Comparison of Perioperative Serum Glucose and Serum Fructosamine Levels in Cats

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1, 42 – 47, 31.03.2024

Özgenur Ünsur , Turan Civelek

https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.1393889

Öz

Bu çalışmada kastrasyon ve ovariohisterektomi operasyonu amacıyla anesteziye alınan kedilerde örnekleme zamanına göre serum glukoz ve fruktozamin seviyelerinde meydana gelen değişim araştırıldı. Çalışma materyalini 6 ay ila 2 yaş arasında 25 kedi oluşturdu. Anesteziye (medetomidin, butorfanol, ketamin) alınan kedilerden; anestezi öncesinde, anestezi başlangıcında, anesteziden uyandırmadan önce ve anesteziden uyandıktan sonra kan örnekleri alındı. Elde edilen serumlarda glukoz, fruktozamin, kolesterol, trigliserid, total protein ve albümin konsantrasyonları ölçüldü. Ölçüm zamanlarına göre yapılan istatistiksel karşılaştırmada; serum glukoz düzeyinin anlamlı şekilde değiştiği tespit edildi. Bununla birlikte serum fruktozamin seviyelerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmadı. Perioperatif dönemde glukoz seviyelerinde meydana gelen varyasyonun anestezik ajanlarla ilişkili olabileceği, fruktozamin düzeylerinde istatistiksel olarak önemli bir değişim görülmemesine rağmen, glukoz düzeyinde perioperatif dönemde gözlenen artışın bir nedeninin de olasılıkla operasyon stresi olduğu değerlendirildi. Çalışma sonucu; kedilerin perioperatif glisemik kontrollerinde serum glukoz ölçümlerinin önemli olduğunu, farklı nedenlerle gelişebilecek olası perioperatif hipergliseminin dışlanmasında ise serum fruktozamin ölçümlerinin diyagnostik yönden değer taşıdığını gösterdi. Perioperatif dönem serum fruktozamin seviyesinin stabil oluşu, bu çalışmada kullanılan anestezik ajanlardan etkilenmediğinin bir göstergesi olarak kabul edilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biyokimya, Kastrasyon, Feline, Ovariohisterektomi, Postoperatif dönem

Kaynakça

• Arıkan, N., Perk, E.C.,Bakır, B. (1993). Köpeklerde Diazepam ve Ketaminle Genel Anestezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 12 (3), 92-97.
• Çetinaslan M, Apaydın N. (2008). Köpeklerde medetomidin-ketamin-atipamezol anestezisinin hematolojik ve biyokimyasal parametrelere olan etkileri. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(2), 110-16.
• Crenshaw, K. L., Peterson, M. E., Heeb, L. A., Moroff, S. D., & Nichols, R. (1996). Serum fructosamine concentration as an index of glycemia in cats with diabetes mellitus and stress hyperglycemia. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 10(6), 360–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1996.tb02081.x
• Cullen L. K. (1996). Medetomidine sedation in dogs and cats: a review of its pharmacology, antagonism and dose. The British veterinary journal, 152(5), 519–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1935(96)80005-4
• Davis G, Fayfman M, Reyes-Umpierrez D, Hafeez S, Pasquel FJ, Vellanki P, Haw JS, Peng L, Jacobs S, Umpierrez GE. (2018). Stress hyperglycemia in general surgery: Why should we care? J Diabetes Complications. 2018 Mar;32(3):305-309. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.11.010. Epub 2017 Nov 29. PMID: 29273446; PMCID: PMC5975368.
• De Vries, M. (2011). Diabetes mellitus and anaesthesia: dealing with its potential problems. Veterinary Times, 41(28), 8-10.
• Elliott, D. A., Nelson, R. W., Reusch, C. E., Feldman, E. C., & Neal, L. A. (1999). Comparison of serum fructosamine and blood glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations for assessment of glycemic control in cats with diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 214(12), 1794–1798.
• Feldman EC, Nelson RW. Canine and Feline Endocrinology and Reproduction. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: Saunders; 2004:486–538.
• Gal, A., Trusiano, B., French, A. F., Lopez-Villalobos, N., & MacNeill, A. L. (2017). Serum fructosamine concentration in uncontrolled hyperthyroid diabetic cats is within the population reference interval. Veterinary Sciences, 4(1), 17.
• Gilor, C., Graves, T. K., Lascelles, B. D., Thomson, A. E., Simpson, W., & Halpern, D. S. (2010). The effects of body weight, body condition score, sex, and age on serum fructosamine concentrations in clinically healthy cats. Veterinary clinical pathology, 39(3), 322–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2010.00227.x
• Greco, D. S. Feline Diabetes World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress Proceedings, 2014. Kaneko, J. J., Kawamoto, M., Heusner, A. A., Feldman, E. C., & Koizumi, I. (1992). Evaluation of serum fructosamine concentration as an index of blood glucose control in cats with diabetes mellitus. American journal of veterinary research, 53(10), 1797–1801.
• Kamohara, H., Kamohara, T., & Hikasa, Y. (2021). Effects of pretreatment with medetomidine, midazolam, ketamine, and their combinations on stress-related hormonal and metabolic responses in isoflurane-anesthetized cats undergoing surgery. Journal of advanced veterinary and animal research, 8(4), 563–575. https://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2021.h546
• Kanda, T., & Hikasa, Y. (2008). Neurohormonal and metabolic effects of medetomidine compared with xylazine in healthy cats. Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire, 72(3), 278–286.
• Laluha, P., Gerber, B., Laluhová, D., Boretti, F. S., & Reusch, C. E. (2004). Stresshyperglykämie bei kranken Katzen: Eine retrospektive Studie über 4 Jahre [Stress hyperglycemia in sick cats: a retrospective study over 4 years]. Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde, 146(8), 375–383. https://doi.org/10.1024/0036-7281.146.8.375
• Lemke, KA. (2004). "Perioperative use of selective alpha-2 agonists and antagonists in small animals." The Canadian veterinary journal, 45, 475-480.
• Link, K. R., & Rand, J. S. (2008). Changes in blood glucose concentration are associated with relatively rapid changes in circulating fructosamine concentrations in cats. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 10(6), 583–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2008.08.005. Ngaage, L. M., Osadebey, E. N., Tullie, S. T. E., Elegbede, A., Rada, E. M., Spanakis, E. K., Goldberg, N., Slezak, S., & Rasko, Y. M. (2019). An Update on Measures of Preoperative Glycemic Control. Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open, 7(5), e2240. https://doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000002240
• Nelson R. (2002). Stress hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus in cats. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 16(2), 121–122. https://doi.org/10.1892/0891-6640(2002)16<121:shadmi>2.0.co;2
• Palermo, N. E., Gianchandani, R. Y., McDonnell, M. E., & Alexanian, S. M. (2016). Stress Hyperglycemia During Surgery and Anesthesia: Pathogenesis and Clinical Implications. Current diabetes reports, 16(3), 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-016-0721-y.
• Pérez-López, L., Boronat, M., Melián, C., Brito-Casillas, Y., & Wägner, A. M. (2020). Kidney function and glucose metabolism in overweight and obese cats. The veterinary quarterly, 40(1), 132–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2020.1759844
• Perumal, N., Ramasamy, V., Kumar, M. M., & Majumdar, S. S. (2007). Effects of ketamine and thiopentone anesthesia on serum lipid parameters in adult bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata). Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS, 46(3), 21–23.
• Rand, J. S., Kinnaird, E., Baglioni, A., Blackshaw, J., & Priest, J. (2002). Acute stress hyperglycemia in cats is associated with struggling and increased concentrations of lactate and norepinephrine. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 16(2), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1892/0891-6640(2002)016<0123:ashici>2.3.co;2
• Reusch, C. E., & Haberer, B. (2001). Evaluation of fructosamine in dogs and cats with hypo- or hyperproteinaemia, azotaemia, hyperlipidaemia and hyperbilirubinaemia. The Veterinary record, 148(12), 370–376. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.148.12.370
• Semick, D. N., Shaver, S. L., Cornell, H. N., Bradley, N. C., & Kreisler, R. E. (2018). Perioperative blood glucose concentrations in kittens following overnight fasting and gonadectomy. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 20(4), 344–348. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X17710590
• Sharif, S. I., & Abouazra, H. A. (2009). Effect of intravenous ketamine administration on blood glucose levels in conscious rabbits. American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 4(2), 38-45.
• Shohat, N., Goswami, K., Breckenridge, L., Held, M. B., Malkani, A. L., Shah, R. P., Schwarzkopf, R., & Parvizi, J. (2021). Fructosamine is a valuable marker for glycemic control and predicting adverse outcomes following total hip arthroplasty: a prospective multi-institutional investigation. Scientific reports, 11(1), 2227. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81803-6
• Shohat, N., Tarabichi, M., Tischler, E. H., Jabbour, S., & Parvizi, J. (2017). Serum Fructosamine: A Simple and Inexpensive Test for Assessing Preoperative Glycemic Control. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume, 99(22), 1900–1907. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.17.00075
• Şanlı K, Y., Kaya, S. (1994). Veteriner Farmakoloji ve İlaçla Sağaltım Seçenekleri. 824. Medisan Yayınevi, Ankara. Topal A. Veteriner Anestezi, Nobel&Güneş Yayınları, Bursa, 2005.
• Thoresen, S. I., & Bredal, W. P. (1996). Clinical usefulness of fructosamine measurements in diagnosing and monitoring feline diabetes mellitus. The Journal of small animal practice, 37(2), 64–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1996.tb01940.x
• Ueoka, N., & Hikasa, Y. (2015). Effects in cats of atipamezole, flumazenil and 4-aminopyridine on stress-related neurohormonal and metabolic responses induced by medetomidine, midazolam and ketamine. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 17(8), 711–718. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X14556557
• Yılmaz G. (2021). Kedilerde Medetomidin, Butorfanol, Ketamin Kombinasyonunun (Kitty Magic) Anestezik Etkinliğinin Araştırılması, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.

Comparison of Perioperative Serum Glucose and Serum Fructosamine Levels in Cats

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1, 42 – 47, 31.03.2024

Özgenur Ünsur , Turan Civelek

https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.1393889

Öz

In this study, the changes in serum glucose and fructosamine levels according to the sampling time in cats anaesthetised for castration and ovariohysterectomy were investigated. The study material consisted of 25 cats aged between 6 months and 2 years. Blood samples were collected from the anaesthetised cats (medetomidine, butorphanol, ketamine) before anaesthesia, at the beginning of anaesthesia, before awakening from anaesthesia and after awakening from anaesthesia. Glucose, fructosamine, cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein and albumin levels were measured in the sera obtained. In the statistical comparison made according to the measurement times, it was found that serum glucose level changed significantly. However, no statistically significant difference was found in serum fructosamine levels. It was evaluated that the variation in glucose levels in the perioperative period may be related to anaesthetic agents, and although there was no statistically significant change in fructosamine levels, one of the reasons for the increase in glucose levels observed in the perioperative period was probably operation stress. The results of the study showed that serum glucose measurements are important in perioperative glycaemic control of cats, and serum fructosamine measurements have diagnostic value in the exclusion of possible perioperative hyperglycemia that may develop for different reasons. The stable serum fructosamine level in the perioperative period can be accepted as an indication that it was not affected by the anaesthetic agents used in this study.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biochemistry, Castration, Feline, Ovariohysterectomy, Postoperative period

Kaynakça

• Arıkan, N., Perk, E.C.,Bakır, B. (1993). Köpeklerde Diazepam ve Ketaminle Genel Anestezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 12 (3), 92-97.
• Çetinaslan M, Apaydın N. (2008). Köpeklerde medetomidin-ketamin-atipamezol anestezisinin hematolojik ve biyokimyasal parametrelere olan etkileri. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(2), 110-16.
• Crenshaw, K. L., Peterson, M. E., Heeb, L. A., Moroff, S. D., & Nichols, R. (1996). Serum fructosamine concentration as an index of glycemia in cats with diabetes mellitus and stress hyperglycemia. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 10(6), 360–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1996.tb02081.x
• Cullen L. K. (1996). Medetomidine sedation in dogs and cats: a review of its pharmacology, antagonism and dose. The British veterinary journal, 152(5), 519–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1935(96)80005-4
• Davis G, Fayfman M, Reyes-Umpierrez D, Hafeez S, Pasquel FJ, Vellanki P, Haw JS, Peng L, Jacobs S, Umpierrez GE. (2018). Stress hyperglycemia in general surgery: Why should we care? J Diabetes Complications. 2018 Mar;32(3):305-309. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.11.010. Epub 2017 Nov 29. PMID: 29273446; PMCID: PMC5975368.
• De Vries, M. (2011). Diabetes mellitus and anaesthesia: dealing with its potential problems. Veterinary Times, 41(28), 8-10.
• Elliott, D. A., Nelson, R. W., Reusch, C. E., Feldman, E. C., & Neal, L. A. (1999). Comparison of serum fructosamine and blood glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations for assessment of glycemic control in cats with diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 214(12), 1794–1798.
• Feldman EC, Nelson RW. Canine and Feline Endocrinology and Reproduction. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: Saunders; 2004:486–538.
• Gal, A., Trusiano, B., French, A. F., Lopez-Villalobos, N., & MacNeill, A. L. (2017). Serum fructosamine concentration in uncontrolled hyperthyroid diabetic cats is within the population reference interval. Veterinary Sciences, 4(1), 17.
• Gilor, C., Graves, T. K., Lascelles, B. D., Thomson, A. E., Simpson, W., & Halpern, D. S. (2010). The effects of body weight, body condition score, sex, and age on serum fructosamine concentrations in clinically healthy cats. Veterinary clinical pathology, 39(3), 322–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2010.00227.x
• Greco, D. S. Feline Diabetes World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress Proceedings, 2014. Kaneko, J. J., Kawamoto, M., Heusner, A. A., Feldman, E. C., & Koizumi, I. (1992). Evaluation of serum fructosamine concentration as an index of blood glucose control in cats with diabetes mellitus. American journal of veterinary research, 53(10), 1797–1801.
• Kamohara, H., Kamohara, T., & Hikasa, Y. (2021). Effects of pretreatment with medetomidine, midazolam, ketamine, and their combinations on stress-related hormonal and metabolic responses in isoflurane-anesthetized cats undergoing surgery. Journal of advanced veterinary and animal research, 8(4), 563–575. https://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2021.h546
• Kanda, T., & Hikasa, Y. (2008). Neurohormonal and metabolic effects of medetomidine compared with xylazine in healthy cats. Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire, 72(3), 278–286.
• Laluha, P., Gerber, B., Laluhová, D., Boretti, F. S., & Reusch, C. E. (2004). Stresshyperglykämie bei kranken Katzen: Eine retrospektive Studie über 4 Jahre [Stress hyperglycemia in sick cats: a retrospective study over 4 years]. Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde, 146(8), 375–383. https://doi.org/10.1024/0036-7281.146.8.375
• Lemke, KA. (2004). "Perioperative use of selective alpha-2 agonists and antagonists in small animals." The Canadian veterinary journal, 45, 475-480.
• Link, K. R., & Rand, J. S. (2008). Changes in blood glucose concentration are associated with relatively rapid changes in circulating fructosamine concentrations in cats. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 10(6), 583–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2008.08.005. Ngaage, L. M., Osadebey, E. N., Tullie, S. T. E., Elegbede, A., Rada, E. M., Spanakis, E. K., Goldberg, N., Slezak, S., & Rasko, Y. M. (2019). An Update on Measures of Preoperative Glycemic Control. Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open, 7(5), e2240. https://doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000002240
• Nelson R. (2002). Stress hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus in cats. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 16(2), 121–122. https://doi.org/10.1892/0891-6640(2002)16<121:shadmi>2.0.co;2
• Palermo, N. E., Gianchandani, R. Y., McDonnell, M. E., & Alexanian, S. M. (2016). Stress Hyperglycemia During Surgery and Anesthesia: Pathogenesis and Clinical Implications. Current diabetes reports, 16(3), 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-016-0721-y.
• Pérez-López, L., Boronat, M., Melián, C., Brito-Casillas, Y., & Wägner, A. M. (2020). Kidney function and glucose metabolism in overweight and obese cats. The veterinary quarterly, 40(1), 132–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2020.1759844
• Perumal, N., Ramasamy, V., Kumar, M. M., & Majumdar, S. S. (2007). Effects of ketamine and thiopentone anesthesia on serum lipid parameters in adult bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata). Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS, 46(3), 21–23.
• Rand, J. S., Kinnaird, E., Baglioni, A., Blackshaw, J., & Priest, J. (2002). Acute stress hyperglycemia in cats is associated with struggling and increased concentrations of lactate and norepinephrine. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 16(2), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1892/0891-6640(2002)016<0123:ashici>2.3.co;2
• Reusch, C. E., & Haberer, B. (2001). Evaluation of fructosamine in dogs and cats with hypo- or hyperproteinaemia, azotaemia, hyperlipidaemia and hyperbilirubinaemia. The Veterinary record, 148(12), 370–376. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.148.12.370
• Semick, D. N., Shaver, S. L., Cornell, H. N., Bradley, N. C., & Kreisler, R. E. (2018). Perioperative blood glucose concentrations in kittens following overnight fasting and gonadectomy. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 20(4), 344–348. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X17710590
• Sharif, S. I., & Abouazra, H. A. (2009). Effect of intravenous ketamine administration on blood glucose levels in conscious rabbits. American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 4(2), 38-45.
• Shohat, N., Goswami, K., Breckenridge, L., Held, M. B., Malkani, A. L., Shah, R. P., Schwarzkopf, R., & Parvizi, J. (2021). Fructosamine is a valuable marker for glycemic control and predicting adverse outcomes following total hip arthroplasty: a prospective multi-institutional investigation. Scientific reports, 11(1), 2227. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81803-6
• Shohat, N., Tarabichi, M., Tischler, E. H., Jabbour, S., & Parvizi, J. (2017). Serum Fructosamine: A Simple and Inexpensive Test for Assessing Preoperative Glycemic Control. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume, 99(22), 1900–1907. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.17.00075
• Şanlı K, Y., Kaya, S. (1994). Veteriner Farmakoloji ve İlaçla Sağaltım Seçenekleri. 824. Medisan Yayınevi, Ankara. Topal A. Veteriner Anestezi, Nobel&Güneş Yayınları, Bursa, 2005.
• Thoresen, S. I., & Bredal, W. P. (1996). Clinical usefulness of fructosamine measurements in diagnosing and monitoring feline diabetes mellitus. The Journal of small animal practice, 37(2), 64–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1996.tb01940.x
• Ueoka, N., & Hikasa, Y. (2015). Effects in cats of atipamezole, flumazenil and 4-aminopyridine on stress-related neurohormonal and metabolic responses induced by medetomidine, midazolam and ketamine. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 17(8), 711–718. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X14556557
• Yılmaz G. (2021). Kedilerde Medetomidin, Butorfanol, Ketamin Kombinasyonunun (Kitty Magic) Anestezik Etkinliğinin Araştırılması, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.

Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Kaynak Göster

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