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CİZRE Skip to content Şırnak iline bağlı ilçe merkezi.
Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesinde, Dicle’nin Türkiye’yi terkedip Suriye topraklarına girdiği mevkiin çok yakınında bulunan Cizre, Dicle ırmağının sağ (batı) kıyısında deniz seviyesinden 400 m. kadar yüksekte kurulmuştur. Günümüzde Cizre’nin bulunduğu yörede, eski çağlarda Bâzabdâ Kalesi adı verilen bir kale ve bu kalenin yakınında da Dicle nehri üzerinde bir geçit yeri vardı. Şehrin kuzeyinde bulunan ve Sâsânîler döneminden kaldığı sanılan köprünün kalıntıları, eski yerleşme yerinin bu köprüye yakın olduğunu göstermektedir. Anadolu’yu Kuzey Mezopotamya’ya bağlayan, Büyük İskender’in de Dicle’yi aşarken kullandığı bu önemli geçit noktasını kontrol eden ve Ortaçağ Arap coğrafyacılarının sık sık sözünü ettikleri Bâzabdâ Kalesi ve çevresi İslâm’dan önce çeşitli imparatorlukların hâkimiyeti altında kalmış, İslâmiyet’in doğuşuna yakın tarihlerde Bizans İmparatorluğu ile Sâsânîler arasında çetin mücadelelere sahne olmuştur. Daha sonra Sâsânîler’in eline geçen yöre, Hz. Ömer zamanında İyâz b. Ganm tarafından fethedildi (17/638). İslâm topraklarına katıldıktan sonra büyük imar faaliyetlerine sahne olan yörede, bugünkü şehrin bulunduğu yani İlkçağ’dan kalan surların kuşattığı yerde “Cezîre” (ada) adı verilen şehrin temelleri âdeta yeniden atıldı. Bir kiliseden çevrilen Ulucami de bu dönemde açıldı. Şehre bu adın verilmesi, Dicle’nin eski bir büklümü içinde kurulduğu için sularla kuşatılmış durumda olmasından ileri gelmektedir. Eski kaynaklarda, şehrin kurulduğu yerin sunî bir kanal vasıtasıyla Dicle ırmağının eski büklümünün kesilerek ada durumuna getirildiği ileri sürülürse de mahallinde yapılan incelemeler, şehrin doğusundan geçen nehir yatağının sunî bir mecra olmadığını, nehrin büklümünün (menderes) akarsu tarafından aşındırılıp kesilmesi gibi fizikî coğrafyada çok rastlanılan tabii bir olayın sonucunda meydana gelen “kopmuş menderes”lere ait tipik bir örnek olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ancak nehirlerde görülen ve oldukça yavaş cereyan eden bu olayı hızlandırmak için kazma kürekle müdahale edilmiş olması da mümkündür. Ortaçağ İslâm coğrafyacılarının şehrin doğusundan geçen mecranın sunî olduğunu ileri sürmeleri, tabii olayı hızlandırmak için yapılan bazı müdahaleleri bizzat müşahede etmiş olmalarından ileri gelmiş olabilir.
Başlangıçta Cezîre adıyla anılan şehir, daha sonra Cezîre-i İbn Ömer adını aldı. Şehrin bu adı almasıyla ilgili olarak kaynaklarda farklı bilgiler verilmektedir. Buna göre Irâk-ı Arab ve Irâk-ı Acem Emîri Yûsuf b. Ömer’e, Musul’a bağlı Berkaîd beldesinden Abdülazîz b. Ömer’e, Meaddîler’den Benî Ömer kabilesine veya Hasan b. Ömer b. Hattâb et-Tağlibî’ye nisbetle şehir bu adı almıştır. Bazı kaynaklarda ise şehirden Cezîretü İbney Ömer şeklinde söz edilmekte ve kimlikleri belirtilmeyen Evs b. Ömer ile Kâmil b. Ömer veya Ömer b. Evs et-Tağlibî’nin iki oğluna izâfeten bu adla anıldığı kaydedilmektedir (Muhammed Yûsuf Gandûr, s. 14). İbnü’n-Nedîm el-Fihrist ’te (s. 67) şehirden Cezîretü İbn Amâre olarak söz etmektedir. Ancak Cizre’nin kurulduğu tarihe yakın dönemde kaleme alınan kaynaklar, şehrin 250’den (864) önce Hasan b. Ömer b. Hattâb et-Tağlibî tarafından tesis edildiğini ve onun adını aldığını kaydederler ki tercih edilen görüş de budur. Şehir XVI. yüzyıldan itibaren günümüzde olduğu gibi Cizre adıyla da anılmaya başlanmıştır.
Cizre sahip olduğu stratejik önemi dolayısıyla askerî harekâtlarda önemli bir üs olarak kullanılmıştır. Sâsânî Hükümdarı Şâpûr, bütün Irak topraklarını istilâ etmek yerine Cizre ve Sincar’ı zaptetmeyi yeterli görmüştür (Muhammed Yûsuf Gandûr, s. 25). Aynı şekilde Büyük Selçuklu ordusunun Haçlılar’a karşı gerçekleştirdiği ilk sefer sırasında Musul Emîri Mevdûd b. İmâdüddin Zengî ile Artukoğlu Sökmen de ordugâhlarını Cizre’de kurmuşlardı (Özaydın, s. 103). Fetihten sonra çeşitli valiler tarafından yönetilen Cizre, Emevîler döneminde birçok imar faaliyetine sahne oldu. Cami, medrese, hamam ve kervansaraylar inşa edildiği gibi daha önceki dönemlerde yapılmış olan eserler de tamir gördü. Emevî Devleti yıkıldıktan sonra Cizre Abbâsî yönetimi altına girdi. Bu dönemdeki idarî teşkilât içinde el-Cezîre vilâyetinin Diyârırebîa âmilliği içinde yer alıyordu. Abbâsîler devrinde bölge çok sayıda Hâricî isyanına sahne oldu (Muhammed Yûsuf Gandûr, s. 39 vd.). Cizre 293-368 (906-979) yılları arasında Hamdânîler’in idaresinde kaldı. Bu dönemde bölge Bizans saldırıları, Karmatî baskınları ve Hâricî isyanları yüzünden sıkıntılı ve tehlikeli günler geçirdi. 368’de (979) Büveyhî Hükümdarı Adudüddevle Hamdânîler’in el-Cezîre’deki topraklarını istilâ etmeye başladı ve yöreye hâkim oldu. Adudüddevle’nin ölümünden (372/983) sonra Mervânîler Musul, Diyarbekir ve Cizre’ye doğru hâkimiyetlerini genişletmeye çalıştılar. Bir yıl sonra cereyan eden savaşta mağlûp oldularsa da taraflar arasında yapılan antlaşma ile Cizre Mervânîler’e bırakıldı. 380’de (990) Diyarbekir ve Cizre’de Mervânî Emirliği kuruldu. IV. (X.) yüzyılda önemli bir nehir limanı haline gelen Cizre şehrini anlatan Makdisî (Aḥsenü’t-teḳāsîm , s. 139, 145), iyi inşa edilmiş bulunan şehrin nüfusunun kalabalık olduğunu, çevresinin verimli topraklarla kuşatılmış bulunduğunu ve Dicle üzerinde işleyen taşıtlarla buradan Musul’a bal, tereyağı, ceviz, badem ve şamfıstığı gibi ürünlerin gönderildiğini zikreder. Bir süre sonra Ukaylî saldırısına uğrayan Cizre, Kırvâş b. Mukalled tarafından muhasara edildi (421/1030). Nasrüddevle b. Mervân 15.000 dinar fidye ödeyerek kuşatmanın kaldırılmasını sağladı.
Selçuklu Sultanı Tuğrul Bey zamanında (1038-1063) İbrâhim Yinal’ın önünden kaçan Oğuzlar Azerbaycan’a, oradan da sarp dağlardan geçerek Diyarbekir ve Cizre’ye yayıldılar (1041).
Tuğrul Bey de Arslan el-Besâsîrî’nin isyanı sırasında Musul’a giderken Cizre’yi kuşattı. Cizre hâkimi Nasrüddevle b. Mervân, halkın sıkıntıya mâruz kaldığını ve Tuğrul Bey ile başa çıkamayacağını anlayınca kendisinin bu bölgede Rumlar’la cihad ettiğini söyleyerek barış teklifinde bulundu. 100.000 dinar para ve değerli hediyeler takdim ederek Tuğrul Bey ile dostluk tesis etti ve Selçuklular’a tâbi oldu (1057). Onun 453’te (1061) ölümü üzerine şehrin yönetimi oğullarına geçti. Cizre Nasrüddevle zamanında büyük bir gelişme gösterdi. Sınır boyları emniyet altına alındı; huzur ve güven sağlandı. Şehir âlim ve şairlerin ziyaretgâhı oldu.
Sultan Melikşah zamanında (1072-1092) Fahrüddevle b. Cehîr’in Diyarbekir’in zaptı ile görevlendirilmesinden sonra Âmid ve Meyyâfârikīn’ın (Silvan) yanı sıra Cizre de ele geçirilerek buradaki Mervânî hâkimiyetine son verildi (1085). Bazı kaynaklarda Mervânîler’in Cizre’deki hâkimiyetlerinin 1087, hatta 1094 yılına kadar devam ettiğine dair rivayetler vardır. Bundan sonra Cizre Musul’a bağlı olarak idare edilmeye başlandı. Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanı I. Kılıcarslan ile yaptığı savaşı kazandıktan sonra Musul’a hâkim olan Emîr Çavlı, Cizre üzerine yürüyüp şehri kuşattıysa da 6000 dinar para, at ve silâh karşılığı şehrin idaresini yeniden Selçuklu emîrlerinden Çökürmüş’ün oğlu Habeşî’ye bıraktı. Sultan Muhammed Tapar 1108’de itaatsizliği sebebiyle Çavlı üzerine yürüyerek Cizre dahil onun idaresindeki diğer yerleri ele geçirdi. Şehir bir süre Musul Valisi Aksungur el-Porsukī tarafından idare edildi. Daha sonra İmâdüddin Zengî’nin hâkimiyeti altına girdi ve büyük bir iktisadî gelişme gösterdi. Onun 1146’da ölümünden sonra oğlu I. Seyfeddin Gazi şehre hâkim oldu ve burayı Emîr Ebû Bekir ed-Dübeysî’ye verdi. Ardından Musul Atabegi Kutbüddin Mevdûd üç aylık bir kuşatmadan sonra şehri ele geçirdi (1158). Yerine geçen oğlu II. Seyfeddin Gazi döneminde Cizre halkı huzur içinde yaşadı. II. Seyfeddin Gazi atabegliği kardeşi İzzeddin Mes‘ûd b. Mevdûd’a, Cizre’yi de oğlu Sencer Şah’a bıraktı. Sencer Şah Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’ye itaat arzederek (1183) onunla birlikte Haçlılar’a karşı cihada katıldı.
Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’nin ölümünden (1193) sonra kardeşi I. el-Melikü’l-Âdil Cizre’yi almak istediyse de başarılı olamadı. Ancak 1251’de halkın şikâyetleri üzerine Eyyûbîler’den el-Melikü’n-Nâsır Atabeg, Nûreddin Arslanşah’ın ölümünden sonra Musul’a hâkim olan Emîr Bedreddin Lü’lü’ ile birlikte Cizre’yi istilâ ederek Musul atabeglerinin buradaki hâkimiyetine son verdi. Böylece Eyyûbîler ile Bedreddin Lü’lü’ün nüfuzu altına giren şehir 660’ta (1261-62) Moğol istilâsına uğradı. Moğollar buraya hıristiyan bir vali tayin ettiler. Hülâgû daha sonra Cizre’yi Emîr Tûdân’a verdi.
Moğollar’dan sonra bölge Memlük nüfuzu altına girdi. Ancak İbn Tağrîberdî, Berkuk zamanında (1382-1399) el-Cezîre’deki birçok şehirde onun adına hutbe okunduğunu kaydettiği halde Cizre’den söz etmez (en-Nücûmü’z-zâhire , XII, 115). Bu da mahallî hükümdarların zaman zaman bağımsız hareket ettiklerini göstermektedir. VIII. (XIV.) yüzyılda Cizre’yi ziyaret eden İbn Battûta, bu güzel şehrin büyük bir kısmının harabe halinde olduğunu söyler (er-Riḥle , s. 236). Timur 796’da (1394) el-Cezîre’yi istilâ ettiği sırada el-Melikü’z-Zâhir ve nâibi İzzeddin el-Kürdî’nin elinde bulunan Cizre mukavemet gösterilmeden Timur’a teslim edildi. Böylece çok eski tarihlerden beri çeşitli hânedanlara tâbi olarak hüküm sürmekte olan Cizre beylerinin idaresine son verilmiş oldu. Timur’un oğulları Şâhruh Mirza ile Muhammed zamanında ise Emîr Bahtî’nin idaresindeydi (İbn Tağrîberdî, XV, 224). 1469 yılında Karakoyunlular ve daha sonra Akkoyunlular bölgeye hâkim oldular. 1508’de Cizre’yi Akkoyunlular’dan alan Emîr II. Şeref, şehirdeki mahallî yönetimi yeniden tesis etti. Günümüzde Kırmızı Medrese (el-Medresetü’l-hamrâ) adı verilen medreseyi ve çevresindeki külliyeyi inşa ettirdi ve imar hareketlerine hız verdi. II. Şeref’ten sonra Cizre beyi olan Emîr Ali Bey döneminde kısa bir süre için Şah İsmâil’in idaresi altına giren şehir Ali Bey tarafından tekrar geri alındı. Bugün Cizre’nin bir mahallesi olan Mirali (Alibey) bu beyin adından gelir. Yavuz Sultan Selim, İdrîs-i Bitlisî’nin de yardımıyla Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu’nun büyük kısmını ele geçirirken Cizre’yi de aldı. O sırada Cizre’nin başında bulunan Ali Bey Yavuz Sultan Selim’e bağlılık arzetti.
Osmanlı idarî teşkilâtında Diyarbekir eyaleti içinde yer alan Cizre, bölgedeki diğer bazı yerler gibi özel bir statüye sahipti. Yurtluk ve ocaklık denilen ve Osmanlı idaresi altındaki başka yerlerde de uygulanan bu statüye göre, devlete sadakat gösteren ve hizmet eden bir kısım mahallî beylere eski ülkeleri belirli şartlar içinde bağışlanıyordu. Bu özel statü içinde “eyalet” veya “hükümet” şeklinde de tarihî kaynaklarda zikredilen Cizre’nin XVI. yüzyılda Osmanlı-İran savaşları dolayısıyla merkezî otorite ile olan bağı daha da güçlendirildi. Diğer sancak beyleri gibi Cizre beyleri de yapılan seferlere katıldılar. Daha sonraki yıllarda şehri idare eden mahallî idareciler arasında başlayan ailevî çekişmelerden Cizre şehri de zarar gördü. Cizre beylerinin sonuncusu olan IV. Mehmed, Osmanlı Padişahı IV. Murad tarafından emirlikten uzaklaştırılınca şehirdeki beylerin idaresi sona ermiş oldu (1627). Ancak 1830 yılından itibaren daha önce Cizre’de hüküm süren aileden gelen Bedirhan Bey (Paşa) Cizre mütesellimi olarak tayin edildi. Fakat 1846’da çevredeki dağınık aşiretleri toplayarak ayaklanınca yakalanıp ailesiyle birlikte İstanbul’a gönderildi. II. Abdülhamid döneminde kurulan ve bu padişahın adını taşıyan “Hamidiye alayları” Cizre’de idareyi ellerinde tutuyorlardı. Şehirdeki önemli mimari eserlerden biri olan Hamidiye Kışlası da bu dönemde Hamidiye alaylarının başına padişah tarafından tayin edilen Mustafa Paşa tarafından inşa ettirilmiştir.
Osmanlı Devleti döneminde Cizre, Musul üzerinden gelip Mardin’de iki kola ayrılarak biri Diyarbekir üzerinden Karadeniz kıyılarına, ötekisi Urfa üzerinden Halep’e giden ticaret kervanları için önemli bir konaklama yeri idi. 1766 yılında bu yol üzerinde bir kervanla birlikte seyahat eden Carsten Niebuhr’un verdiği bilgiye göre, söz konusu kervanda 1300’ü mazı meşesi, 120’si çeşitli Hint ve İran kumaşları, 45’i kahve taşıyan deve, 500-600 kadar yüklü at, katır ve merkep, 150 muhafız ve 400 kadar yolcu bulunuyordu (Göyünç, s. 97). Bu rakamlar, Cizre’den geçen yolun önemi ve bu yol üzerinde bulunan şehre sağlayacağı gelir hakkında fikir vermektedir. Cizre bu ulaşım ekseni üzerinde olduğu gibi Dicle ırmağı vasıtasıyla Diyarbekir ile Musul arasında keleklerle nakliyat yapanlar için de bir konaklama yeriydi. Şehir ihtiyaç fazlası tahıl, sebze ve meyvesini keleklerle Musul’a gönderiyordu. Cizre’nin bu özelliği XX. yüzyılın başlarına kadar sürmüş, ancak Musul ve çevresinin Türkiye sınırları dışında kalmasıyla fonksiyonunu yitirmiştir.
XIX. yüzyılın sonlarında Cizre’den söz eden yazarlardan Müller-Simonis’e göre şehirde 800, Sachau’ya göre ise 600 – 800 ev bulunuyordu. Aynı yüzyıla ait bilgi veren Vital Cuinet, Cizre’nin 9560 nüfusa sahip bulunduğunu ve şehirde beş cami, çok sayıda mescid, on beş türbe, beş han, sekiz hamam, 100 dükkân, o tarihlerde hemen hemen boş vaziyette bir kubbeli çarşı, kışla ve askerî hastahane mevcut olduğunu kaydeder.
XX. yüzyılın başlarında Cizre’nin nüfusu 10.000’i bulmuyor, evlerin kapladığı alan da surların kuşatmış olduğu sahanın ancak bir kısmını işgal ediyordu.
Günümüzdeki Cizre, Dicle’nin eski büklümünün içinde kalan, surların kuşattığı eski nüvesinden dışarı taşarak kuzeye, kuzeydoğuya ve kuzeybatıya doğru gelişmiştir. Eski kesimdeki çarşı muhafaza edilmekle beraber yeni iş merkezi sur dışında daha geniş caddeli olarak inşa edilmiştir. Cumhuriyet döneminin ilk nüfus sayımında (1927) 5348 olarak tesbit edilen nüfusu, 1970’ten sonra hızla artmaya başladı ve 11.137’ye ulaştı. 1980’de 20.003, 1985’te 29.496 olan nüfus 1990’da da 50.023 oldu. Yazı Hakkâri ve Muş yaylalarında geçiren göçer aşiretlerin Cizre’de kışlaması sebebiyle kış aylarında nüfusu daha da artar. Bu nüfus artışı, son yıllarda Habur kapısından çıkan transit yolunun hizmete girmesiyle taşımacılık ve ihracatta büyük atılımlar gerçekleştirilmiş olmasıyla da ilgilidir. Ayrıca 1979 yılından itibaren Habur kapısının hacca karadan gidenler için kullanılmaya başlanması, Cizre’yi bu yol üzerinde Türkiye’yi terketmeden önce alışveriş ve bazan da döviz işlemlerinin yapıldığı en son merkez durumuna getirmiş, aynı kapıdan yurda girişte de ilk alışveriş merkezi burası olmuştur. Cizre çevresinde bulunan linyit yataklarından kömür taşıyan kamyonlar da sonbahar aylarında Cizre ticaretine bir canlılık katar.
Cizre Cumhuriyet’in başlarından beri Mardin iline bağlı bir ilçenin merkezi iken 16 Mayıs 1990’da çıkan 3647 sayılı kanunla yeni kurulan Şırnak iline bağlanmıştır.
Cizre’de bulunan başlıca tarihî eserler arasında Cizre Kalesi, Ulucami, Abdâliye, Süleymaniye, Mecdiye medreseleriyle Kırmızı Medrese, Nuh Peygamber Camii, Hamidiye Kışlası, Akabin Köprüsü (Deşt Köprüsü) ve Cizre Köprüsü sayılabilir. Artuklu eseri olduğu söylenen Cizre Köprüsü günümüzde Türkiye sınırlarının biraz dışında kalmıştır. Tarih boyunca Cizre’de fakih ve muhaddis Ebû Üsâme, hadisçi Mecdüddin İbnü’l-Esîr, tarihçi İzzeddin İbnü’l-Esîr, edip Ziyâeddin İbnü’l-Esîr gibi çok sayıda âlim, şair ve edip yetişmiştir.
Cizre’nin merkez olduğu Cizre ilçesinin merkez bucağından başka Dicle adlı bir bucağı daha vardır. Yüzölçümü 460 km2 olan ilçenin 1990 sayımına göre nüfusu 63.626, nüfus yoğunluğu ise 138 idi.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Tuncer Baykara, Anadolu’nun Tarihî Coğrafyasına Giriş I: Anadolu’nun İdarî Taksimatı , Ankara 1988, s. 24.
Abdülkerim Özaydın, Selçuklu Tarihi , İstanbul 1990, s. 103.
Muhammed Yûsuf Gandûr, Târîḫu Cezîreti’bni ʿÖmer münẕü teʾsîsihâ ḥatte’l-fetḥi’l-ʿOs̱mânî , Beyrut 1990.
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M. Hartmann, “Cezîre-i İbn Ömer”, İA , III, 152-154.
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N. Elisséeff, “İbn ʿUmar, D̲j̲azīrat”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 960-961.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 37-39 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.