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CÛNÂGERH Skip to content Hindistan’ın Gucerât bölgesinde bir il ve bu ilin merkezi olan şehir.
Kathiavar yarımadasında bulunan ve Cûnâgad (Junagadh) olarak da bilinen Cûnâgerh (Hintçe “eski kale”) çok eski bir yerleşme merkezidir. Adını, Uparkôt da (yukarı kale) denilen, civardaki kayalara oyulmuş Sûmenât adındaki Budist mâbedleriyle çeşitli kalıntılardan oluşan tarihî harabelerden alır. Şehrin yaklaşık 1 km. doğusundaki Girnâr tepelerinde yer alan bu mâbedler Gupta devrine (320-480) aittirler; ayrıca bu tepelerde İmparator Aşoka’nın (m.ö. 273-237) büyük bir kaya kitâbesiyle vadide yapılan kazılarda Helenistik Grek sikkeleri bulunmuştur.
Klasik İslâm kaynaklarında Cûnâgerh bölgesinin güneyine Sûret denilmiştir; bunu Bombay’ın kuzeyinde yer alan Sûret şehri ile karıştırmamak gerekir. Bölgenin kuzey kısımlarına ilk defa Cüneyd b. Abdurrahman kumandasındaki Arap ordusu gelmiş (728), fakat güney topraklarını fethedememişti. 815 yılında Fazl b. Mâhân tarafından Kathiavar yarımadasında kurulan Mâhâniye Emirliği’nin sınırları tam olarak bilinememekte, dolayısıyla da burayı ilk fetheden (1025) İslâm hükümdarının Gazneli Sultan Mahmud olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Bu tarihlerde Cûnâgerh önemli bir Budist merkezi olma özelliğini koruyor ve Girnar tepelerindeki mâbedlerin en büyüğünde tanrı Şiva’nın çok büyük bir heykeli bulunuyordu. Gazneli Mahmud Lingam denilen bu putu parçalayarak bir parçasını Mekke’ye, bir parçasını Medine’ye, bir parçasını da Gazne’ye gönderdi ve dönerken bu bölgeyi bir müslüman fevcdâr a bıraktı. Fakat Vâcâ Racpûtları kısa sürede idareyi ele geçirdiler. Gazneli Sultanı İbrâhim 1079’da Gucerât sahillerine kadar bölgenin tamamına tekrar hâkim olduysa da Gazneliler’de çöküşün başlaması ile Racpût racaları yine bağımsız oldular. 1178’de Gurlu Hükümdarı Muizzüddin Gucerât’ı fethetmek istedi, fakat Raca Bim’e karşı yaptığı savaşta yenildi. Daha sonra Muizzüddin’in memlükü ve Delhi Sultanlığı’nın kurucusu Kutbüddin Aybeg Raca Bim’e karşı zafer kazandı ve çevredeki diğer racaları da haraca bağladı (1195). 1297’de Delhi Halacî hânedanından Alâeddin Halacî’nin kardeşi Elmas Bey Uluğ Han bölgeyi yağmaladığı halde Cûnâgerh’e dokunmadı ve burası Racpûtlar’ın hâkimiyetinde kalmaya devam etti. 1350 yılında Delhi Tuğluk hânedanından Muhammed Tuğluk Gucerât ayaklanmasını bastırmak için çıktığı son seferde Uparkôt Kalesi’ni ele geçirdi ve kale yakınlarına bir cami inşa ederek ayrı bir şehir kurmak istedi; Cûnâgerh adını onun verdiği rivayet edilir. Muhammed Tuğluk bu sefer sırasında öldüğünde Kathiavar yarımadasında bağımsız racalar vardı ve bunlar yerine geçen Fîrûz Şah Tuğluk (1351-1388) tarafından vergiye bağlandı. 1407’de Gucerât nâzımı Zafer Han Moğollar’a karşı bağımsızlığını ilân ederek Gucerât Sultanlığı’nı kurdu. 1466 yılında bu devletin hükümdarlarından Mahmud Begarâ Cûnâgerh hâkimi Yadava Prensi Rao Mendelik’i yıllık vergi vermeye mecbur etti ve daha sonra da Cûnâgerh’i kendi topraklarına katmak istedi. Mendelik Uparkôt Kalesi’ne çekildi, fakat sonuçta teslim olmaya mecbur kaldı ve hayatının bağışlanması karşısında da sultanın hizmetine girip Müslümanlığı kabul etti; böylece bölgedeki Hindu hâkimiyeti 1470 yılında son bulmuş oldu. Uparkôt’u onaran Mahmud Begarâ burada bir cami yaptırdı, Ahmedâbâd ile diğer şehirlerden birçok âlim getirdi ve şehre Mustafâbâd adını verdi; ancak bu isim halk tarafından kullanılmadı. Mahmud Begarâ burayı merkez edinip civar bölgelere seferler düzenleyerek Cavdâsamâ Racpûtları ile mücadeleye girişti ve Champaner racası Jai Sing’i yendi. Bu dönemde Portekizliler de Hindistan’da sömürgelerini arttırmak için çaba harcıyorlar ve Cûnâgerh’in limanı Diu’yu ele geçirmeye çalışıyorlardı. Diu hâkimi Melik Ayaz Portekizliler’e karşı bir donanma oluşturarak mücadele etmeye başladı. Ayrıca, Osmanlı Sultanı Yavuz Sultan Selim’in gönderdiği Selman Reis ile son Memlük Sultanı Kansu Gavri’nin gönderdiği Emîr Hüseyin’in gemilerinden oluşan birleşik donanma Diu Limanı önünde Portekizliler’e karşı başarılı bir mücadele verdi. Daha sonra da Gucerât Sultanı Bahadır Han’ın Portekizliler tarafından öldürülmesi (1537) üzerine Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman Mısır Valisi Hadım Süleyman Paşa kumandasında bir donanma gönderdi. Ancak Hadım Süleyman Paşa’nın Aden’de emîri öldürtmesi ve bu olayın duyulması donanmanın Gucerât’a geldiği zaman iltifat ve yardım görmemesine sebep oldu. Hadım Süleyman Paşa Diu Limanı’nda beklerken çıkan bir fırtınadan sonra Portekizliler’in saldırısını püskürttüyse de ağır kayıp verdi ve İstanbul’dan getirdiği iki ağır topu sahilde bırakarak dönmek zorunda kaldı.
Cûnâgerh 1590 yılında Türk kumandanı Abdürrahim Hân-ı Hânân’ın Gucerât’ı fethederek Bâbürlü İmparatorluğu’na katmasına kadar Gucerât Sultanlığı’nın idaresinde kaldı. 1591 yılında Bâbürlü Hükümdarı Ekber Şah Kathiavar yarımadasını tamamen fethettiği zaman Cûnâgerh Limanı’nda Hadım Süleyman Paşa’nın bıraktığı Süleymânî diye meşhur olmuş ağır topları buldu. Ekber Şah’ın emîrlerinden Hüdâvend Han Cûnâgerh Kalesi’ni onarıp bu topları kaleye nakletti. Bundan sonra şehir, Bâbürlü hükümdarlarının tayin ettiği Gucerât nâzımlarının gönderdikleri nâib-fevcdârlar tarafından yönetildi. 1660 yılında Sultan Evrengzîb bir fermanla Girnar mâbedlerine serbestlik tanıdı ve arkasından bizzat nâib-fevcdâr olarak tayin ettiği Kutbüddin Han’ı bölgede isyan çıkarmaya çalışan kötülükleriyle tanınmış Rai Sing’i cezalandırmakla görevlendirdi. Kutbüddin Han’ın büyük bir başarı kazanması üzerine Cûnâgerh’in adı İslâmnagar olarak değiştirildi ve burada bir darphâne kuruldu; ancak şehrin bu yeni adı da halk tarafından pek kullanılmadı.
1737 yılında nâib-fevcdâr olan Şîr Han Bâbî, aynı yıl Bâbürlü otoritesinin zayıflamasından faydalanarak Cûnâgerh’in bağımsızlığını ilân etti, böylece bölgede bir hânedan kurulmuş oldu. Şîr Han Bâbî’nin yirmi yıllık idaresi süresince ülke Maratalar’ın istilâsından korundu ve hânedanın hâkimiyeti Kathiavar yarımadasına yayılmaya başladı. Şîr Han Bâbî ölünce tahta oğlu I. Muhammed Mehâbet Han (ö. 1770), ondan sonra da Muhammed Hâmid Han (ö. 1840) geçti. 1806 yılında Baroda’da bulunan İngilizler’in baskısıyla Menâvâdâr ve Mangrol gibi şehirler haraç vermeyi kabul ederek Cûnâgerh hâkimiyetini tanıdılar. Ancak ertesi yıl İngiliz Doğu Hindistan Şirketi (The British East India Company) Cûnâgerh hânedanlığı ile ilk bağlantısını kurdu ve 1821 yılında da yıllık vergileri hükümdara bırakarak ülkeyi tamamen denetimi altına aldı. 1892’de aynı hânedana mensup Muhammed Resûl Han hükümdar oldu. İleri görüşlülüğüyle tanınan Resûl Han yönetimi süresinde kolej, kütüphane, müze, hastahane, yetimler yurdu yaptırmak gibi çeşitli sosyal faaliyetlerde bulundu ve antik Sûmenât mâbedlerini tamir ettirdi. Cûnâgerh, İngiltere’nin yönetimindeki Hindistan’da para basma hakkına sahip birkaç mahallî devletten biriydi ve senelik geliri çok yüksekti. Muhammed Resûl Han 1911 yılında ölünce yerine küçük oğlu II. Muhammed Mehâbet Han geçti; fakat İngilizler tarafından idarî yetkileri elinden alındı ve 1920 yılında ülke bağımsızlığını tamamen kaybetti. 1943’te İngilizler Serdârgerh ve Bântveh gibi civardaki bazı yerleşim bölgelerini idarî bakımdan buraya bağladılar. Cûnâgerh 1947 yılındaki bölünme sırasında Pakistan Devleti’ne bırakıldıysa da aynı yılın kasım ayında mahallî yöneticilerin direnmelerine rağmen Hint askerleri Cûnâgerh’e girdiler, son Cûnâgerh nevvâbı ailesini alarak Karaçi’ye göç etti; 1960’ta orada öldü. 1947’den sonra bir süre Bombay mahallî idaresine bağlanan Cûnâgerh her ne kadar Birleşmiş Milletler yıllıklarında Hindistan ile Pakistan arasında henüz anlaşma sağlanamamış yerlerden biri olarak gösterilmekteyse de bugün Gucerât eyaletine bağlanmış halde Hindistan birliği içinde yer almaktadır.
Cûnâgerh, Rackot’u Verâval’a bağlayan yol üzerindedir. Şehrin en önemli tarihî yapıları geçmiş hükümdarlarla âlim ve şeyhlere ait türbelerdir. Mahmud Begarâ tarafından yaptırılan cami halen mevcut olup en önemli özelliği minaresindeki merdivenin Sâmerrâ Ulucamii ve Kahire’de İbn Tolun Camii’nin minareleri gibi dıştan dolanmasıdır. Tarihî yapılar Dekken’deki Bâbürlü mimarisinin özelliklerini taşır. Mısır Valisi Hadım Süleyman Paşa’nın sahile bıraktığı iki top halen Cûnâgerh’tedir. Eski şehir merkezi Uparkôt yüksek dağların eteklerinde metruk kalmıştır. Şehrin en ilginç yerlerinden biri, Sakarbağ adındaki su bendini de içine alan ve bugün millî park haline getirilmiş olarak Willingdon bahçesiyle Triveni denilen üç nehrin birleştiği yerdeki mesire alanıdır. Şehirdeki önemli yapılar içinde bir hastahane, bir müze ile çeşitli camiler yer almaktadır.
Cûnâgerh ilinin toplam nüfusu 2.100.709, yalnız şehrinki ise 118.646 (1981) olup bunun % 20’si müslümandır. Ekonomik bakımdan Cûnâgerh tarım ve hayvan ürünleri, kereste ve tuz ticaret merkezidir. Bölgede hayvan besiciliği yapılır; el sanatlarından dokumacılık ve altın işlemeciliği meşhurdur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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A. S. Bazmee Ansari, “Djunāgarh”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 597-598.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 95-96 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.