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ÇUKUR HAMAM Skip to content İstanbul’da Fâtih Sultan Mehmed Külliyesi’ne ait hamam.
867-875 (1462-1470) yılları arasında yapılan Fâtih Külliyesi’nin hamamı olarak bu manzumenin güneyinde inşa edilmiştir. Fâtih vakfiyesinde, “Havâyic-i halk için hamamlar bina edip cümlesini mesâlih-i hayrât-ı şerîfeleri için vakıf buyurdular” cümlesinden sonra adları verilen hamamlardan, “biri dahi müceddeden bina buyurdukları câmi-i şerîfleri kurbünde vâki hamamdır” kaydı ile kastedilen Çukur Hamam’dır. Sultan Bayezid su yolu haritasından anlaşıldığına göre, Karadeniz Başkurşunlu Medresesi’nin kuzeyinde ve 100 m. kadar aşağısında bulunuyordu. En ufak izi kalmayacak surette yıktırılmış olduğundan yerini daha açık şekilde belirlemek mümkün olmamıştır. Hamamın, Geç Roma çağından kalma üstü açık bir su haznesinin içinde yapıldığından bu adı aldığı kabul edilir. Hatta bu su haznesinin Modestus Sarnıcı (Cisterna Modestiaca) olabileceği de iddia edilmiştir. Eski bir su haznesinin içinde olmasa da çukur bir yerde bulunduğu anlaşılan ve İstanbul’un en büyük hamamlarından biri olan Çukur Hamam, Evliya Çelebi’ye göre Irgatlar, Azebler, Vefa ve Eyüp hamamlarından sonra yapılmıştır. Fâtih Külliyesi’nin bir parçası olduğuna göre, Bizans’tan alınan şehre geniş çapta Türk damgasını vuran ilk büyük külliyenin tamamlandığı 1470 tarihi civarında bitmiş olması gerekir.
1544-1547 yıllarında İstanbul’da bulunan ve şehrin topografyasına dair çok önemli Latince bir eser yazan Fransız Albili Pierre Gilles (Gyllius; ö. 1555), yalnız erkekler bölümünü gördüğü anlaşılan bu çifte hamama dair önemli bilgiler vermiştir. Evliya Çelebi, “gayet musanna‘ ve rûşen” olduğuna işaret ettiği bu hamamın diğerlerinden daha büyük, 110 kurnalı ve yalnız camekânının 5000 kişi aldığını yazar. Bunun arkasından, “Nısfı bölünüp keçecilere tahsis olunmuştur” cümlesiyle, hamamın XVII. yüzyılın ilk yarısı içinde artık bütünüyle kullanılmayıp keçe imalâthanesi veya depo vazifesi gördüğünü belirtir.
Çukur Hamam, İstanbul’da çok tahribat yapan ve Fâtih Camii’nin yıkılmasına yol açan 12 Zilhicce 1179 (22 Mayıs 1766) zelzelesinde büyük ölçüde zarar görmüş ve tahminlere göre bir daha tamir edilmemiştir. 1799’dan itibaren kısa bir aralıkla 1806’ya kadar Avusturya elçiliğinde görevli olarak bulunan Joseph von Hammer, İstanbul hakkında yazdığı kitabında “şehrin en ünlü, en güzel hamamı olan” Çukur Hamam’ın harap bir durumda olduğuna işaret etmiştir. Hamamın Arcadius Sarnıcı’nın teşkil ettiği çukurda inşa edildiği için bu adla anıldığını bildiren Hammer, sarnıcın duvarlarından hâlâ bazı eski kalıntılarla hamamın kapısı önünde iki eski sütun başlığı görüldüğünü de belirtir. Rum patriklerinden Konstantios, 1824’te Rumca olarak basılan İstanbul hakkındaki kitabında hamamdan önce, “şimdi bazı harabeleri duran ve bugün Çukur Hamam denilen Büyük Konstantin Hamamı” olarak kısaca bahseder. Kitabın başka bir yerinde ise Fâtih Camii yakınında Çukur Hamam veya Acı Çeşme denilen yerdeki büyük sarnıç kalıntısına işaret eder. Ahmed Lutfi Efendi, 1245 (1829-30) yılında İstanbul’da erzak kıtlığı vesilesiyle çekilen sıkıntıyı anlatırken, yıllardan beri “Fâtih Câmi-i Şerîfi civarında Çukur Hamam’da mahfuz olan” ve orada kokmuş, çürümüş, âdeta külçeleşmiş darı, çavdar vb. şeylerin fırınlara dağıtıldığını haber verir (Târih , II, 63). Bu bilgi, Sultan II. Mahmud yıllarında hamamın bir depo veya ambar olarak kullanıldığını gösterir.
Çukur Hamam geçen yüzyılın ortalarında, İstanbul’da olduğu günlerde Fransız mimar ve araştırmacısı Charles Texier tarafından araştırılmış ve 1864’te basılan Bizans mimarisine dair kitabında planı ve kesitiyle yayımlanmıştır. Fâtih devrinin ve İstanbul’un Türk dönemi tarihinin bu başta gelen eserinin mimarisi hakkındaki en değerli belge, Texier’nin bu belki de bazı hususlarda hatalı çizimleridir. Daha o tarihlerde Texier, kapıları örülmüş ve terkedilmiş durumda olan bu hamamın yerini uzun araştırma ve soruşturmalara rağmen bir türlü tesbit edememiş, ancak iki sene sonra bir tesadüf sonunda bulabilmiştir.
Bakımsız ve kullanılmaz halde, kubbeleri delinmiş, mermerleri sökülmüş, kapıları örülmüş durumda olan hamam XIX. yüzyıl sonlarında iyice yıkılmıştı. J. Strzygowski de İstanbul’un Bizans devri su tesislerine dair 1890’larda yaptığı incelemelerde bu hamamı bütün uğraşmalarına rağmen bulamamıştır. İstanbul hamamlarına dair bugün artık son derece değerli olan bir inceleme yapan H. Glück, 1917’de yarım gün boyunca soruşturma ve araştırmadan sonra ancak ikinci çalışmasında hamamın yerini caminin güneydoğusunda bulabilmiş ve burada hamamın kalıntıları olduğunu tahmin ettiği bazı duvar parçalarına rastlamıştır. Bu kalın duvar parçaları içinde künklerin de bulunması, Glück’e göre bunların hamamın kalıntıları olduğunu gösterir. Etrafındaki kalın enkaz yığını ile üzerine yapılan yeni inşaat, kalıntıların planının çıkarılmasına imkân bırakmamıştır. 1918 yılındaki büyük Cibali-Fatih yangınından sonra bu bölge şehir planlaması ile tamamen eski dokusunu kaybettiğinden Çukur Hamam’ın bütün izleri de bir daha bulunamayacak şekilde silinmiştir.
Çukur Hamam büyük ölçülerde bir çifte hamam olarak inşa edilmiştir. Aslında bir Bizans hamamı iken Fâtih devrinde bir Türk hamamına dönüştürüldüğü yolundaki iddiaya inanmak zordur. Evliya Çelebi, yine Fâtih evkafından olan Unkapanı’nda Azebler Hamamı’nı, “Kefere tarz-ı mi‘mârîsinden tahvil ile İslâm âdâbı üzre yapılmıştır” cümlesiyle tarif etmesine karşılık Çukur Hamam için böyle bir ifade kullanmaz. Çukur Hamam’ın Bizans eseri olduğu yolundaki iddia, bu yapıyı Rum patriği Konstantios’un İmparator Konstantin Hamamı olarak adlandırmasından ve Texier’nin Bizans mimarisine dair kitabında bu esere yer vermesinden kaynaklanmıştır. Eğer içinde yapıldığı çukur gerçekten eski bir su haznesi ise zaten Bizans devrinde böyle bir yerde hamam inşa edilmesi ihtimal dahilinde değildir.
Gilles, yalnız erkekler kısmını gördüğü Çukur Hamam hakkında etraflı bilgi verir; bu arada şehrin en büyük hamamı olarak nitelendirdiği binanın ölçülerini de kaydeder. Mermer döşenmiş olan camekânın ortasında bir şadırvan vardır; Gilles’e göre sıcaklık kısmında ikinci bir şadırvan bulunur. Texier tarafından çizilen plana göre kadın ve erkek kısımları ölçü bakımından hemen hemen eşit olmakla beraber plan bakımından farklıdır. Kadınlar kısmı olduğu anlaşılan sol kanadın bitişiğinde, başka hamamlardan değişik olarak su haznesiyle külhan bulunur. Bu yüzden sıcaklıklar daha küçük ölçülerde kalmıştır. Burada Osmanlı hamamlarından değişik bir durum, kadın ve erkek kısımlarına dışarıdan girişlerin aynı sokak üzerinde oluşlarında görülür. Genellikle girişler ayrı sokaklarda bulunurken burada her ikisi de aynı sıradadır. Zeyrek’te Sinan’ın yapısı Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa’nın evkafından Çinili Hamam’da da böyledir. Camekân, Texier’nin planı doğru ise içten 16,50 m. ölçüsünde olup üstünü bu çapa yakın bir kubbe örtüyordu. Geçiş tromplarla sağlanmıştı. Hamamın erkekler bölümünün ılıklık ve halvet kısımları, 871’de (1466-67) yapılan Mahmud Paşa Hamamı’nın halen mevcut kısmına şaşılacak derecede benzemektedir. Burada camekânı geniş bir ılıklık takip eder. Bunun ortasında büyük kubbeli kare bir mekân, köşelerde biri helâlara ait olmak üzere kubbeli küçük hücreler vardır. Mahmud Paşa Hamamı’ndaki kubbelerin zengin biçimde bezenmiş olmasına karşılık Çukur Hamam’da geçişler çok sadedir veya en azından Texier’nin plan ve kesitinde öyle gösterilmiştir. Erkekler kısmı halvetinin orta mekânı, daha çok kaplıca mimarisinde rastlanan bir orta bölüme açılan yıldız şeklinde nişlerdir. Bunun iki yan nişi kubbeli eyvanlar halindedir. Köşelerde ise kubbeli halvet hücreleri bulunur. Böylece Mahmud Paşa Hamamı ile benzerlik tamamlanır. Çukur hamamın erkekler kısmı kaplıca mimarisinden gelen, İstanbul’un bu çeşit en eski tesislerinden Mahmud Paşa, Tahtakale, Çardaklı hamamlarında da rastlanan bir plana sahiptir.
Texier’nin planına göre, camekân bölümü erkeklerinkine eşit hacimde olan kadınlar kısmında çok dar bir ılıklığın olmasına karşılık birbirini takip eden iki halvet vardır ki bu da başka hamamlarda rastlanmayan bir özelliktir. Böylece iki göbek taşı olan çifte sıcaklıklar, köşelerinde hücreler olan dört eyvanlı Türk mimarisinin klasik şemasına uygundur.
Çukur Hamam’ın iç süslemesi hakkında elde hiçbir bilgi yoktur. Yalnız Texier ve Pullan’ın kitabında, bazı duvarların çinilerle kaplı olduğuna dair bir cümleye rastlanır. İstanbul’un fethinin hemen arkasından şehrin en büyük hamamlarından biri olarak Fâtih Sultan Mehmed evkafından yapıldığı bilinen bu tarihî eserin yok edilmesi tarih ve sanat bakımından büyük bir kayıptır. İstanbul’da Fâtih evkafından bütün hamamların (Irgat, Azebler, Çukur, Vefa, Galata’da Kapıiçi) yıktırılarak ortadan kaldırılması, şehrin mukadderatına sahip olanların ne derecede sorumsuz davrandıklarını gösterir. Halbuki XV. yüzyılın eseri Çukur Hamam, plan özellikleri ve bilhassa kadınlar kısmındaki plan düzenlemesi bakımından benzeri olmayan bir örnek teşkil ediyordu.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , I, 330, 333.
Gyllius, De Constantinopoleos Topographia , Lyon 1632, bl. IV/2, s. 274; İng. bs.: The Antiquities of Constantinople (trc. J. Ball), London 1729, s. 224-227; Alm. bs.: Topographische Beschreibung der Stadt Constantinopel , Grätz 1831.
J. von Hammer, Constantinopolis und der Bosporos , Pesth 1822, I, 534-535.
[Konstantios], Constantiniade ou Description de Constantinople ancienne et moderne (trc. M. R.), İstanbul 1846, s. 51, 65.
Ch. Texier – P. Pullan, Byzantine Architecture Illustrated by Examples of Edifices erected in the East , London 1864, s. 162-164, lv. LVII.
Lutfî, Târih , II, 63.
H. Glück, Probleme des Wölbungsbaues I: Die Bäder Konstantinopels , Wien 1921, s. 61-66, 170.
Fatih Mehmet II. Vakfiyeleri (nşr. Vakıflar Umum Müdürlüğü), Ankara 1938, s. 213, vr. 94.
A. Süheyl Ünver, Fatih’in Oğlu Bayezid’in Su Yolu Haritası , İstanbul 1945, s. 17.
K. Ahmet Aru, Türk Hamamları Etüdü , İstanbul 1949, s. 59-61.
Ayverdi, Osmanlı Mi‘mârîsi III-IV , s. 596, nr. 733, rs. 898-899.
R. Ekrem Koçu, “Çukur Hamam”, İst.A , VIII, 4171-4173; ayrıca bk. X, 5555.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 385-387 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.