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DÂÎ Skip to content İslâm dünyasında ortaya çıkan bazı fırkalarda mezhebi yayma yetkisi verilen kimsenin görev unvanı.
Arapça’da “seslenmek, çağırmak, davet etmek” anlamındaki da‘ve veya duâ kökünden sıfat olan dâî , “insanları kendi din veya mezhebine çağıran kimse” demektir. Bazan anlamı pekiştirmek için sonuna “tâ” getirilerek dâiye şeklinde de kullanılır. Dâî Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de, Hz. Peygamber’in Allah elçisi olarak fonksiyon ve görevlerini dile getiren âyetlerde bilhassa “Allah’a çağıran” mânasında yer almakta (el-Ahzâb 33/46; el-Ahkāf 46/31-32), ayrıca genel olarak “dua eden, çağıran” anlamında da geçmektedir (bk. M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “dâʿî” md.). Kelime “dua eden, çağıran” mânasıyla çeşitli hadislerde de görülmektedir (bk. Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “dʿav” md.). “Allah’a çağıran” anlamıyla Hz. Peygamber’e nisbet edilişinden faydalanılarak benimsenen, ilk Mu‘tezile, Zeydiyye ve Abbâsîler’de nâdiren kullanılan dâî en çok İsmâiliyye, Karmatîler ve Dürzî tarihinde göze çarpmaktadır.
İsmâiliyye ve Karmatîler’de “da‘vet” adı verilen mezhep faaliyetlerini yürütmek için imam tarafından yetki verilmek suretiyle tayin edilen dâîler, mezhep bünyesi içinde hüccet ten sonra gelen önemli bir mevkiye sahiptirler. Kendi aralarında hiyerarşik bir sisteme tâbi tutulan bu görevliler içinde en yüksek rütbeye sahip bulunan, bazan dâî-i ekber veya bab unvanıyla da anılan ve imamın sözcüsü durumunda olan dâi’d-duât tır. Bu en yüksek dâî, her türlü ilim ve mezhep faaliyetlerini yürütme konusunda bir üst rütbe olan hüccete karşı sorumludur. Sıra itibariyle ikinci derecede olan dâi’l-belâğ , bir bakıma dâi’d-duâtın genel sekreteri durumunda olup çeşitli bölgelere gönderilecek emirlerin tebliğiyle ve sırların gizlilik içinde ilgili yerlere ulaştırılmasını sağlamakla yükümlüdür. Bazan zü’l-massa (ذو المصة ) veya nakib adı da verilen dâî-i mutlak , ihtiyaç duyulan bölgelere tam yetkili olarak gönderilen, faaliyetleri konusunda emir ve tâlimatı sadece dâi’d-duât tan alan görevlidir. Rütbe itibariyle bundan sonra gelen dâî-i me’zûn ise görevli olduğu yerde tebliğ edeceği bilgileri ve mezhep esaslarını dâî-i mutlaktan öğrenir, bulunduğu yerden başka bir yere tayini konusunda dâi’d-duâta bağlıdır. Bundan sonraki derece dâî-i mahdûd veya dâî-i mahsûr mertebesidir. Bu mevkideki dâî, kendi bölgesinde mezhebin tebliği işi ve bölgesinden başka bir yere tayini konusunda tamamen dâî-i mutlaka bağlı olarak faaliyet gösterir. Cenâh adı verilen rütbe ise daha aşağı bir derecede olup sağ ve sol cenâh olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Bu rütbedekiler dâî-i mutlakın propaganda işlerinde yanında olmak, hizmetinde bulunmak ve faaliyet gösterilecek belde yahut bölgede hareket tarzının tesbiti için istihbarat temin etmekle mükelleftirler. Cenâhlar dâi’d-duâta hizmet ettikleri için yed (çoğulu eyâdî ) unvanı ile de anılırlar. Mükâsir, mükâlib veya mükelleb adı verilen en aşağı seviyedeki dâîler ise avcı köpeğinin avı yakalayıp avcıya getirmesi gibi mezhebe girebilecek kimseleri tesbit edip bağlı bulundukları dâî ile irtibat kurduran görevlilerdir. Daima halk arasında faaliyet gösteren bu sonuncu zümrenin mezhep konusunda sahip oldukları bilgiler yanında davet edeceği kimselerin psikolojik durumlarını da çok iyi kavrayan ve gereğine göre hareket eden kişiler olmasına özellikle dikkat edilmiştir. Bu arada dâîlerin hareket tarzları, “el-belâgu’l-ekber” adı verilen da‘vet hiyerarşisi ve metotları da tesbit edilmiştir (Bağdâdî, s. 301-305; Gazzâlî, s. 21-36).
İsmâiliyye’nin ilk devrelerinde imam tarafından tayin edilen ve güvenilir ajanlar olan dâîlerin imamla doğrudan irtibat kurdukları anlaşılmaktadır. Dâîler, diğer fırkalardaki din âlimlerinden farklı olarak, kaynağını imamdan yahut mezhebin öteki yetkililerinden alan mânevî bir otoriteye sahiptirler. Görevleri, sadece imamların kutsal ve hikmetli düşüncelerini yaymak türünden eğitim ve öğretim düzeyindeki faaliyetlerden ibaret olmayıp imam adına hareket ederek ahid, mîsâk ve biat almak gibi yetkileri de vardır.
Dâîlerin ilmî mânada yetiştirilmesi son derece önemlidir. Bunun için başkalarının sordukları sorulara rahatça cevap verebilecek ve bundan dolayı mahcup olmayacak derecede bilgilendirilmelerini sağlayacak bir öğretim planı uygulanmıştır. Genellikle Fâtımîler devri dâîleri Kur’ân-ı Kerîm, tefsir ve te’vil, fıkıh, hadisin bütün dalları, da‘vet nazariyesi, münâzara üslûbu, dinî kıssalar, bid‘at ehli ve zındıklarla ilgili bilgiler, felsefe ve özellikle sudûr felsefesi, mantık, fizikî âlemdeki müşahhas meselelerin mânevî âleme uygulanması gibi konularda esaslı bir eğitim ve öğretim görmüşlerdir. Dâîlerin yetişmesine yardımcı olmak maksadıyla daha çok diyalog tarzında çeşitli eserler hazırlanmıştır. Meselâ İbn Havşeb’e veya oğlu Ca‘fer b. Mansûrü’l-Yemen’e nisbet edilen, bir talebe ile bir âlimin soru-cevap şeklindeki konuşmalarını konu alan el-ʿÂlim ve’l-ġulâm ve Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî’nin Kitâbü’z-Zîne ’si, dâîler arasında el kitabı olarak kullanılmış eserlerdir. Yetişmişliği yanında dindar, ahlâkî ve dinî faziletlere sahip örnek insan, organizasyon ve yönetimde başarılı, görevine samimi bir şekilde bağlı ve dürüst olması gereken dâînin, bunlardan başka imama yahut kendisinin üstündeki görevliye itaat ve sadakat göstermesi de başta gelen özellikler arasında kabul edilmiştir.
Dâîler görevlerinin karşılığı olarak maaş aldıkları gibi, da‘vetin yürütülebilmesi için imam yahut nâibleri tarafından gerekli görülen malî fonlar da onların emrine verilir. Bu fonları dikkatli kullanmaları, şahsî ihtiyaçları için harcamamaları ve tahsis edilen meblağı aşmamaları zaman zaman dâîlerden istenmiştir.
İsmâilî dâîleri, imamın bir halife gibi devlete hâkim olduğu dönemler dışında, da‘vet faaliyetlerini genellikle gizli ve ihtilâlci metotlarla yürütmüşlerdir. Buna karşılık imamın devlet başkanı olduğu dönemlerde idarî kademelerde büyük itibar kazanmaları yanında dinî işleri yürütmekle görevli dâi’d-duât da devlet içinde vezirliğe muadil bir mevkiye sahip olmuştur. Bu bakımdan dâîleri sadece mezhebin propagandacıları olarak kabul etmek doğru değildir. Dâîler mezhebin gelişme ve yayılmasını sağlayan ilmî faaliyetler yanında aynı zamanda idarecilik görevi yapmış, gerektiğinde ordunun başında kumandan olarak sefere çıkmışlardır. Bu anlamda güçlü dâîler arasında, Yemen’de ilk İsmâilî Devleti’ni kuran ve Mansûrü’l-Yemen diye anılan İbn Havşeb, Kuzey Afrika’daki Berberî kabilelerini kendisine bağladıktan sonra teşkil ettiği ordu ile Ağlebîler’i yenip Mehdî el-Fâtımî’nin Fâtımî Devleti’ni kurmasını sağlayan Ebû Abdullah eş-Şiî, Fâtımî Halifesi Müstansır-Billâh, devrinin büyük âlimi ve Büveyhî sarayında mezhebinin ajanı olan Müeyyed-Fiddîn, Karmatîliğin kurucusu Hamdân Karmat ve kayınbiraderi Abdân, Halife Mu‘tazıd-Billâh zamanında Abbâsî ordusunu Basra’da mağlûp ederek bütün Bahreyn yöresini zapteden Ebû Saîd el-Cennâbî zikredilebilir.
Nizârî İsmâilîler Selçuklu devrinde İran’a intikal ettikten sonra İsmâiliyye’nin eski sistemini devam ettirmişlerdir. Bu sırada zâhir imamı bulunmayan fırkaya İsfahan dâîsi başkanlık etmiştir. Hasan Sabbâh devrinden itibaren 1164 yılında zâhir imam Hasan Alâ Zikrihisselâm’ın ortaya çıkışına kadar Alamut hâkimleri gizli imamın tabii dâîsi olmuşlardır. Bu arada Hasan Sabbâh dâîliğin de üzerinde hüccet olarak görülmektedir. Daha sonra dâi’d-duât karşılığı olarak şeyh kelimesi de kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Şeyhin veya dâîlerin emirlerini yerine getirmek için çok sayıda ikinci derece dâîler görevlendirilmiş ve refîk adı verilen kumandanların emrine, istenen görevleri yerine getirecek fidâiyyûn denilen bir de askerî güç verilmiştir. Nizârîler’in günümüzde bu anlamda bir dâî teşkilâtı mevcut değildir.
Fâtımîler’in Yemen’deki kolu olan Tayyibî Müsta‘lîler, geleneksel sistemden ayrılarak imamın gaybet i halinde dâî-i mutlakı cemaat üzerinde en geniş otoriteye sahip lider olarak kabul etmişlerdir. Daha sonra ortaya çıkan ihtilâflar neticesinde ikiye ayrılan bu fırkadan Süleymânîler’in dâî-i mutlakı Yemen’de, Dâvûdîler’inki Bombay’da yerleşmiştir.
İlk Dürzîler’de dâîler, Hamza b. Ali’nin kurduğu teşkilâta göre el-cevâhirü’l-meknûne veya hudûd denilen yüksek dereceli ruhanîlerden Tâli‘e (Muktenâ Bahâeddin) bağlı olarak görev yapan aşağı seviyedeki ruhanîlerdir. Dâîler vazifelerini yerine getirirken kendilerine yardımcı olan, me’zûn veya mükâsir adı verilen bir grup daha mevcuttur. Bazan cid veya ced adını alan dâîleri deccâlin dâîlerinden ayırmak için dâi’l-iclâl denildiği de görülür. Muktenâ Bahâeddin’in ortadan kaybolmasından sonra Hamza’nın kurduğu teşkilât terkedilmiş, dâî ve yardımcıları gereksiz sayılmıştır (ayrıca bk. DA‘VET ).
Hadis ilminde, Ehl-i sünnet’in görüşüne aykırı düşen inancını başkalarına kabul ettirmek için propaganda yapan râvinin (dâî) rivayeti delil olarak kullanılmaz. Zira böyle bir râvinin kendi inancını doğru göstermek maksadıyla mezhebi aleyhindeki rivayetleri gizleyebileceği, hatta onları tahrif edebileceği dikkate alınır. Ancak Zâhiriyye âlimlerinden İbn Hazm, doğru sözlü, hâfızası kuvvetli ve titiz bir râvinin dâî de olsa rivayetinin kabul edileceğini söylemektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 420-421 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.