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CİHANNÜMÂ Skip to content Kâtib Çelebi’nin (ö. 1067/1657) coğrafyaya dair meşhur eseri.
Osmanlı ülkelerinin ilk sistematik coğrafya kitabı olma özelliği taşıyan Cihannümâ , değişik ilim sahalarına ilgi duymuş olan Kâtib Çelebi’nin en önemli eserleri arasında yer alır. 1055 (1645) Girit seferi dolayısıyla haritalara ve coğrafya kitaplarına merak salan Kâtib Çelebi eserinin giriş kısmında, coğrafyanın insana oturduğu yerde dünyayı gezen seyyahlar gibi âlemi dolaşıp görme imkânı verdiğini, bu eserlerin okunmasıyla ömürleri boyunca seyahat edenlerden daha çok bilgi sahibi olunacağını söyleyerek coğrafyanın faydalarını belirtir. Daha sonra Cihannümâ ’yı telif sebebini Arapça, Farsça ve Türkçe yazılmış coğrafya kitaplarının yetersiz olması, buna karşılık Batı’da bu ilme büyük önem verilmesi şeklinde açıklar. Bu gaye ile coğrafya alanında çeşitli kitaplardan faydalanarak İslâm coğrafyacılarının eksiklerini telâfi etmeyi ve coğrafya ilminin kendi zamanındaki durumunu ortaya koymayı düşünür. Kâtib Çelebi ayrıca Cihannümâ ’nın iki bölümden meydana gelen bir eser olduğunu, birinci bölümün sadece denizler, nehirler ve adalardan, ikinci bölümün karalardan, alfabe sırasıyla şehirlerden, hicrî VII. (XIII.) yüzyıldan sonra keşfedilen ülkelerden bahsettiğini de ifade eder.
Bugüne ulaşan çeşitli nüshalarından anlaşıldığına göre Cihannümâ , kaynak niteliğindeki malzemesi ve planları itibariyle değişik tarihlerde iki defa kaleme alınmış, ancak her ikisi de tamamlanmadan bırakılmıştır. Büyük ölçüde bir kozmografya kitabı şeklinde Ortaçağ’ın klasik Arap eserleri model alınarak planlanan ve 1648’de hazırlanmaya başlanan ilk telif, bir kısım Avrupa ülkeleri hakkında kaynak bulunamadığı gerekçesiyle bitirilememiştir. Eserin bu ilk telifinde eski filozofların “anâsır-ı erbaa” (hava, ateş, su ve toprak) tertibi esas alınmış ve bu bölümlerde bütün coğrafya bilgilerinin ortaya konulması planlanmıştı. Ancak müellif sadece sulardan bahseden üçüncü bölümü tam olarak yazabilmiş, burada Ortaçağ coğrafyacılarınca da bilinen deniz, nehir ve gölleri anlatmıştır. Dördüncü bölüm yeryüzüne ayrılmıştır. Ülkelerin ve şehirlerin ele alınacağı belirtilen bu bölümde sadece girişle dünyanın ölçüsü, Batlamyus’un “yedi iklim”i ile Ortaçağ coğrafyacılarının “yirmi altı iklim”i (ekālîm-i örfiyye) ve “memleket” tasvirlerinin bir kısmı yer almaktadır. Bunların arasında müslüman İspanya (Endülüs), Kuzey Afrika (Mağrib) ve Osmanlı ülkesi (İklîm-i Rûm) bulunmaktadır. İklîm-i Rûm bahsinde önce İstanbul, Edirne ve Bursa gibi üç Osmanlı başşehrinin tavsifi yapılmış, ardından Osmanlı Devleti’nin Avrupa’daki toprakları olan Rumeli, Bosna ve Macaristan konu edilmiştir. Müellifin hemen hemen kendinden önceki coğrafyacıları takip ederek toplamış olduğu malzemeyi içine alan bu bölüm eserin en önemli kısmıdır ve yaklaşık beşte dörtlük bir bölümünü meydana getirmektedir. Bu ilk telife ait yazmaların hepsinde son bahsedilen şehir Macaristan’daki Hatvan’dır. Yazmaların bir kısmında, Atlas Minor müellifi G. Mercator’un (ö. 1598) projeksiyonunda yapılmış bir dünya haritasından başka denizleri, nehirlerin yataklarını ve sancakları gösteren 100 kadar küçük ayrıntılı harita da bulunmaktadır. Bunlar daha öncekiler gibi yuvarlak çizilmiş olup oldukça itinalı yapılanları vardır. Müellif özellikle burada faydalandığı Batı kaynaklarından da bazı bilgiler aktarmaya çalışmıştır.
İlk telif teşebbüsünü, Endülüs, Mağrib ve Rum’dan sonraki dördüncü iklimde konu edeceği Atlas Okyanusu adalarından İngiltere, “Hibrenya” ve İzlanda’yı kaynak ve bilgi yetersizliğinden dolayı yazamaması sebebiyle tamamlayamayan ve bu arada gördüğü A. Ortelius’un coğrafya kitabının tercümesini bekleyerek çalışmalarına ara veren Kâtib Çelebi, daha sonra Karaçelebizâde Mahmud Efendi’nin terekesinden Ortelius’un eseri yerine G. Mercator – J. Hondius’un Atlas Minor ’unu (Arnheim 1611) elde edip bunu yeni tanıştığı Fransız mühtedisi Şeyh Mehmed İhlâsî’ye tercüme ettirmeye başladı (1654). Bu eserin tercümesi Alman memleketlerinden Bavyera’nın tasvirine gelince, Kâtib Çelebi çevirinin üçte ikilik kısmından bir an önce faydalanmak için 1654 Aralığı sonlarında Cihannümâ ’yı yeni baştan yazmaya girişti. İkinci telifte müellif Atlas Minor ’dan başka Doğu ve Batı kaynaklarından da onları değerlendirmek suretiyle büyük ölçüde faydalandı. Burada ismi verilen Batı kaynaklı eserlerin sayısı onu, Doğu kaynaklı eserlerin sayısı ise 150’yi bulur. Aralarında Kitâb-ı Bahriyye , Târih-i Hind-i Garbî , Acâibü’l-Letâyif ve Kitâbü’l-Muhît gibi eserlerin de bulunduğu Doğu menşeli kaynakların fazlalığı dolayısıyla Cihannümâ ’nın bu telifi, XVII. yüzyıl ortalarına kadar İslâm coğrafya eserlerinin bibliyografyasını da vermektedir.
Cihannümâ ’nın ikinci telifi ilkinden esaslı şekilde ayrı olduğu gibi doğrudan doğruya başka eserlere de bağlı değildir. Fizikî coğrafyaya ait oldukça ayrıntılı bir girişten ve Kristof Kolomb ile Macellan’ın ünlü keşif seyahatlerinin söz konusu edildiği genel bir bölümden sonra Kâtib Çelebi Batı kaynaklarını kullanarak eserine doğuda Japonya ve Asya’nın tasvirî coğrafyası ile başlamaktadır. Batı’ya ve İslâm dünyasına doğru ilerledikçe kitâbî kaynaklar dışında kendisi tarafından çeşitli yollarla toplanmış bilgiler ağırlık kazanmakta, Doğu ve Batı kaynakları ikinci plana düşmektedir. Müellif ele aldığı ülkelerin durumunu, idarî bölümlerini, saltanat şekillerini, siyasî yapılarını, halkın ahlâk ve âdetlerini, binalarını, su, hava, nehirler, dağlar ve bitkilerini, yetiştirilen ürünleri ayrıntılı şekilde anlatmıştır. İkinci telifte Cihannümâ ’yı diğer Osmanlı coğrafya eserlerinden ayıran başlıca özellik, kıta tasnifine göre coğrafî bilgilerin düzenlendiği fasıllara yer verilmesidir. Burada dünyanın beş kıtası altıya bölünerek (Avrupa, Asya, Afrika, Amerika, Macellanika/Avustralya, Kutuplar), gerek Batı kaynakları gerekse İslâm coğrafyacılarının tasniflerinden farklı şekilde Japon adalarından başlanması esere sistematik bakımdan ayrı bir nitelik kazandırmıştır. Ancak Kâtib Çelebi’nin erken ölümü sebebiyle Cihannümâ ’nın bu ikinci şekli de tamamlanamamıştır. Müellif eserin ikinci telifini Osmanlı Devleti sahasına kadar getirmiş ve ele aldığı son yer Van olmuştur.
Cihannümâ , İbrâhim Müteferrika’nın bastığı eserlerin on birincisi olarak 10 Muharrem 1145’te (3 Temmuz 1732) Müteferrika Matbaası’nda basılmıştır. Tam olmamakla birlikte çeşitli Batı dillerine çevrilmiş, ayrıca muhtasarları ve ilâveleri de yapılmıştır (bk. Babinger, s. 226 vd.).
İbrâhim Müteferrika, eseri ilki Asya’yı, ikincisi Avrupa’yı ve dünyanın geri kalan kısımlarını ihtiva etmek üzere iki cilt halinde neşretmeyi planladığı halde sadece Asya’yı anlatan bölümü yayımlayabilmiştir. Ayrıca “Tezyîlü’t-tâbi‘” adıyla yazdığı zeyilde neşre esas olarak doğrudan müellif nüshasını kullandığını açıklamıştır (Cihannümâ , s. 422). Kâtib Çelebi’nin derkenar da verdiği bilgilerin bir kısmı basma nüshaya alınmadığı halde Ebû Bekir b. Behrâm ed-Dımaşkī’nin verdiği aynı konuyla ilgili bilgiler metin içine alınmıştır. Ayrıca 422. sayfadan itibaren eserin sonuna kadar mevcut bilgiler, Dımaşkī’nin Cihannümâ zeylinden bazan seçilerek ve kısaltılarak, fakat genel olarak bütünüyle yapılan nakillere dayanır. Müteferrika’nın esere ilâve ettiği kırk levha ve haritadan Azerbaycan ve Anadolu’ya ait olanlar Ebû Bekir ed-Dımaşkī’ye aittir. Diğerleri ise Avrupa haritalarına göre hazırlanmıştır. Bundan dolayı matbu Cihannümâ , Kâtib Çelebi’nin telif ettiği orijinal nüsha esas olmak üzere İbrâhim Müteferrika tarafından yapılan ilâveli bir neşirdir.
Coğrafya alanında Doğu anlayışından Batı anlayışına geçişte önemli bir yere sahip olan Cihannümâ ’nın gerek aslı ve matbu nüshası, gerekse Batı dillerine çevirileri birçok Batılı seyyaha, özellikle XIX. yüzyılın ilk yarısında coğrafî yerlerin tesbit ve tanınmasında önemli derecede yardımcı olduğu gibi Osmanlı Devleti’nde aydın kitlenin görüş açısını da büyük ölçüde genişletmiş ve bu sahada başka eserlerin yazılmasına yol açmıştır. Bu sebeple eser, Batı ile geniş kültür birliğini hedefleyen çalışmaların bir sembolü olmuştur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Kâtib Çelebi, Cihannümâ , İstanbul 1145.
a.mlf., Rumeli und Bosna (trc. J. von Hammer), Wien 1812, mütercimin önsözü.
a.mlf., Mîzânü’l-hak fî ihtiyâri’l-ehak , İstanbul 1306, s. 143.
Babinger, GOW , s. 197 vd., 200, 226 vd.
a.mlf., “Ein Türkischer Stiftungsbrief des Nerkesi”, MOG , I (1922), s. 151 vd.
F. Taeschner, “Die Vorlage von Hammer’s ‘Rumelia und Bosna’”, a.e. , II (1926), s. 308-310.
a.mlf., “Zur Geschichte des Djihānnumā”, MSOS , XXIX (1926), s. 100-102.
a.mlf., “Das Hauptwerk der geographischen Literatur der Osmanen, Katib Çelebi’s Cihannüma”, Imago Mundi , I, Berlin 1936, s. 44 vd.
Brockelmann, GAL , II, 565; Suppl. , II, 636.
Adıvar, Osmanlı Türklerinde İlim , s. 126 vd.
Orhan Şaik Gökyay, Kâtip Çelebi , Ankara 1957, s. 3-90.
a.mlf., Kâtip Çelebi (Yaşamı, Kişiliği ve Yapıtlarından Seçmeler) , Ankara 1982.
Fikret Sarıcaoğlu, “Cihannümâ ve Ebûbekir b. Behrâm ed-Dımeşki – İbrahim Müteferrika”, Prof. Dr. Bekir Kütükoğlu’na Armağan , İstanbul 1991, s. 121-142.
Talât Mümtaz Yaman, “Cihannümâ’nın İlâveli Nüshası”, Ülkü , XV/85, Ankara 1940, s. 41-49; sy. 86 (1940), s. 147-154; sy. 87 (1940), s. 248-257.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 7. cildinde, 541-542 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.