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CİNNAH, Muhammed Ali Skip to content (1876-1948)
Pakistan Devleti’nin kurucusu.
25 Aralık 1876’da doğdu. Aslen Hindistan’ın Kathiavar bölgesinden gelerek Karaçi’ye yerleşen ve ticaretle uğraşan Hoca İsmâilîleri’nden orta halli bir ailenin çocuğudur. Altı yaşına kadar evde Gucerât dili ve Kur’ân-ı Kerîm öğrendi. İlk öğrenimini Bombay ve Karaçi’de yaptı. Orta öğrenimini Karaçi’de Misyonerler Cemiyeti Lisesi’nde tamamladı (1892). Aynı yıl babasının iş arkadaşı bir İngiliz’in tavsiyesiyle işletmecilik tahsili yapmak ve iş tecrübesi kazanmak üzere Londra’ya gitti. Hukuk eğitiminin yanı sıra bilgisini arttırmak ve İngiliz politikasını yakından tanımak için sık sık Avam Kamarası’nın toplantılarını takip etmeye başladı. İki yıl içinde okulun bütün derslerini vererek on dokuz yaşında en genç Hintli avukat unvanını aldı. Bu yıllarda Londra’da ticaretle uğraşan Hint milliyetçisi Bombaylı Parsî lider Dâdâbhâî Nevrûcî ile tanıştı ve onun Central Finsbury bölgesinden Avam Kamarası’na girmesi için seçim çalışmalarına katıldı. Hindistan’ın bağımsızlığı için çalışan Nevrûcî, daha sonra Cinnah’ın en fazla sevgi ve saygı duyduğu kişi haline geldi.
1896’da ülkesine dönen Cinnah; babasının ısrarlarına rağmen Karaçi’de kalmadı ve Bombay’a giderek orada avukatlığa başladı. Bir ara sulh mahkemesinin başyargıçlığını yaptı ve bu görevinde büyük takdir topladı. 1900’lü yıllarda politika ile daha yakından ilgilenmeye başlayan Cinnah, Indian National Congress’in 1906’da Kalküta’da yapılan toplantısına üçüncü defa başkan seçilen yaşlı Nevrûcî’nin özel sekreteri olarak katıldı ve böylece fiilen politikaya girdi. 1910’da müslümanların yasama meclisine kendi üyelerini gönderme hakkını kullanmaları üzerine Imperial Legislative Council’e Bombay’dan üye seçildi. Konseyde bulunduğu dönemlerde bütün gücüyle Hindu-müslüman birliği için çalıştı. Bu arada Nehru ve Maratalar’ın lideri Gopal Krishna Gokhale ile tanışan Cinnah kısa zamanda tanınmış politikacılar arasına girmeyi başardı. Milletlerarası platformda Hindistan’ın itibarını yükseltmeyi ve Hindistanlılar arasında milliyetçilik duygusunu canlandırmayı politikasının temel unsuru haline getirdi. Bunun yanında müslümanların durumuyla da ilgilenmeye başladı. Fakat o sıralar müslümanların Hindular’dan ayrı bir millet oldukları yolundaki görüşlerini benimsemediği için 1906’da müslüman haklarını korumak üzere kurulan All India Muslim League’den uzak durdu. 1913’te İngiliz hükümetinden bazı reform isteklerinde bulunmak üzere Gokhale ile birlikte Londra’ya gitti. Orada kendisini ziyaret eden Mevlânâ Muhammed Ali ve Seyyid Vezir Hasan ısrarla onun All India Muslim League’e üye olmasını istediler. Muhammed Ali Cinnah onlardan Hindistan’ın bağımsızlığı için çalışacaklarına dair kesin söz alınca birliğin 27 Aralık 1913’te Karaçi’de yapılan toplantısına katıldı, 1916’dan sonra da birliğin başkanı oldu.
I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Hindistan’ın İngiltere için yaptığı fedakârlıklar karşılığında bazı siyasî hakların elde edilmesi gerektiğine inanan Cinnah, bu arada Hindular’la müslümanlar arasında oluşan yakınlığı İngilizler’e karşı ortak bir tavır almak şeklinde politikaya dönüştürmek istedi ve Kongre Partisi ile All India Muslim League’i toplantıya çağırdı (Bombay 1915; Leknev 1916). Özellikle anayasa ile ilgili reformlar üzerinde Hindular’la müslümanların anlaştıklarını belgeleyen Leknev Paktı’nın hazırlanmasında büyük rol oynadı. Hindistan’ın bağımsızlığının ancak Hindu-müslüman birliğiyle gerçekleşebileceğini ifade etmesi ve bunun korunması yolundaki politik gayretleri, ona “Hindu-müslüman birliğinin en iyi elçisi” unvanının verilmesine vesile oldu. Bu sırada kurduğu Home Rule League’in (1916) çalışmalarını “kendi kendini idare et” sloganıyla yürüten İngiliz Annie Besant’ın iki arkadaşıyla birlikte tutuklanması üzerine onları desteklediğini belirtmek için bu birliğe girdi ve Bombay şubesi başkanı seçildi.
1917’de Leknev Paktı’nda belirtilen siyasî reformların yapılması isteğinde bulunmak üzere bir heyetle Londra’ya gittiğinde İngiliz basınında Hindu-müslüman birliğinin doğmasından duyulan endişeleri belirten ve iki toplumun arasını açmaya çalışan yazılar gördü. Dönüşünde Bombay’da bir miting düzenleyerek yönetimi bu oyuna alet olmaması için uyardı. Reform isteklerini reddeden İngilizler’e karşı bütün ülkeden tepkiler başlayınca Hindistan hükümeti olayları bastırmak bahanesiyle halkın “kara kanun” dediği, ağır cezalar getiren Rowlat kanununu yürürlüğe koydu. Bunun üzerine Cinnah, 28 Mart 1919’da genel vali Lord Chelmsford’a yazdığı bir mektupla, halkın temsilcilerinin fikrine önem vermeyen ve halkın duygularını dikkate almayan bir hükümetle çalışmayacağını ifade ederek Imperial Legistative Council’den istifa ettiğini bildirdi. Bu sırada Gandhi’nin çağrısıyla Rowlat kanununa karşı protesto gösterileri başladı (6 Nisan 1919) ve yer yer İngilizler’e saldırılarda bulunuldu. İngilizler özellikle olayların yoğunlaştığı Pencap bölgesinde sıkıyönetim ilân ettiler ve halkı cezalandırmaya başladılar. Aynı sırada Hindistan’da bilhassa müslümanların tepkilerine yol açacak başka gelişmeler de görüldü. Öteden beri Osmanlı Devleti’nin kaderi ve mukaddes beldelerin durumu hakkında endişeli olan müslümanlar savaş sonrasında ilân edilen Sevr Antlaşması’nın (1920) şartlarını öğrenince endişelerinde ne kadar haklı olduklarını görmüşlerdi. Bundan sonra gündeme gelen hilâfetin geleceği meselesi zaten sıkıntılı bir durumda olan Hindistan halkını iyice tahrik etti. Durumu değerlendiren Gandhi İngilizler’e karşı pasif direniş kampanyasını (non-cooperation) başlattı. Bu olaylar sırasında Gandhi’nin görüşlerine katılmayan Cinnah pasif direniş kampanyasını desteklemediği gibi hilâfet hareketine de katılmadı. Özellikle Gandhi ile olan siyasî anlaşmazlıkları yüzünden Cinnah bütün görevlerinden ve üyesi bulunduğu siyasî kuruluşların hepsinden ayrıldı (1920). Ancak Hindu-müslüman birliğine olan inancını kaybetmedi ve anayasa sınırları içinde hareket edilmesi fikrini savunmayı sürdürdü.
Üç yıl kadar politikadan uzak duran Cinnah, 1923 Eylülünde yapılan seçimlerde Imperial Legistative Council’e Bombay müslüman bölgesinden tekrar üye seçildi. Bu dönemde yeni Hint liderlerinin ortaya çıkışı, Cinnah’ın daima inandığı Hindu-müslüman birliğinin tamamen baltalanması ve bunun sonucunda taraflar arasında beliren düşmanlığın kanlı çatışmalara dönüşmesi, Cinnah’ın yokluğunda içinden hiziplere bölünmüş olan All India Muslim League’i uyandırdı ve yeni tedbirler almaya sevketti. 1925’te Delhi, Kalküta ve Allahâbâd’da başlayan ve yüzlerce kişinin hayatına mal olan Hindu-müslüman çatışmaları kısa aralıklarla 1927’ye kadar devam etti.
İşlerin çıkmaza girmesi üzerine Cinnah, on altı müslüman delegeyle birlikte, 12 Kasım 1930’da Londra’da yapılan I. Yuvarlak Masa Toplantısı’na, ertesi yıl da ikincisine katıldı (7 Eylül 1931) ve orada şair Muhammed İkbal ile tanıştı. Bu yıllarda müslümanlar arasında ayrı bir ülke fikri de yayılmaya başlamıştı. Hindistan’daki politik havanın kendi düşüncelerine ters bir şekilde geliştiğini ve her geçen gün durumun daha da kötüye gittiğini gören Cinnah İngiltere’de kalmaya karar vererek Privy Council’de çalışmaya başladı. Abdülmetin Çodhuri, Mevlânâ Muhammed Ali ve Liyâkat Ali Han gibi parti ileri gelenlerinin mektupla ve bizzat gelerek yaptıkları ısrarlı davet üzerine 1934 Nisanında Hindistan’a döndü ve oy birliği ile tekrar All India Muslim League’in başkanlığına seçildi. Partideki çeşitli grupları birleştirerek partiyi Hint müslümanlarının haklarını savunan faal bir kuruluş haline getirdi. Aynı yıl yapılan Merkezî Yasama Meclisi üyeliği seçimlerine Bombay’dan katıldı ve müslümanların kazandığı yirmi iki sandalyeden birini aldı.
Nisan 1935’te tekrar Privy Council’deki çalışmalarına devam etmek üzere Londra’ya gitti. Ancak o sırada İngiliz Kralı V. George’un Government of India Act’ı onaylaması (2 Temmuz 1935) üzerine Bombay’a döndü ve müslümanlar aleyhine hükümler taşıyan bu kanuna karşı konuşmalar yaptı. Fakat kanun ısrarla uygulandı ve bu kanuna göre yapılan ilk genel seçimlerden (Şubat 1937) sonra kurulan eyalet hükümetlerinde müslüman üyelere yer vermediler. Eyalet hükümetlerinin uyguladıkları politikalar gittikçe müslüman azınlığı yıldırdığı için Kongre Partisi’yle müslümanların yolları iyice ayrılmaya başladı. Müslümanlara yapılan baskıların gittikçe artması ve All India Muslim League’in artık bir parti olarak kabul edilmemesi, o güne kadar daima Hindular’la birlikte yaşama imkânı arayan ve bu konuda her yolu deneyen Cinnah’ın da ümidini tamamen kaybetmesine sebep oldu. O da Hindular’dan Lala Racpût Rai ile müslümanlardan Muhammed İkbal ve Rahmet Ali gibi müslüman halk için ayrı bir ülke düşünmeye başladı.
22 Ekim 1939’da halkın oyuna başvurmadan II. Dünya Savaşı’na girildiğini ileri süren Kongre hükümeti bağımsızlık isteğiyle istifa etti ve meclisi kapattı. Cinnah Kongre Partisi’nin siyaset sahnesinden uzaklaşmasından faydalanarak derhal All India Muslim League’in çalışmalarına hız verdi ve daha sonra onun teklifiyle 22 Ekim kuruluş günü olarak kutlandı. 22-23 Mart 1940’ta Lahor’da Cinnah’ın başkanlığında bir toplantı yapıldı ve burada ayrı ülke fikri müslümanların son politik kararı olarak kabul edildi; buna “Lahor tasarısı” veya “Pakistan kararı” denildi.
II. Dünya Savaşı’nda zor durumda kalan İngiltere Hindistan’dan daha fazla asker almayı düşünürken Hindular onların ülkeyi bir an önce terketmelerini istiyor, müslümanlara aralarındaki meseleleri İngiltere’den kurtulduktan sonra görüşmeyi teklif ediyorlardı. İngilizler’den sonra yalnız Hindular’ın insafına kalmak istemeyen Cinnah buna karşı All India Muslim League’in Karaçi’de yapılan toplantısında (24 Aralık 1943) “böl ve git” sloganını ortaya attı. 26 Aralık 1943’te bağımsız ülke için rapor hazırlayacak bir komite kuruldu. Müslümanların bağımsız ülke hazırlıkları Kongre Partisi’ni hayli telâşlandırdı ve bu sırada da Cinnah’a başarısız bir suikast düzenlendi. Gandhi ile Cinnah arasındaki görüşme ve yazışmalar (9-27 Eylül 1944) ve genel vali Lord Wawel’in gayretleriyle Simla’da yapılan toplantılar da (25 Haziran – 14 Temmuz 1945; 7-10 Mayıs 1946) bir sonuç vermeyince Cinnah, Nehru başkanlığında yürütülen Hindistan anayasası hazırlık çalışmalarına katılmaktan vazgeçti. Cinnah’a göre Hindistan müslümanları ayrı bir kültür, medeniyet, dil, edebiyat, sanat, mimari anlayışını benimsemiş, isimleri, değerleri, hukukları ve ahlâk anlayışları ile âdetleri, takvimleri, tarihleri, gelenekleri, ümitleri, temayülleri ve nihayet hayata bakışlarındaki farklılıkları açısından ayrı bir milletti ve bu milletin müstakil bir devleti ve toprağı olmalıydı (Jinnah-Gandhi Talks , s. 22). 2 Aralık 1946’da Londra’da yapılan uzlaştırma toplantısının da başarısızlıkla sona ermesi üzerine 20 Şubat 1947’de İngiliz Başbakanı Clement R. Attlee, Haziran 1948’den önce yönetim sorumluluğunun yerli halka devredileceğini, eğer o zamana kadar bir anayasa hazırlanmazsa kararı kendilerinin vereceğini duyurdu. İngiliz birliklerinin ülkelerine dönmeye başlaması üzerine geçici hükümetin aczini de göz önüne alan genel vali Lord Mountbatten, İngiliz hükümetinden bölünmenin 15 Ağustos 1947’de gerçekleştirilmesini istedi ve teklifi kabul edildi. İki toplumun da ayrılma planını benimsemesi üzerine durum 3 Haziran 1947 akşamı Delhi Radyosu’ndan Mountbatten, Cinnah ve Nehru tarafından halka resmen duyuruldu. Duyurunun arkasından All India Muslim League Cinnah’ı Pakistan’ın genel valisi seçti. İngilizler’in Hindistan’a bağımsızlık veren kanunu da (India Independence Act) 15 Temmuz’da Avam Kamarası’ndan, 18 Temmuz’da Lordlar Kamarası’ndan geçti ve Cinnah 7 Ağustos’ta Delhi’den Karaçi’ye Pakistan’ın ilk genel valisi sıfatıyla geldi. 11 Ağustos’ta da Kurucu Meclis başkanlığına seçilerek kendisine “kāid-i a‘zam” (büyük önder) unvanı verildi. 14 Ağustos’u 15 Ağustos’a bağlayan gece Kurucu Meclis’te bir konuşma yapan genel vali Hindistan yarımadasında Pakistan ve Hindistan adlarıyla iki ayrı devletin kurulduğunu resmen ilân etti ve görevini Cinnah’a bıraktı.
1941’de sağlığı bozulan ve daha sonraki mücadele yıllarının yoğun çalışmalarıyla halsiz düşen Cinnah 1948 Haziranında doktorlarının tavsiyesiyle Quetta’ya gitti ve bir süre de Ziarat’ta kaldı; ciğerlerinden rahatsız olduğunun anlaşılması ve durumunun ciddileşmesi üzerine önce Quetta’ya (13 Ağustos), sonra da Karaçi’ye getirildi ve orada vefat etti (11 Eylül 1948).
Cinnah, Hint yarımadasının çeşitli coğrafî bölgelerine dağılmış, farklı dilleri konuşan müslümanları tek bir bayrak altında ve bir vatan üzerinde toplamak için verdiği uzun ve kararlı mücadele ile yalnız devlet değil millet kuran büyük dünya liderleri arasına girmiştir. Ancak gerek bu hususun, gerekse yeni kurulan devletin karakteri hakkında bugüne kadar Cinnah’ın lehinde ve aleyhinde birçok değerlendirme yapılagelmiştir. Onun başarısının sırrı ise daima hukuka dayalı bir politika takip etmesinde ve bu yoldaki kararlılığındadır. Ciddi, soğukkanlı ve mantıklı bir insan olan Cinnah mücadelesinde şiddete ve kaba kuvvete yer vermemiş ve her şeyin hukuk ölçüleri içinde yapılmasını istemiştir.
Fevkalâde kibar bir insan olan, bütün öğrenimini İngiliz okullarında yapan ve İngiltere’de Privy Council gibi krala yakın en üst düzey görev yerlerinde çalışan Cinnah tam bir Batılı kişiliğe sahipti ve bundan dolayı çevresinde Mr. Cinnah adıyla anılırdı. Ana dilini pek iyi bilmez, konuşmalarını daha ziyade İngilizce yapar, genellikle İngiliz aristokratları gibi giyinirdi. Cinnah’ın bu kişiliği ve görünümü Pakistan Devleti’nin karakteri ve özellikle İslâm’ın bu devletin yapısındaki yeri üzerindeki değerlendirmelerde sıkça konu edilmektedir. Her ne kadar Cinnah, Hoca İsmâilîleri’nden olsa da kendisini sadece müslüman olarak tavsif ederdi. En azından bulunduğu yer itibariyle müslümanların mezhep farklılıklarını aşmaları gerektiğini söyler ve kendisi de bunu uygulardı. Ayrıca İslâmî konularda tartışmalı hususlardan kaçınırdı. Yeni kurulacak devletin siyasî kimliği üzerine konuşurken bunun bir İslâm devleti olacağını belirtmekle yetinir, hukukî düzenlemeler ve anayasaya ait ayrıntılara girmezdi. Bu yüzden bugün bile devletle ilgili farklı görüşleri savunan çeşitli gruplar kendi görüşlerini desteklemek konusunda Cinnah’a atıfta bulunabilmektedirler. Cinnah siyasî anlayış olarak liberal ve demokrat idi. Bu anlayışının tam anlamıyla Batı kaynaklı olmaktan ziyade İslâm’a dayalı olduğunu söylerdi. Ona göre, “Dinlerinde bile müslümanlardan daha demokrat hiçbir kimse yoktu.” Buradan hareketle onun kafasındaki Pakistan, İslâm’dan ilham alan, fakat aynı zamanda modern, demokratik, halkın iradesine bağlı ve her dinden vatandaşlarının eşit hak ve sorumlulukları olan bir devlet idi. Ona göre devletin görevi birtakım teorik tartışmalarla uğraşmak yerine hürriyetçi ve sosyal adaletçi bir sistem geliştirip bunun işlemesini sağlamaktır. Ancak bu genel çerçevenin ayrıntılarını ortaya koyup gerçekleştirmeye Cinnah’ın ömrü vefa etmedi.
Cinnah’ın kişiliğinde ve takip ettiği politikada en etkili faktörlerden biri de Mustafa Kemal’dir. Birçok konuşmasında bizzat dile getirdiği gibi onu örnek almış ve meclis kendisine kāid-i a‘zam unvanını verirken Liyâkat Ali Han tarafından “devletimizin Atatürk’ü” sözleriyle alkışlanmıştır. I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Osmanlı Devleti’ni destekleyen Cinnah, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulmasından sonra Türkiye’ye olan ilgisini daha da arttırmıştır. Pakistan’ın tarih sahnesine çıkmasından sonra diplomatik münasebet kurulacak ülkeler arasında ilk sıranın Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’ne verilmesi, Cinnah’ın Türkiye’ye ve Türkler’e olan sevgi ve saygısının işaretidir.
Bir kısmı sağlığında olmak üzere Cinnah’ın mektuplarıyla çeşitli söylev ve demeçleri kitap haline getirilerek yayımlanmıştır (bk. bibl.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Jinnah-Gandhi Talks (September 1944) , İstanbul 1944, s. 22.
Bayur, Hindistan Tarihi , III, 516, 549, 593, 629-631, 634-639, 642, 643, 646, 653, 656.
Ahmad Jamil-uddin, Speeches and Writings of Mr. M. A. Jinnah , Lahore 1964, II.
H. Bolitho, Jinnah Creator of Pakistan , Lahore 1969.
Foundations of Pakistan: All-India Muslim League Documents, 1906-1947 (ed. S. Sharifuddin), Karachi 1970, I-II.
Mohammad Ali Jinnah: Founder of Pakistan (ed. Ziauddin Ahmad), Karachi 1976.
Abdülkadir Karahan, Kaid-i A‘zam M. Ali Cinnah’ın 100. Doğum Yıldönümüne Armağan , İstanbul 1977.
Quaid-i Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah , Islamabad 1979.
M. A. Aziz, A History of Pakistan (Past and Present) , Lahore 1979.
G. Allana, Bir Milletin Yaratıcısı Cinnah (Pakistan’ın Kurucusu Quaid-E-Azam Mohammad Ali Cinnah) (trc. Ahmet Edip Uysal), Ankara 1982.
a.mlf., Eminent Muslim Freedom Fighters 1562-1947 , Delhi 1983, s. 227-250.
Syed Shameem Hussain Kadri, Creation of Pakistan , Rawalpindi 1983.
Afzal lqbal, Islamisation of Pakistan , Delhi 1984, s. 30-41.
Jelal Ayesha, The Sole Spokesman , Cambridge 1985.
Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan , Delhi 1988.
R. Güven, “Atatürk and Quaid-i Azam”, Journal of the Regional Cultural Institute , VIII/3-4 (1976).
Sharif al Mujahid, “Quaid-i-Azam Jinnah and World Muslim Unity: an Interpretation”, Pakistan Horizon , XXXIV/1, Karachi 1981, s. 16-28.
M. Rafique Afzal, “Quad-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Home Rule Movement”, Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan , XX/1, Lahore 1983, s. 1-27.
Sikandar Hayat, “Quaid-i-Azam Jinnah, Muslim League, and the Achievement of Pakistan”, Pakistan Journal of History and Culture , VII/2, Islamabad 1986, s. 61-90.
K. Callard, “D̲j̲ināḥ”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 545-546.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 16-18 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.