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CÜRCÂNÎ, Seyyid Şerîf Skip to content Ebü’l-Hasen Alî b. Muhammed b. Alî es-Seyyid eş-Şerîf el-Cürcânî el-Hanefî (ö. 816/1413)
Arap dili, kelâm ve fıkıh âlimi.
24 Şâban 740 (24 Şubat 1340) tarihinde Cürcân yakınlarındaki Takü’de doğdu. Deylem’deki Zeydî imamlarından olup Hz. Peygamber’in soyundan gelen dâî Muhammed b. Zeyd’in (ö. 287/900) on üçüncü göbekten torunu olduğu için Seyyid Şerîf unvanıyla tanınır (Şevkânî, I, 488). İlk öğrenimini memleketinde yaptı. Kutbüddin er-Râzî et-Tahtânî’nin mantığa dair Şerḥu’ş-Şemsiyye ve Şerḥu’l-Meṭâliʿ adlı eserlerini bizzat kendisinden okumak için muhtemelen 1362 yılından önce Herat’a gitti. Bir müddet sonra yaşlılığı sebebiyle öğretim faaliyetini sürdüremeyen hocası kendisine, Mısır’da ikamet etmekte olan tanınmış mantık âlimi ve talebesi Mübârek Şah’ın yanına gidip ondan okumasını tavsiye etti. Mısır yolculuğu sırasında Anadolu’da şöhretini duyduğu Cemâleddin Aksarâyî’nin talebesi olmak arzusuyla onun memleketine giderken yolda Aksarâyî’nin Şerḥu’l-Îżâḥ ’ını inceleme fırsatı buldu. Eseri başarısız görerek Aksarâyî’den istifade edemeyeceği kanaatine vardıysa da görüştüğü bazı kimselerden, onun öğretimde teliften daha başarılı olduğunu öğrenince yoluna devam etti. Ancak Aksaray’a vardığında hocanın vefat ettiğini öğrendi. Bu sırada tanıştığı Aksarâyî’nin talebesi Molla Fenârî ile birlikte Mısır’a gitti. Yaklaşık on yıl kaldığı Mısır’da Şeyh Bedreddin Simâvî, şair Ahmedî, hekim Hacı Paşa gibi arkadaşlarıyla birlikte aklî ilimleri Mübârek Şah’tan, naklî ilimleri de Ekmeleddin el-Bâbertî’den okudu. Bu arada Kutbüddin er-Râzî’nin Şerḥu’l-Meṭâliʿi’l-envâr ’ına bir hâşiye yazdı. Tahsilini tamamladıktan sonra Bursa’ya uğrayarak ülkesine döndü. Şîraz’da Sa‘deddin et-Teftâzânî onu ülkenin hükümdarı Şah Şücâ‘a takdim etti ve oradaki Dârüşşifâ Medresesi müderrisliğine tayin edildi. On yıl kaldığı bu medresede öğretim faaliyetleri yanında telif çalışmalarını da sürdürerek İran’da özellikle aklî ilimlerde büyük bir şöhret kazandı. Timur’un Şîraz’ı zaptetmesi üzerine kendisi istemediği halde Semerkant’a götürüldü (789/1387). Burada on sekiz yıl müddetle başmüderrislik yaptı ve bu süre içinde pek çok eser telif etti; ayrıca Mâverâünnehir âlimleriyle, özellikle Teftâzânî ile ilmî münazaralarda bulundu. Bu münazaralarda gösterdiği başarı hem Timur hem de meslektaşları nezdinde itibarını arttırdı. Semerkant’ta tanıştığı Hâce Alâeddin Attâr vasıtasıyla tasavvufa karşı ilgi duyarak Nakşibendiyye tarikatına girdi. Mevlânâ Nizâmeddin Hâmûş ile de dostluk kurarak onun tasavvufî sohbetlerine katıldı. Timur’un ölümünden (807/1405) sonra fitne ve kargaşanın hâkim olduğu Semerkant’tan ayrılarak Şîraz’a döndü ve ömrünün geri kalan kısmını burada ilmî faaliyetlerle geçirdi. 6 Rebîülâhir 816 (6 Temmuz 1413) Çarşamba günü Şîraz’da vefat etti ve Atîk Camii civarındaki Vakıb Mezarlığı’na defnedildi.
Cürcânî, yaşadığı döneme kendi damgasını vuran ve sonraki yüzyıllarda bir otorite olarak etkisini devam ettiren çok yönlü birkaç âlimden biridir. Başlıca ilgi alanı kelâm, Arap dili ve edebiyatı olmakla beraber felsefe, mantık, astronomi, matematik, mezhepler tarihi, fıkıh, hadis, tefsir, tasavvuf gibi dinî ve aklî ilimlerin hemen hepsine dair telif, şerh ve hâşiye türünde eserler vermiş, bundan dolayı “allâme” unvanını almaya hak kazanmıştır. Kaynaklar onun zeki, müdekkik, muhakkik, derin anlayışlı, fesahat ve belâgat sahibi, münazarada mahir bir âlim olduğunda ittifak eder. Cürcânî’nin bilhassa Arap dili, ferâiz ve kelâmla ilgili eserleri medreselerde nesilden nesile intikal ederek el kitabı haline gelmiş, kendisi ulemâ arasında büyük bir itimat kazanarak otorite sayılmış görüşleri medreselerin ilmî ve fikrî hayatında asırlarca süren tesirler meydana getirmiştir. Anadolu, İran, Türkistan ve Hindistan’da yetişen âlimlerden bir kısmının icâzetnâmesinin ilmî silsile itibariyle Cürcânî’ye, bir kısmının Teftâzânî’ye bağlı olması bu hususu teyit eder mahiyettedir. Ayrıca Cürcânî’den itibaren İslâm âlimlerinin uzun süre “Cürcânî ekolü” veya “Teftâzânî ekolü”ne bağlı gösterilmek suretiyle iki gruba ayrılmış bulunması, Cürcânî ile Teftâzânî arasındaki görüş ayrılıklarında taraflardan birini savunmak için eṭ-Ṭavdü’l-münîf fi’l-intiṣâr li’s-Saʿd ʿale’ş-Şerîf (Şevkânî), Mesâlikü’l-ḫalâṣ fî tehâlüki’l-ḫavâṣ (Taşköprizâde Ahmed Efendi), İḫtilâfü’s-Seyyid ve’s-Saʿd (Mescizâde Abdullah Efendi) vb. eserlerin telif edilmiş olması, Cürcânî’nin XV. yüzyıldan itibaren İslâm düşüncesi tarihinde önemli bir yer işgal ettiğini gösterir. Eserlerinin çoğu şerh ve hâşiye niteliğinde olmasına rağmen ulemâ bu eserleri diğer şerh ve hâşiyeler gibi teferruat saymak yerine asıl metinler kadar, hatta çoğunlukla onlardan daha önemli görmüştür. Yetiştirdiği talebeler arasında ünlü matematikçi Kadızâde-i Rûmî, Fethullah eş-Şirvânî, Fahreddîn-i Acemî gibi isimler yer alır.
Felsefî kelâm hareketinin yaygın olduğu bir dönemde yetişen Cürcânî selefleri Fahreddin er-Râzî, Seyfeddin el-Âmidî ve Kādî Beyzâvî gibi felsefenin tesiri altında kalmış, kelâm sisteminde seleflerine nisbetle felsefeye daha fazla ağırlık vermiştir. Nitekim kelâma dair en hacimli eseri olan Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf ’ta felsefî konuların akaid konularından çok fazla yer tutması (kitabın üçte ikisi kadar) bunu açıkça göstermektedir. Bazı araştırmacılar, Cürcânî’yi İbn Sînâ felsefesine bağlı bir düşünür olarak gösterirlerse de (Ülken, s. 114, 118) böyle bir hükme varmak oldukça güçtür. Zira o hem kendisinden önceki kelâmcıların, hem de İslâm filozoflarının görüşlerini tartıştıktan sonra genellikle Eş‘arî kelâmcılarının, özellikle de Âmidî’nin görüşlerini benimser görünmektedir. Cürcânî fıkıhta Hanefî mezhebine bağlıdır; itikadî konularda ise çoğunlukla Eş‘arîler’in görüşlerini benimser. Cürcânî’nin kelâma dair bazı görüşleri şöyle özetlenebilir:
1. Bilgi Problemi. İnsan zihni varlığa ait form ve kavramları yansıtan bir ayna gibidir. Bir bilginin doğruluğu objesine uygunluğu ile anlaşılır. Buna göre kesin bilgi için objenin zihinde bıraktığı izin, dış dünyadaki gerçekliğiyle tam bir uyum halinde olması, ayrıca geçmişte verilen hükümle şu anda ve gelecekteki hükümler arasında bir uygunluğun bulunması ve süje-obje arasındaki uygunlukla verilen hükümlerin zaman içindeki tutarlığının birbirini tamamlaması gerekir (Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf , I, 32-36; Ülken, 139-145). Cürcânî’ye göre bilgiler bize kendilerini zorunlu olarak empoze etmez, biz onları düşünerek ve akıl yürüterek elde ederiz. Bu görüşüyle Gazzâlî’yi takip etmiş, bilgi teorisinde süjenin objeye uygunluğu konusunda safdil realizmden olduğu kadar şüphecilikten ve sofistik kanıtlardan kaçınma imkânı veren bir sonuca ulaşmıştır. Onun bilgi problemine bakışı, varlığı temellendiren bir realizmin ifadesi olarak değerlendirilir ve çağdaş pozitivistlerle bazı ilim filozoflarının tanımına yakın kabul edilir (Ülken, s. 144).
2. Allah’ın Varlığı ve Sıfatları. Mümkin bir varlık kendi başına var olamadığı gibi başkasını da icat edemez. Çünkü varlığın var etmesi var olmasından sonra gelir. Buna göre bir şeyin kendisi var olmadıkça başkasını meydana getirmesi imkânsızdır. Eğer varlıkların hepsi mümkin olsaydı hiçbir varlığın mevcut olmaması gerekirdi, halbuki bu gerçeğe aykırıdır. Öyleyse mümkinleri var eden zorunlu (vâcip) bir varlık mevcuttur ki o da Allah’tır. Değişik ifade şekilleri ve kuruluş biçimleri bulunan imkân delilinin en kuvvetlisi ve önermeleri en açık olanı budur (Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf , II, 335). İlâhî sıfatları ispat etmek için en doğru yol, duyuların ötesini (gāib) duyular âlemiyle (şâhid) mukayese etmektir. Genel olarak bu âlemde ilim sahiplerine âlim denildiğine göre âlim olan Allah’ta ilim ve diğer mâna sıfatlarının bulunduğuna da hükmetmek gerekir. Naslarda Allah Teâlâ’ya atfedilen haberî sıfatların çoğunun, zihnî mânaların kolayca kavranmasını sağlayan istiare, mecaz veya kinaye gibi anlatım yolları dikkate alınarak açıklanması icap eder. Bu suretle sıfât-ı meânînin ispatıyla ilgili olarak Ehl-i sünnet kelâmcılarınca kabul edilen metodu benimseyen ve haberî sıfatların te’vil edilmesini zaruri gören Cürcânî’ye göre Allah’ın âhirette görülmesi keyfiyetsiz (bilâ keyf) olarak gerçekleşecektir (a.g.e. , II, 339, 367, 373).
3. Mûcize ve Keramet. Mûcizeler peygamberliği akılla değil bilinen ve alışılageleni aşmak suretiyle ispat eder. Meselâ göğe yükselmek, su üzerinde yürümek gibi peygamberin gücü dahilinde bulunan bazı hadiseler, alışılagelen olayların (âdet) dışında vuku buldukları ve Allah tarafından yaratıldıkları için mûcize sayılır. Bazı peygamberlerde çocukluk çağında görülen hârikulâde olaylar mûcize değil keramettir. Bunlar aynı zamanda kerametin hak olduğunu gösteren birer delildir. Çünkü mûcize, peygamberlik iddiasında bulunan kimseye ait bir delil teşkil ettiğine ve çocukluk çağında bu iddia ile ortaya çıkan bir peygamber mevcut olmadığına göre bunların keramet olarak değerlendirilmesi gerekir. Aksi takdirde bunların, kerameti inkâr eden bazı kişilerin öne sürdüğü gibi kendisi ortada bulunmayan bir peygambere ait olması icap eder, bu ise imkânsız bir şeydir (a.g.e. , I, 410, 411, 412).
4. İman-İslâm. Cürcânî’ye göre iman tasdikten ibarettir; zira o kalbe (zihne) ait bir fiildir. Dini vazeden (şâri‘), maksadını anlatmak için Araplar’a kendi dilleriyle hitap etmiştir; Arap dilinde ise iman bu anlama gelmektedir. İman ile İslâm aynı şeydir. Nitekim âyette “müslim” tabiri “mümin” karşılığında kullanılarak ikisinin aynı anlama geldiğine işaret edilmiştir (ez-Zâriyât 51/35-36). Cürcânî bu sonuncu görüşünde Mâtürîdîler’in telakkisini benimsemiştir.
5. İman-Küfür Sınırı. Ehl-i kıbleden olup büyük günah işleyenler tekfir edilmez. Ancak Allah’a eş koşanlar, hulûle inananlar, Hz. Peygamber’in nübüvvetini inkâr edip alaya alanlar, dinin haram kıldığı hususları helâl telakki edenler ve dinî yükümlülükleri ortadan kaldıranlar kâfir sayılırlar (Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf , II, 463).
Cürcânî Arap dili ve edebiyatında daha çok Basra ekolüne (Basriyyûn) mensup bir dilci olarak kabul edilir. Bu konuda Zemahşerî ve Cemâleddin İbnü’l-Hâcib’in tesiri altında kalmıştır (Gümüş, s. 178). Eserlerinde seciden, yerli yersiz mecazlardan ve kaba istiarelerden uzak olan bir üslûp kullanmıştır. Cürcânî’nin edebî yönü, Kemâl Ebû Dîb’in Al-Jurjānī’s Theory of Poetic Imagery (Wiltshire 1979) adlı eserinde ve Sadreddin Gümüş’ün Seyyid Şerîf Cürcânî ve Arap Dilindeki Yeri isimli doktora çalışmasında (bk. bibl.) inceleme konusu yapılmıştır.
Eserleri. Cürcânî kelâm, tasavvuf, felsefe, mantık, astronomi, aritmetik, münazara, sarf-nahiv, belâgat, tefsir, hadis, fıkıh, tasavvuf gibi değişik ilimlere dair irili ufaklı 100 civarında eser kaleme almıştır. Bunların belli başlıları şunlardır:
A) Kelâm. 1. Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf . Adudüddin el-Îcî’nin el-Mevâḳıf adlı eserine yapılan şerhlerin en meşhurudur (İstanbul 1292/1875).
2. Şerḥu’l-ʿAḳāʾidi’l-ʿAḍudiyye (TSMK, III. Ahmed, nr. 1886).
3. Şerḥu esmâʾi’l-ḥüsnâʾ (Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 2433/17).
4. Risâle fî beyâni’l-fırḳati’n-nâciye . Mezheplere dair küçük bir risâledir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Fâtih, nr. 5436/10).
5. Ḥâşiyetü’t-Tecrîd . Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Teşyîdi’l-ḳavâʾid fî şerḥi Tecrîdi’l-ʿaḳāʾid ve Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Şerḥi’t-Tecrîd adlarıyla da bilinen eser, Nasîrüddin et-Tûsî’nin akaid kitabına Şemseddin el-İsfahânî tarafından yapılan şerhin hâşiyesidir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Kadızâde Mehmed, nr. 55, Ayasofya, nr. 2227; bk. TECRÎDÜ’l-KELÂM ).
6. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Meṭâliʿi’l-enzâr şerḥi Ṭavâliʿi’l-envâr . Şemseddin el-İsfahânî’nin Kādî Beyzâvî’ye ait Ṭavâliʿu’l-envâr ’a yaptığı şerhin hâşiyesidir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 2554).
B) Felsefe, Mantık ve Astronomi. 1. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Şerḥi Ḥikmeti’l-ʿayn . Ali b. Ömer el-Kâtibî’nin eserine Muhammed b. Mübârekşah tarafından yapılan şerhin hâşiyesidir (Kalküta 1845; Kazan 1319, 1324).
2. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Şerḥi Hidâyeti’l-ḥikme . Esîrüddin el-Ebherî’ye ait kitaba Muhammed b. Mübârekşah’ın yaptığı şerhin hâşiyesidir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 2438).
3. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Levâmiʿi’l-esrâr şerḥi Meṭâliʿi’l-envâr . Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Şerḥi Meṭâliʿi’l-envâr adıyla da bilinen kitap, Sirâceddin el-Urmevî’nin eserine Kutbüddin er-Râzî tarafından yapılan şerhin hâşiyesidir (İstanbul 1276, 1303).
4. Risâle fi’l-manṭıḳ . Aslı Farsça olarak yazılan bu risâleyi oğlu Nûreddin Arapça’ya çevirmiştir (İstanbul 1288).
5. Şerḥu’l-Mülaḫḫaṣ fi’l-heyʾe . Çağmînî’nin astronomiye dair eserine yapılmış bir şerhtir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 2654, 2655, Fâtih, nr. 3408).
C) Arap Dili ve Edebiyatı. 1. et-Taʿrîfât . Meşhur bir terimler sözlüğü olup birçok defa basılmıştır.
2. Şerḥu’l-ʿİzzî . Zencânî’nin eserine dair bir şerhtir (İstanbul 1266).
3. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Şerḥi’l-Kâfiye . Radıyyüddin el-Esterâbâdî’nin el-Kâfiye (İbnü’l-Hâcib’in) şerhine yapılmış hâşiyedir (İstanbul 1275).
4. Şerḥu’l-Kâfiye . İbnü’l-Hâcib’in el-Kâfiye ’sine yapılan Farsça bir şerhtir (İstanbul 1311).
5. Ḥâşiye ʿale’l-Muṭavvel . Hatîb el-Kazvînî’nin Telḫîṣü’l-Miftâḥ ’ına Teftâzânî’nin yaptığı şerhin hâşiyesidir (İstanbul 1241).
D) Fıkıh. 1. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Şerḥi Muḫtaṣari’l-müntehâ . İbnü’l-Hâcib’in fıkıh usulüne dair eserine Adudüddin el-Îcî tarafından yazılan şerhin hâşiyesidir (Bulak 1316).
2. Ḥâşiye ʿale’t-Telvîḥ . Sadrüşşerîa Ubeydullah b. Mes‘ûd el-Buhârî’ye ait Tenḳīḥu’l-uṣûl adlı esere Teftâzânî tarafından yapılan şerhin hâşiyesidir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Cârullah Efendi, nr. 460, Esad Efendi, nr. 2979).
3. Şerḥu’l-Ferâʾiżi’s-Sirâciyye . Secâvendî’nin eserine ait bir şerh olup birçok defa yayımlanmıştır.
E) Tasavvuf. 1. Risâle-i Şevḳıyye . Farsça olarak yazılan risâle sûfîlerin uyması gereken esasları ihtiva eder (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 1755/4).
2. er-Risâletü’l-Bahâʾiyye . Bahâeddin Nakşibend’in menkıbelerine dairdir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 851).
3. Taʿlîḳa ʿalâ ʿAvârifi’l-maʿârif . Şehâbeddin es-Sühreverdî’nin eserine ait bir şerhtir (a.g.e. , II, 1177).
F) Tefsir. 1. Ḥâşiye ʿale’l-Keşşâf . Zemahşerî’ye ait el-Keşşâf ’ın baş tarafına (Fâtiha ile Bakara’nın ilk yirmi beş âyeti) yapılmış bir hâşiye olup el-Keşşâf ’ın kenarında basılmıştır (Beyrut, ts.).
2. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Tefsîri’l-Beyżâvî (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 193).
3. Tefsîrü’z-zehrâveyn . Bakara ve Âl-i İmrân sûrelerinin tefsiridir (a.g.e. , I, 448).
4. Tercümânü’l-Ḳurʾân (Tahran 1333). Kur’an’daki bazı kelimelerin Farsça’ya tercümesinden ibarettir.
G) Hadis. 1. ed-Dîbâcü’l-müẕheb . Hadis terimlerine dair olan eser el-Muḫtaṣar fî uṣûli’l-ḥadîs̱ adıyla da bilinir. Birinci adıyla Abdülgaffâr Süleyman (Kahire, ts.), ikinci adıyla Fuad Abdülmün‘im Ahmed (İskenderiye 1983) tarafından tahkik edilerek yayımlanmıştır.
2. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Ḫulâṣati’ṭ-Ṭîbî . Tîbî’nin hadis usulüne dair eserine yapılmış bir şerhtir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 720).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Cürcânî, Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf , I, 32-36; II, 335, 339, 345-346, 366, 367, 373, 385, 387, 389, 403, 404, 407, 410, 411, 412, 454, 455, 463.
Sehâvî, eḍ-Ḍavʾü’l-lâmiʿ , V, 328-330.
Reşehât Tercümesi , İstanbul 1969, s. 128.
Taşköprizâde, Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde , I, 183, 208, 209, 318-320, 373; II, 178, 181.
Kınalızâde, Tabakātü’l-Hanefiyye , Süleymaniye Ktp., Hasan Hüsnü Paşa, nr. 844, vr. 22a-b .
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 193, 346, 448, 720, 851; II, 1177.
Şevkânî, el-Bedrü’ṭ-ṭâliʿ , I, 488-489.
Leknevî, el-Fevâʾidü’l-behiyye , s. 125-134.
Brockelmann, GAL , II, 280-281; Suppl. , II, 305-306.
Uzunçarşılı, İlmiye Teşkilâtı , s. 19.
Browne, LHP , III, 355.
Serkîs, Muʿcem , I, 678-681.
Ronart, CEAC , s. 276.
Hasan Lütfi Shushud, Masters of Wisdom of Central Asia , Oxford 1983, s. 70.
Nüveyhiz, Muʿcemü’l-müfessirîn , I, 380-381.
Hilmi Ziya Ülken, İslâm Felsefesi , İstanbul 1983, s. 114, 118, 124-125, 138-145, 301.
Sadreddin Gümüş, Seyyid Şerîf Cürcânî ve Arap Dilindeki Yeri , İstanbul 1984, s. 83-125, 129-171, 178, 181.
M. Halil Yinanç, “İcazetnâmeler ve Seyyid Şerif Cürcânî”, Tarihten Sesler , sy. 15, İstanbul 1944, s. 8-9, 10, 11.
T. M. Johnstone, “K. Abu Deeb, Al-Jurjānī’s Theory of Poetic Imagery”, BSOAS , XLIV (1981), s. 369.
Ali Muhammed Hasan Amârî, “es-Seyyid el-Cürcânî”, ME , XX (1984), s. 123, 129.
DMF , I/2, s. 734.
A. S. Tritton, “al-D̲j̲urd̲j̲ānī”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 602.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 134-136 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.