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DÂNİŞMEND GAZİ Skip to content (ö. 477/1085 [?])
Dânişmendli hânedanının kurucusu ve ilk hükümdarı (1071-1085).
Hayatı hakkında yeterli bilgi yoktur. Kaynaklarda adı Melik-i Muazzam Dânişmend Ahmed Gāzî (Taylû) b. Ali et-Türkmânî şeklinde geçmekte olup etnik menşei hakkında değişik görüşler ileri sürülmektedir. Fetih menkıbelerinden oluşan ve tarihî kaynak olmaktan ziyade destanî bir roman mahiyeti arzeden Dânişmendnâme ’de, Malatya Emîri Ömer’in kızıyla evlenen Ali b. Mızrab’ın oğlu olarak dünyaya geldiği ve asıl adının Ahmed olduğu, Battal Gazi’nin torunu Sultan Turasan ile arkadaşlık ettiği, ondan gündüz savaşçılık öğrendiği, geceleri de dinî ilimler tahsil ederek âlimlik mertebesine ulaştığı ve bundan dolayı da kendisine “Dânişmend” denildiği ifade edilmektedir. Yine aynı kaynakta, Dânişmend ile Turasan’ın gördükleri bir rüya üzerine 360 (970-71) yılında Eyyûb b. Yûnus ile Süleyman b. Nu‘mân’ı, Abbâsî halifesinden cihad için izin almak üzere Malatya’dan Bağdat’a gönderdikleri, halifenin Melik Ahmed (Dânişmend Gazi) ile Turasan adına menşur yazdırdığı, hazine ve hil‘atlerle birlikte Battal Gazi ve Ebû Müslim’in sancağını verip kendilerini gazâya teşvik ettiği, onların da bu izin üzerine Anadolu’da Rumlar’la cihada başladıkları, daha sonra Çavuldur Çaka, Hasan b. Meşiyya, Eyyûb b. Yûnus, Süleyman b. Nu‘mân, Kara Doğan, Kara Tegin gibi beylerin de kendilerine katıldıkları, harabe haline gelmiş olan Sivas Kalesi’ni ele geçirdikleri, burayı tamir ederek bir gazâ merkezi olarak kullandıkları ve civardaki şehirleri fethettikleri anlatılmaktadır. Ayrıca Sultan Turasan’ın İstanbul’u fethetmek üzere çıktığı bir sefer sırasında şehid düşmesi üzerine Dânişmend Gazi’nin Çankırı, Kastamonu, Gerede taraflarına sefer yaptığı, daha sonra Yeşilırmak havzasının fethiyle meşgul olduğu Yankoniya (Çorum), Sisiya (Gömenek), Dokiya (Tokat), Karkariye (Zile), Harsanosiya (Niksar) gibi şehir ve kaleleri ele geçirdikten sonra Niksar’da vefat ettiği, türbesinin de orada olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Dânişmendnâme ’yi gerçek bir vekāyi‘nâme gibi kaynak olarak kullanan Cenâbî ve diğer bazı Osmanlı tarihçileri de aynı bilgileri tekrarlamaktadırlar. Ancak bunun bilinen tarihî gerçeklerle ilgisi olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. 322 (934) yılından beri hıristiyan hâkimiyetinde olan Malatya’dan 360’ta (970-71) böyle bir mücahid kitlesinin çıkması mümkün olmadığı gibi kronolojik açıdan da buna imkân yoktur (ayrıca bk. DÂNİŞMENDNÂME ).
Ortaçağ’ın en güvenilir tarihçilerinden İbnü’l-Esîr, Dânişmend’in asıl adının Taylû olduğunu, Türkmenler’e öğretmenlik yaptığını ve zamanla hükümdarlığa kadar yükseldiğini (el-Kâmil , X, 248); İbn Bîbî, Dânişmendli hânedanı hakkındaki rivayetlerin ihtilâflı olduğunu (el-Evâmirü’l-ʿAlâʾiyye , s. 11); Kerîmüddin Aksarâyî, Dânişmend’in Malazgirt Zaferi’nden sonra Niksar, Tokat, Sivas, Elbistan ve civarını ele geçirdiğini (Müsâmeretü’l-aḫbâr , s. 17); Reşîdüddin Fazlullah-ı Hemedânî de onun Malazgirt Savaşı’na katılan ve zaferin kazanılmasında önemli rol oynayan kumandanlardan biri olduğunu (Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ , s. 33-34) söyler. Diğer Farsça eserlerde de Malazgirt Zaferi’nden sonra Kayseri, Tokat, Sivas, Amasya ve Niksar’ın Dânişmend Gazi’ye tahsis edildiği, onun bu bölgeyi fethederek oraya yerleştiği belirtilmektedir.
Albertus Aquensis, I. Haçlı Seferi tarihinin en önemli kaynaklarından biri olan eserinde Dânişmend Gazi’den “Türk hükümdarı Donimannus” (Liber Christianae Expeditionis pro Ereptione [RHC Occ. içinde], IV-VII/28, s. 525), XII. yüzyılda yaşayan bir başka Haçlı seferi tarihçisi ve Sûr başpiskoposu olan Willermus Tyrensis de “kudretli Türk emîri Dânişmend” (A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea , s. 411-412) diye söz ederek Dânişmendliler’in Türk asıllı bir hânedan olduğunu açıkça ortaya koymaktadırlar.
Dânişmend Gazi’nin çağdaşı Ermeni tarihçisi Urfalı Mateos ise eserinin bir yerinde onun menşe itibariyle Ermenistanlı (Ermenistan’da doğmuş) veya aslen Ermeni olduğunu (Urfalı Mateos Vekayi-nâmesi , s. 225) söylerken başka bir yerinde ondan “Sivas’ın ve bütün Rum memleketinin sahibi bulunan İranlı Emîr Dânişmend” (a.g.e. , s. 205) şeklinde bahsederek menşei hakkında çelişkili bilgi vermektedir. XIII. yüzyılın Ermeni tarihçilerinden Vardan da muhtemelen Urfalı Mateos’u kaynak olarak kullandığı için aynı bilgileri tekrarlamaktadır (Tarih Semineri Dergisi , I, 188).
Süryânî Mihail, “Tanouşman (Danışman) adlı bir Türk emîri Kapadokya’ya saldırıp Sivas, Kayseri ve şimal mıntıkalarına hâkim oldu” (Süryânî Keşiş Mihail’in Vekāyi‘nâmesi , II, 30), Ermenice nüshada ise, “Alparslan zamanında Danışman adlı bir emîr Türkler’in arasından çıkıp Kapadokya memleketine geldi; Sivas ve Kayseri’yi zaptedip memlekette hâkimiyet kurdu; Danışman hânedanının başlangıcı böyle oldu” (a.g.e. , II, 31-32) diyerek onun Türk asıllı bir emîr olduğunu ifade etmektedir.
Bizans tarihçilerinden Niketas Khoniates, Dânişmendli Melik Muhammed’den bahsederken “Persarmenyalı Tonismanios” (s. 18) adını kullanmaktadır. Persarmenie kelimesi eskiden Azerbaycan’ı ifade ederdi (Dânişmend, s. 51-52). Niketas eserinin bir başka yerinde de (s. 32) Bizans şehirlerinin en tehlikeli düşmanı, cesur ve dik başlı kimseler olan Dânişmendliler’in aslen Arsakiler (m.ö. 250 – m.s. 225 tarihleri arasında İran’da hüküm süren Eşkâniyân) hânedanına mensup bulunduğunu belirtir. İbn Hamdûn ile (Tevârîḫu’s-sinîn , vr. 156a ) İzzeddin İbn Şeddâd ise (el-Aʿlâḳu’l-ḫaṭîre fî ẕikri ümerâʾi’ş-Şâm ve’l-Cezîre , I, vr. 66a ) Dânişmend Gazi’nin Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti’nin kurucusu Süleyman Şah’ın dayısı olduğunu söylerler.
Kaynaklardaki bilgilerden anlaşıldığına göre Azerbaycan’da Arrân ve civarında yaşayan bir Türkmen ailesine mensup olan Dânişmend Gazi, hem Türkmenler’e muallimlik yapıyor hem de Türkmen emîrleriyle beraber kâfirlere karşı cihad ediyordu. Sultan Alparslan’ın 456 (1064) yılında çıktığı Kafkasya seferi sırasında diğer Türkmen beyleriyle ordugâha giderek Selçuklu ordusuna yol gösterdi. Bu tarihten itibaren Sultan Alparslan’ın hizmetine girdi; bilgeliği, cesareti, yiğitliğiyle onun dikkatini çekti ve en güvenilir emîrleri arasında yer aldı. Malazgirt Savaşı’na da katılarak zaferin kazanılmasında tavsiyeleriyle mânevî bakımdan önemli rol oynadı. Nitekim Sultan Alparslan, barış teklifinin Bizans İmparatoru Romanos Diogenes tarafından reddedilmesi üzerine Artuk, Saltuk, Mengücük, Dânişmend, Çavlı ve Çavuldur adlı emîrleriyle yüksek bir yerden Bizans ordugâhını gözetledikten sonra savaşla ilgili olarak onların görüşlerini sormuş, bunun üzerine Dânişmend o günün çarşamba olduğunu, bugünü ve yarını silâhları hazırlamakla geçirip elbiseleri temizleyerek zemzemle yıkanmış kefenleri hazırladıktan sonra cuma günü hatiplerin minberlerde, “Yâ rabbi, İslâm ordularını mansur ve muzaffer eyle!” diye dua ettikleri zaman ihlâsla tekbir getirip düşman üzerine saldırılması gerektiği tavsiyesinde bulunmuş ve, “Eğer şehitlik mertebesine erişirsek bu ne güzel mükâfat!” (el-Kehf 18/31); “Ve eğer galip ve muzaffer olursak bu ne büyük başarıdır!” (et-Tevbe 9/11) meâlindeki âyetleri okuyarak moral kaynağı olmuştu. Bütün beyler Dânişmend’in fikrini beğenip geri dönmüşler, kararlaştırılan zaman gelince tekbir getirip düşmanın üzerine saldırarak galip gelmişlerdi (Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî, s. 33-34).
Bazı tarihçiler kalem erbabının kumandan olamayacağını, Dânişmend Gazi’ye sadece okuma yazma bildiği için Dânişmend denildiğini söylerlerse de zaman zaman başka örnekleri de görüldüğü gibi Dânişmend Gazi’nin hem âlim hem de mücahid vasfını haiz müstesna şahsiyetlerden biri olduğu kabul edilebilir.
Sultan Alparslan’ın savaşa katılan emîrlerinden Anadolu’da fetihlerde bulunmalarını istemesi ve fethedecekleri yerlerin kendilerine iktâ edileceğini bildirmesi üzerine zaferden sonra fetihlere girişen beyler arasında Dânişmend Gazi de vardı. XII. yüzyıl müelliflerinden Zahîrüddin Nîsâbûrî, Malazgirt Zaferi’nin ardından Sultan Alparslan’ın Erzurum ve civarını Saltuk Bey’e; Mardin ve Harput yörelerini Artuk Bey’e; Erzincan, Kemah ve Şebinkarahisar’ı Mengücük Gazi’ye; Maraş ve civarını Emîr Çavuldur’a; Sivas, Tokat, Amasya ve Kayseri’yi de Dânişmend Gazi’ye iktâ ettiğini söyler (Selçuknâme , s. 25). Sultan Alparslan’ın, fethedeceği yerleri vergiden muaf tutacağı, Dânişmendoğulları’nı hiçbir şekilde huzursuz etmeyeceği ve herhangi bir mükellefiyet yüklemeyeceği, Selçuklu hânedanına mensup şehzadelerin de onun ülkesine müdahale etmeyeceği taahhüdünde bulunduğu Dânişmend Gazi, zaferden sonra kendisine iktâ edilen ve Malazgirt seferi esnasında Bizans İmparatoru Romanos Diogenes tarafından tahrip edilen Sivas’ı fazla bir mukavemetle karşılaşmadan ele geçirerek Dânişmendli hânedanını kurdu (1071). Daha sonra Sivas’ı bir üs olarak kullanıp Çaka, Turasan, Kara Doğan, Osmancık, İltegin ve Kara Tegin adlı emîrleriyle Amasya, Tokat, Niksar, Kayseri, Zamantı, Elbistan, Develi ve Çorum’u zaptetti ve Dânişmendli topraklarına kattı.
Hayatı cihad ve fetihlerle geçen Dânişmend Gazi’nin ölüm tarihi de kesin olarak belli değildir. Süryânî Mihail onun 1085’te Kapadokya’ya hâkim olduğunu söylemektedir (Süryânî Keşiş Mihail’in Vekāyi‘nâmesi , II, 30). Dânişmend Gazi’nin oğlu ve halefi Gümüştegin Gazi’nin Anadolu Selçuklu Hükümdarı Süleyman Şah’ın ölümünden (479/1086) sonra Anadolu’daki bazı yerleri ele geçirdiğine dair bilgiler ve ona ait sikkeler (Ahmed Tevhid, s. 84-85) dikkate alınırsa Dânişmend Gazi’nin 477’de (1085) vefat ettiği söylenebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 467-469 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.