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CİDDE Skip to content Suudi Arabistan’ın Kızıldeniz kıyısında önemli bir liman şehri.
Bugün milletlerarası havaalanı, üniversitesi, çeşitli bölgelerle bağlantılı otoyolları, modern liman tesisleri ve yaklaşık 1,5 milyon nüfusu ile Suudi Arabistan’ın Riyad’dan sonra ikinci büyük şehridir. Arabistan yarımadasının güneybatısındaki Hicaz bölgesinde ve Mekke’ye 70, Medine’ye 420 km. mesafede yer alır. Hemen hemen bütün klasik coğrafya kitapları ve sözlüklerde şehrin adı “kıyı, sahil; yol” gibi mânalara gelen “Cüdde” şeklinde tesbit edilmiş olup halk dilinde ise daha çok Cidde adı kullanılmaktadır.
Cidde’nin İslâm öncesi dönemi hakkında çok az şey bilinmektedir. Bu şehrin önemi, Hz. Osman zamanında güneyindeki Şuaybe Limanı’nın terkedilerek Mekke’ye Kuzey Afrika, Mısır, Hindistan gibi uzak ülkelerden deniz yoluyla gelen hacıların karaya ayak bastıkları bir liman şehri olarak kullanılmaya başlanmasından sonra artmıştır. Ayrıca burası dışarıdan gelen tüketim maddelerinin ulaştığı bir ticaret merkezi olarak da ün kazanmıştır ve bugün de aynı ticarî hüviyetini korumaktadır. Eski İslâm coğrafyacılarından Makdisî ve İstahrî Cidde’nin ticarî öneminden ve hacılardan alınan rüsûm dolayısıyla sahip olduğu yüksek gelirden bahsederler. Ayrıca bu rüsûmun sonradan zaman zaman şeriflerle paylaşılması sebebiyle bir kaynak olarak Mısır Memlükleri’nin dikkatini çektiği bilinmektedir.
Nâsır-ı Hüsrev V. (XI.) yüzyılda Cidde’nin surlarla çevrili olduğunu bildirmekte ve nüfusunu da 5000 civarında tahmin etmektedir. İbn Cübeyr ise şehri taş hanları ve camileriyle tavsif etmekte, şerifler aracılığıyla toplanan vergileri kaldırdığı için de Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’yi övmektedir. Abbâsîler’in gerilemesiyle önceleri Basra üzerinden yürüyen deniz ticareti Kızıldeniz ve Cidde Limanı’na dönmüştür. Avrupa’dan Mısır’a, oradan da Hindistan’a giden ve Hindistan’dan Avrupa ülkelerine gelen mallar Cidde Limanı’ndan geçmişler ve Avrupa ile Hindistan arasında karşılıklı mal taşıyan gemiler çok defa bu limanda karşılaşmışlardır. Memlükler devrinde Cidde ve Haremeyn’e özel bir itina gösterilmiştir. Mekke’nin dünyaya açılan kapısı durumundaki Cidde özellikle Mısır’dan Kızıldeniz yoluyla gelen hacılar için çok önemli idi. Sultan I. Baybars 667 (1268) yılında hacca gitmiş ve Şemseddin Mervân’ı Mekke-i Mükerreme’de kendisine nâib tayin etmişti; Mekke şerifleri yönetimle ilişkili meseleleri ona danışırlardı. Bu idarî şekil Memlükler döneminin sonuna kadar devam etmiştir. Memlükler Cidde’de Mekke’deki duruma paralel olarak nâib-i Cidde denilen bir görevli bırakmışlardır. Nâibin oturduğu binaya Dârünniyâbe denilirdi. Sahilde ve limana hâkim bir yerde bulunan bu binadan ticarî faaliyetler kontrol edilirdi.
Tarihçi Nehrevâlî el-İʿlâm bi-aʿlâmi Beytillâhi’l-Ḥarâm adlı eserinde Memlükler devri Mekke ve Cidde emirliklerinden bahseder. Sultan Kayıtbay’ın 884 (1479) yılında Kâbe’nin yıkanmasını emretmesi üzerine Mekke şerifi, Mekke’deki Türk paşası ve Cidde nâibi bu hizmette görev aldılar. Memlükler Cidde’de 1452 yılından itibaren vergiyi câbîler (tahsildar) eliyle toplamışlar ve bir kısmını şeriflere bırakmışlardır.
XVI. yüzyılın başlarında Portekiz gemilerinin Hindistan yolu üzerinde Kızıldeniz içlerine ve Basra körfezine girerek buralardaki şehirler ve müslüman halk için büyük tehlike oluşturmaları karşısında Memlük idarecilerinin acz göstermeleri ve mukaddes toprakların müdafaasız kalması muhtemelen bu bölgelere Osmanlı himayesinin gelmesini süratlendirmiştir. Bu arada Memlükler döneminin sonlarına doğru Sultan Kansu Gavri’nin Cidde’ye nâib olarak tayin ettiği Hüseyin el-Kürdî tarafından dokuz ay gibi kısa bir sürede bir kale yaptırılmış (1511) ve bu kale sonradan bölgenin müdafaası Osmanlılar’a geçtiğinde çok faydalı olmuştur (bu kale 1948 yılında Suûdî yönetimince yıkılmıştır).
Haydar Çelebi rûznâmesinde (Feridun Bey, I, 439) ve ayrıca İbn İyâs, Mısır’ın Osmanlılar tarafından fethi sırasında Mekke emîrinin Berekât olduğunu ve oğlu Muhammed Ebû Nümey başkanlığında bir heyeti bazı kıymetli hediyeler ve mukaddes emanetlerle Mısır’a gönderdiğini yazmaktadırlar. Yavuz Sultan Selim 16 Cemâziyelâhir 923 (6 Temmuz 1517) günü bu heyeti ve dolayısıyla Hicaz’ın biatını kabul etmiştir. Osmanlı dönemi başlarken biat işlemlerinden sonra ilk iş olarak Cidde nâibi Hüseyin el-Kürdî Mekke şerifinin emriyle öldürüldü. Cidde’ye tayin edilen ilk nâib Mekke tüccarlarından Kāsım eş-Şirvânî’dir. Bir müddet sonra Mekke’de Memlükler döneminde kurulan Mekke paşalığı makamı kaldırıldı ve Mekke’de şerif, sancak haline getirilen Cidde’de ise sancak beyi ayrı ayrı şehir yöneticisi olarak vazife görmeye başladılar.
1538’de Hindistan seferine çıkan filo son Osmanlı limanı olarak Cidde’den uğurlanmıştı. Aynı yıllarda Portekizliler Cidde’yi almak üzere çeşitli teşebbüslerde bulunmuşlar, son olarak da 1541’de yaptıkları hücumda Şerif Ebû Nümey tarafından püskürtülmüşlerdi. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman bu başarısından dolayı Şerif Muhammed Ebû Nümey’e Cidde Limanı’ndan toplanan vergilerin yarısını bağışlamış ve Koca Sinan Paşa’nın Yemen’i fethinden sonra bu bir gelenek halini alarak daima liman gelirlerinin yarısı Cidde sancak beyine, yarısı da Mekke şerifine verilmiştir. Kızıldeniz’i tam kontrol altında tutabilmek ve dolayısıyla Cidde yolu ile Mekke ve Medine’yi emniyet altına alabilmek Kızıldeniz’in girişindeki Aden’i ele geçirmeye bağlı idi. Memlükler bu işe çok gayret sarfetmişler, fakat muvaffak olamamışlardı. 1558 yılında Yemen seferine çıkan Sinan Paşa bunu başarmış ve böylece Cidde Limanı daha güvenli bir hale gelmişti. Ancak Osmanlılar’ın Cidde’ye ve hac bölgelerine tamamen hâkim olduktan sonra Yemen’e de inerek artık Kızıldeniz’e Portekizliler’i sokmaz olmaları Cidde Limanı’na gelen ticaret gemilerinin sayısını haliyle azaltmaya başladı. Avrupa ile Hindistan arasındaki ticaret daha kısa olduğu halde yavaş yavaş Kızıldeniz yolunu terkederek yerine Afrika çevresini dolaşan uzun yolu tercih etmek zorunda kaldı. Sonuç olarak XVI. yüzyılın sonlarından Osmanlı gücünün ortadan kalkmasına ve Süveyş Kanalı’nın açılmasına kadar Kızıldeniz üzerindeki transit taşımacılık geriledi.
Evliya Çelebi Cidde’de Hz. Havvâ’ya nisbet edilen kabri ziyaret ettiğinden (bu kabir 1928 yılında Suûdîler tarafından yıkılmıştır), limandan, kaleden bahseder ve limandan yılda 1500 kese gümrük vergisi toplandığı, kalede 300 asker ile başlarında bir veya iki tuğlu bir Mısır beyi bulunduğu, maaşının 150 akçe olduğu, kalenin ortasında bir mahkemenin yer aldığı, kadının maaşının yılda 2000 kuruş olduğu ve şehrin su ihtiyacının sarnıçlarda toplanan yağmur suyuyla karşılandığı yolunda bilgiler verir. Kâtib Çelebi ise Cihannümâ ’sında Cidde’de susuzluk çekildiğini, Sultan IV. Mehmed’in vezîriâzamı Kara Mustafa Paşa’nın uzak mesafelerden şehre su getirtip han, hamam ve bir cami yaptırdığını anlatmaktadır.
Cidde şehri Osmanlı döneminde önceleri bir sancak, daha sonra da Habeş eyaletinin merkezi olmuş, son zamanlarda ise yeniden merkezi Mekke olan Hicaz vilâyetinin bir sancağı durumuna getirilmiştir. 1803 yılında Arabistan’ın Necid bölgesinden gelen Vehhâbîler Cidde’yi muhasara etmişler ve şehri alamamakla birlikte Şerif Gālib’i, 1811 yılında Mısır Valisi Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın bölgeye gelişine kadar kendilerine boyun eğdirmişlerdir. Mısır’da eyaletine bağlı olarak idare edilen Hicaz, 1840 yılından sonra merkezî idareye geçilmesiyle doğrudan Bâbıâli’ye bağlanmış ve Cidde de merkeze bağlı bir vali tarafından idare edilmiştir. 1916 yılında Şerif Hüseyin’in Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı ayaklanması ile başlayan Arap bağımsızlık hareketi, yardım malzemelerinin geldiği stratejik öneme sahip limanı sebebiyle Cidde şehrinde geliştirilmiştir. Necid ve Hicaz arasındaki mücadeleler sırasında da stratejik önemini koruyan Cidde, Ekim 1924’te Vehhâbîler’in Mekke’yi almaları üzerine Ali b. Hüseyin kuvvetlerinin merkezi olmuş, ancak 1925 yılı boyunca Vehhâbî emîri ve Suûdîler’in kurucusu Abdülazîz b. Suûd tarafından muhasara edilerek sonuçta Mayıs 1927’de yapılan Cidde Antlaşması ile Suudi Arabistan Devleti’nin topraklarına katılmıştır.
1814’te seyyah Burkhardt’ın 12.000 ilâ 15.000 civarında gösterdiği Cidde’nin nüfusu bugün 1,5 milyona yaklaşmış durumdadır. Yüzyılın başlarında hac niyetiyle Mekke’ye ulaşmak için Cidde’ye gelenlerin sayısı 100.000 civarında iken bugün 1 milyonun üzerine çıkmıştır. Bu durum sadece bir hacı iskelesi olarak düşünüldüğünde dahi şehrin önemini ortaya koymaya yeterlidir. Cidde’de bugün Osmanlı idare teşkilâtı geleneğinden kalma Mekke emîrine bağlı bir kāimmakām (kaymakam) bulunmaktadır. II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra genişlemeye ve petrolden elde edilen gelirle modernleşmeye başlayan Cidde’de ışıklandırma ve yeşillendirme çalışmaları yürütülürken modern liman, havaalanı, deniz suyu arıtma tesisleri, petrol rafinerileri, çimento fabrikası ve çelik haddeleme atölyeleri kuruldu; bunların yanında besicilik faaliyetlerine hız verildi. Birkaç yıl öncesine kadar başşehir Riyad’a taşınmadan önce bütün elçilikler ve yabancı misyonlar Cidde’de bulunmakta idi. Halen İslâm Konferansı Teşkilâtı’nın merkezi buradadır. Birçok Türk öğretim üyesinin de vazife gördüğü Kral Abdülazîz Üniversitesi tıp, mühendislik, iktisat ve edebiyat gibi çeşitli fakültelerle birçok araştırma merkezini içine alır. Bugün yeni açılan otoyollarla Cidde’den Mekke’ye 45 dakikada, Medine’ye 4 saatte ulaşmak mümkündür.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İstahrî, Mesâlik (Abdülâl) , s. 23.
Makdisî, Aḥsenü’t-teḳāsîm , Beyrut 1906, s. 79.
Bekrî, Muʿcem , II, 371.
İbn Cübeyr, er-Riḥle (nşr. M. J.de Goeje), Leiden 1907, s. 75.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân , II, 114-115.
Takıyyüddin el-Fâsî, Şifâʾü’l-ġarâm bi-aḫbâri’l-Beledi’l-ḥarâm (nşr. Ömer Abdüsselâm Tedmürî), Beyrut 1405/1985, I, 140-143.
İbn İyâs, Bedâʾiʿu’z-zühûr , IV, 359; V, 190, 193.
Feridun Bey, Münşeât , I, 439; II, 6.
Kâtib Çelebi, Cihannümâ , s. 519.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , IX, 794-796.
Kutbeddin en-Nehrevâlî, el-İʿlâm bi-aʿlâmi beytillâhi’l-Ḥarâm (Dahlân, Ḫulâṣatü’l-kelâm fî beyâni ümerâʾi’l-beledi’l-Ḥarâm içinde), Kahire 1305, I, 153, 191.
Ayyâşî, er-Riḥle , Rabat 1397/1977, I-II, bk. İndeks.
Muhammed es-Senûsî, er-Riḥletü’l-Ḥicâziyye (nşr. Ali eş-Şennûfî), Tunus 1396-98/1976-78, II, 159-163.
Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi , II, 538; III/2, s. 44 vd.
a.mlf., “el-Fevâidü’l-muadde li-nizâm-i hükûmet-i Bender-i Cidde”, TTK Belleten , XXVI/101 (1962), s. 151-162.
İbrâhim Rifat Paşa, Mirʾâtü’l-Ḥaremeyn , I, 22-23.
Abdülkuddûs el-Ensârî, Târîḫu medîneti Cidde , Cidde 1963, s. 78, 444 vd.
a.mlf., “Cidde: Şecerü’r-Rummân”, el-Fayṣal , sy. 18, Riyad 1978, s. 39-57.
John Lewis Burckhardt, Travels in Arabia , London 1968, s. 11-12.
Hamed el-Câsir, Fî Şimâli ġarbi’l-Cezîre , Riyad 1970, s. 172-174.
Abdürrahîm Abdurrahman Abdürrahîm, “en-Neşâṭü’t-ticârî fi’l-Baḥri’l-Aḥmer fi’l-ʿaṣri’l-ʿOs̱mânî 1517-1798”, ed-Dâre , II/6, Riyad 1981, s. 89-108.
Fâik Bekir es-Savvâf – Mustafa Muhammed Muhammed Ramazan, “Ehemmiyetü saġri Cidde fi’n-nıṣfi’l-evvel mine’l-ḳarni’l-ʿâşiri’l-hicrî (mîlâdî 16)”, a.e. , II/6 (1981), s. 199-226.
R. Hartmann, “Cidde”, İA , III, 159-161.
a.mlf. – Phebe Ann Marr, “D̲j̲udda”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 571-573.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 7. cildinde, 523-525 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.