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ÇILDIR EYALETİ Skip to content Osmanlılar döneminde bugünkü Çıldır, Ardanuç, Şavşat, Oltu yöresiyle Gürcistan Cumhuriyeti’ndeki Ahıska ve civarını içine alan idarî bölge.
Eski çağlardan beri birçok devletin idaresine girmiş olan Çıldır yöresi, Osmanlılar’ın bu bölgede faaliyet gösterdikleri sırada Safevî nüfuzu altındaki Atabeg meliklerinin elinde bulunuyordu. Özellikle XVI. yüzyılın ilk yarısında bu topraklar üzerindeki Osmanlı-Safevî mücadelesi hız kazandı. 1536’da Başıaçık (İmereti) Meliki II. Bagrat’ın I. Şah Tahmasb ile ittifak yaparak Çıldır ve yöresini de içine alan Atabeglik arazisini zaptetmesi ve Atabeglik melikini öldürmesi üzerine melikin oğlu II. Keyhusrev Osmanlılar’dan yardım istedi. Aynı yıl Erzurum Beylerbeyi Dulkadırlı Mehmed Han (Paşa) bu bölgeye doğru akınlarda bulunarak Oltu, Penek gibi kaleleri ele geçirdi. 1548-1549 harekâtı ile de Atabeglik ülkesinin büyük kısmı zaptedildi ve alınan yerlerde dört sancak kuruldu. 1551’de ise Erzurum Beylerbeyi İskender Paşa Ardanuç ve Ardahan yöresini alarak Ahılkelek ve Ahıska civarına kadar ilerledi. Böylece Atabeglik toprakları Çıldır bölgesine kadar Osmanlı hâkimiyetine girmiş oldu. Buna karşılık Çıldır, Ahılkelek ve Tümük Osmanlılar’dan yüz çevirip Şah Tahmasb’ın safına geçen II. Keyhusrev’in elindeydi.
Gürcistan’da kısmî de olsa Osmanlı-Safevî nüfuz bölgelerini belirleyen 1555 Amasya Antlaşması’ndan sonraki barış döneminde Şah Tahmasb Gürcü melikleri üzerindeki baskısını sürdürdü. 1574’teki Kaheti seferinden dönüşü sırasında, Hırtıs (Hertvisi), Çıldır, Ahıska, Posof bölgelerini, II. Keyhusrev’in ölümü üzerine dul karısı Dedis İmedi ve oğulları Menûçihr ile Gorgora’dan (Kuarkuare) alıp kendi kayınbiraderi olan Varaza Bey’in müslüman olan oğlu Mahmud Han’a vermişti. Ancak 1578’de yeniden başlayan Osmanlı-Safevî mücadelesi, Çıldır ve yöresinin tamamen Osmanlılar’ın eline geçmesine yol açtı. 9 Ağustos 1578’de Osmanlı kuvvetlerinin galibiyetiyle sonuçlanan Çıldır Savaşı’nın hemen ardından Atabeg ülkesinin geri kalan kısımlarının fethi tamamlanmış oldu. Çıldır zaferinden sonra Altunkale ve civarını elinde tutan Dedis İmedi ve oğulları itaat arzettiler. Menûçihr’e Azgur, kardeşi Gorgora’ya Oltu sancağı verildi, ülkelerinin diğer kısımları ise doğrudan Osmanlı idaresi altına alındı. Bu sırada Ardahan Sancak Beyi Abdurrahman Bey Çıldır ve Tümük’ü, ayrıca bir kısım Osmanlı kuvvetleri de Hırtıs ve Ahılkelek’i zaptetmişti. Böylece yeni ele geçen Altunkale Atabegliği ile Mahmud Han ülkesi ve daha önce 1551’de Atabegler yurdundan alınan yerler birleştirilip Çıldır eyaleti teşkil edildi ve İstanbul’a gelerek İslâmiyet’i kabul edip Mustafa adını alan Menûçihr’e verildi (6 Cemâziyelevvel 987 / 1 Temmuz 1579). Çıldır zaferinden hemen sonra kurulduğu anlaşılan Çıldır, Tümük ve Hırtıs sancakları sancaklıktan çıkarılıp birleştirildi, Gorgora’ya ise Oltu sancağına karşılık kendi yurdundan dört sancak tahsis edildi. Bu düzenlemelerle Atabegli Mustafa (Menûçihr) Paşa kardeşi Gorgora ile ortaklaşa tasarruf etmek üzere 900.000 akçelik haslarla yurtluk, ocaklık ve mülkiyet şekline getirilen Çıldır eyaletinin ilk beylerbeyi oldu (BA, KK , Ruus , nr. 262, s. 213).
İlk kuruluşu sırasında Çıldır eyaleti Arpalı, İmirhev, Pertekrek, Ardanuç, Çeçerek, Aspinze ve Ude sancaklarından oluşuyordu. 1582’de buraya Livâne sancağı da ilâve edildi. Bir sınır bölgesi olması sebebiyle sık sık askerî harekâta sahne olan Çıldır eyaleti bundan sonra yeni fetihlerle genişlediği gibi bazı dönemlerde de küçüldü, buna paralel olarak sancak sayısı devamlı değişiklik gösterdi. Eyalet merkezi ise bazan Çıldır, bazan da Ahıska oldu; hatta eyalete XVII. yüzyılda Ahıska eyaleti dahi denildi. 1592’de Çıldır eyaletinde sekiz sancak mevcut olup bunlar Ahıska, Altunkale, Osıkha, Çeçerek, Aspinze, Hırtıs, Ahılkelek ve Posthof (Posof) idi (BA, TD , nr. 653). 1595’te sancak sayısı altıya indirildi; Çeçerek, Aspinze ve Altunkale Ahıska sancağına katıldı; Bedre adlı yeni bir sancak daha teşkil edildi. Bu sırada Çıldır sancağı Canbaz, Kenarbel, Kurtkalesi adlı üç nahiyeden oluşuyordu (TK, TD , nr. 130). Bu sancak ayrı bir sancak beyinin idaresindeydi. 1596 tarihli bir kayda göre Çıldır sancağı harap bir vaziyette olduğundan üç yıldır hiç kimse buranın sancak beyliğine talip olmamıştı (BA, A.RSK , nr. 1474, s. 40). Bu sıralarda Çıldır beylerbeyi olan Hızır Paşa muhtemelen Ahıska’da oturuyordu ve Çıldır eyaletinin merkezi de Ahıska olmuştu.
XVII. yüzyılın başlarında eyalet en geniş sınırlarına ulaşmış bulunuyordu. Ayn Ali’nin listesine göre eyalette on beş sancak vardı ve bunların dördü yurtluk ve ocaklık statüsündeydi. Bu sancaklar Oltu, Ardanuç, Ardahan-ı Büzürg, Çıldır, Hırtıs, Tavusger, Çeçerek ve Göle, Macahel (Mahcil) ve Ahılkelek, Penek, Posof ve Ahıska olup Şavşat, Pertekrek, Livâne, Nısf-ı Livâne ocaklık üzere tevcih edilmişti. Eyalet, doksan yedisi zeâmet, 559’u timar olmak üzere toplam 656 timarlı sipahi ve bunların cebelüleriyle 1800 kadar asker çıkarıyordu. 1634-1635’te bir kısım sancakları Safevîler’in hücum ve tahribatına uğradı. Bu dönemde “Eyâlet-i Çıldır nâm-ı dîger Ahıska” adıyla anılan eyalete bağlı Ahıska sancağı Safevî işgalinde olup Çeçerek, Posof, Aspinze ve Penek harap haldeydi (BA, KK , Ruus , nr. 266, s. 93). Ahıska’nın 1639 Kasrışîrin Antlaşması’yla Osmanlı idaresinde olduğu kabul edildi.
XVII. yüzyılın ortalarına ait bir listeye göre Çıldır eyaleti Ahıska, Ardahan-ı Büzürg, Oltu, Ardanuç, Penek, Hırtıs, Çeçerek, Posof, Macahel, Acara, Ahılkelek, Livâne, Şavşat ve Pertekrek’ten oluşan üçü yurtluk ve ocaklık on dört sancaktan ibaret bir idarî bölgeydi. Burada bu tarihlerde 590 timar ve zeâmet vardı ve cebelüleriyle birlikte 1500 asker çıkarıyordu. XVIII. yüzyılda sadece Çıldır eyaleti adıyla anılan eyalete, 1722-1730 yıllarına ait bir tevcîhat listesinde Mamrevan, Nısf-ı Livâne ve Pertek, Oltu, Ardanuç, Şavşat, Ardahan-ı Büzürg, Macahel, Penek, Acara-i Ulyâ, Acara-i Süflâ, Emirhoy (İmirhev [?]), Kiskim, Çeçerek (veya Göle) bağlı bulunmakta idi. Eyalet ocaklık olarak İshak Paşa’nın tasarrufunda iken 1722 Eylülünde bu statüsü kaldırılarak Trablusşam Beylerbeyi Şehsuvarzâde Mehmed Paşa’ya verildi. Ancak daha sonra 1725 Haziranında tekrar ocaklık statüsüne kavuşturularak beylerbeyiliğine İshak Paşa getirildi, 1726’da ise Tiflis eyaletiyle birleştirilerek yine İshak Paşa’ya tevcih edildi (BA, KK , nr. 523 m., s. 64-72, 96). XVIII. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Kutayis, Cercer (?) ve Tavusger’in de dahil olduğu Çıldır eyaleti on üç sancaktan oluşuyordu (BA, MAD , nr. 9550, s. 5).
1828 Osmanlı-Rus savaşı sırasında Ahıska ve Ahılkelek Rus işgaline uğradı ve 1829 Edirne Antlaşması’yla Ruslar’a terkedildi. Kuzey ve kuzeydoğu sınırları daralan eyalet beş sancaktan ibaret bir idarî bölge oldu. Tanzimat’ın ilânından sonra yapılan düzenlemeler sonucu bir sancak haline getirilerek Erzurum eyaletine bağlandı (Sâlnâme-i Devlet-i Aliyye [1263], s. 88). 1831 nüfus sayımına göre toplam 78.668 erkek nüfusun tesbit edildiği Çıldır eyaleti 1856-1857’de on sekiz kazadan ibaret Erzurum eyaletine bağlı bir sancak durumundaydı. 1866-1867’de ise Çıldır sancağının on bir kazası vardı. Sancağın kazaları Şavşat, Tavusger, Ardanuç, Göle, Posof, Çıldır, Ardahan, Mamrevan, Penek, Kiskim ve Oltu idi (Sâlnâme-i Devlet-i Aliyye [1283], s. 169). 1871-1872 tarihli Erzurum Vilâyeti Sâlnâmesi ’ne göre sancak Oltu, Ardanuç, Ardahan adlı üç kaza ve bunlara bağlı yedi nahiyeden oluşuyordu (s. 138, 144). Bu sırada sancak toplam 45.065 erkek nüfusa sahipti ve bunun sadece 1875’ini hıristiyan nüfus teşkil ediyordu. Halkının çoğu ziraat ve hayvancılık yanında şal, bez dokumacılığı, kuyumculuk, bakırcılık, saraçlık gibi zanaat dallarıyla da uğraşıyordu. Rus işgaline uğramadan önce sancakta 197 cami, üç han, 283 dükkân, dört medrese, bir rüşdiye, yetmiş sekiz sıbyan mektebi tesbit edilmişti. 1876’da Çıldır ve Kars yöresi Ruslar tarafından işgal edildi ve bu durum 1918’e kadar sürdü. Rus idaresi altında Çıldır, Kars “oblast”ının (vilâyet) dört ana “okrug”undan (kaza) biri olan Ardahan’a bağlı bir nahiye durumundaydı. 16 Mart 1921’de Moskova Antlaşması’yla Türk-Sovyet sınırı kesin şeklini aldı ve Çıldır’ın kuzey ve kuzeydoğu sınırları çizildi.
Bugün Çıldır adıyla Kars iline bağlı olan kaza ise 1924’te teşkil edilmiş olup 1416 km2 yüzölçüme sahiptir. Buraya merkez, Doğruyol, Kurtkale bucakları ile kırk iki kadar köy bağlıdır. 1990 sayımına göre ilçe nüfusu 24.380, ilçe merkezinin nüfusu ise 2152’dir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, TD , nr. 653.
BA, KK , Ruûs, nr. 262, s. 213-214; nr. 266, s. 93; nr. 523 m., s. 64-72, 96.
BA, MAD , nr. 9550, s. 5.
TK, TD , nr. 130.
BA, A.RSK , nr. 1474, s. 40, 47.
Sâlnâme-i Devlet-i Aliyye (1263), s. 88; (1283), s. 169; (1284), s. 180.
Erzurum Vilâyeti Salnâmesi (1288), s. 138, 144, 150; (1293), s. 134.
Feridun Bey, Münşeât , II, 406.
Ayn Ali, Kavânîn-i Âl-i Osmân , s. 27-28, 58-59.
Kâtib Çelebi, Cihannümâ , s. 408-409.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , II, 322-325.
Bekir Kütükoğlu, Osmanlı-İran Siyâsî Münâsebetleri: 1578-1590 , İstanbul 1962, s. 51-54, 69, 117-118.
Mustafa Adil Özden, Tarihte Çıldır Atabeyleri ve Torunları , Erzurum 1971.
Fahrettin Kırzıoğlu, Osmanlılar’ın Kafkas-Elleri’ni Fethi: 1451-1590 , Ankara 1976, s. 279, 288-291, 294-295, 386.
İ. Metin Kunt, Sancaktan Eyâlete: 1550-1650 , İstanbul 1978, s. 139-141, 176.
T. Abuladze – M. Svanidze, Çildiris Eialetis Caba Davtari 1694-1732 Tz Tz , Tbilisi 1979.
Feridun Ababay, Çıldır Tarihi , Ankara 1987.
Tuncer Baykara, Anadolu’nun Tarihî Coğrafyasına Giriş I: Anadolu’nun İdarî Taksimatı , Ankara 1988, s. 94, 97, 108, 115, 118, 129, 134, 140.
Fazıla Akbal, “1831 Tarihinde Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda İdarî Taksimat ve Nüfus”, TTK Belleten , XV/60 (1951), s. 617-627.
Şerafettin Turan, “XVII. Yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun İdari Taksimatı”, Atatürk Üniversitesi 1961 Yıllığı , Ankara 1963, s. 201-232.
İlber Ortaylı, “Çarlık Rusyası Yönetiminde Kars”, TED , sy. 9 (1978), s. 343-362.
İlhan Şahin, “Timâr Sistemi Hakkında Bir Risâle”, TD , sy. 32 (1979), s. 905-935.
Mihail H. Svanidzé, “L’économie rurale dans le vilâyet d’Akhaltaikhé (Çıldır) d’après le registre détaillé de 1595”, Contributions à l’histoire économique et sociale de l’Empire ottoman, Turcica , III, Paris 1983, s. 251-266.
Kāmûsü’l-a‘lâm , III, 1878-1879.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 300-301 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.