onartmıştır. Ayrıca bir taraftan Mısır ahvaline olan vukufunu her vesileyle Osmanlı hükümetine gösterirken (bk. Nizamnâme-i Mısr ) diğer taraftan giriştiği faaliyetlerini, askerlerinin özelliklerini, dindarlığını, idaresi altındaki şehirlerin durumunu, adaletini konu alan risâleler kaleme aldırarak (bk. TSMA, nr. E. 4029) mânevî nüfuzunu ve kutsî bir şahsiyet olduğunu yayıp bölgedeki otoritesini sürekli kılacak bir zemine oturtmaya çalışmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., “Başvekâlet Arşivi’nde Bonapart’ın Akkâ Muhasarasına Dair Bir Vekayinâme”, Tarih Semineri Dergisi , II, İstanbul 1938, s. 3-31.
a.mlf., “Bonapart’ın Cezzâr Ahmed Paşa’ya Mektubu ve Akkâ Muhasarasına Dair Bir Deyiş”, TTK Belleten , XXVIII/111 (1964), s. 451-457.
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a.mlf., “XVIII. Yüzyılda Akdeniz’de Rus Donanması ve Cezzâr Ahmed Bey’in Beyrut Savunması”, BTTD , I/5 (1968), s. 37-45.
a.mlf., “Cezzâr’ın Mısır’daki Hayatı Hakkında Bir Araştırma”, TD , XXVI (1972), s. 123-128.
a.mlf., “Cezzâr Ahmed Paşa”, İA , III, 156-158.
G. Nassi, “1799 Akkâ Savunması ve Cezzâr Ahmet Paşa”, TT , XIV/82 (1990), s. 24-28.
Kamal S. Salibi, “al-D̲j̲azzār Pas̲h̲a”, EI2 Suppl. (İng.) , s. 268-269.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 7. cildinde, 516-518 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.