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DÂNİŞMENDNÂME Skip to content DÂNİŞMENDNÂME (دانشمندنامه) XI. yüzyılda İç Anadolu’da Bizans’a karşı yaptığı fetihlerle şöhret bulan ve burada kendi adıyla anılan bir devlet kuran Dânişmend Gazi’nin adı etrafında teşekkül etmiş fetih menkıbelerinden oluşan destanî roman.
Müellif: Ahmet Yaşar Ocak
Kahramanları Türk menşeli olmayan Battalnâme ve Ebû Müslimnâme gibi iki büyük destanî romandan sonra aynı daireye mensup bulunmakla birlikte kahramanı Türk olan, Anadolu’da meydana getirilmiş ilk kahramanlık destanıdır. Türünün en güzel örneklerinden biri olan Dânişmendnâme genellikle bu adla tanınmakla beraber bazı yazma nüshalarında Kıssa-i Melik Dânişmend , Kıssa-i Dânişmend Gazi veya Kitâb-ı Melik Dânişmend adları da kullanılmıştır.
Dânişmendnâme ’nin, Melik Dânişmend’in o zamanlar hâlâ dillerden düşmeyen menkıbelerine ilgi duyan Anadolu Selçuklu Hükümdarı II. İzzeddin Keykâvus’un emriyle, münşîlerinden İbn Alâ tarafından 642 (1245) yılında, gaziler arasında dolaşan menkıbelerin derlenmesi sonucu kaleme alındığı (XVII. yüzyılda Evliya Çelebi bile o yörede Dânişmend Gazi’nin menkıbelerinin halk arasında yaşadığını belirtir [Seyahatnâme , IX, 49, 183]), Gelibolulu Mustafa Âlî’nin Mirkātü’l-cihâd ’ına dayanılarak hemen hemen bütün araştırmacılar tarafından kabul edilmiştir. Yalnız Osman Turan bunun II. İzzeddin Keykâvus değil I. İzzeddin Keykâvus olduğunu ileri sürer ve telif tarihini daha geriye götürür (Selçuklular Zamanında Türkiye Tarihi , s. 127). Mükrimin Halil Yinanç ise yazılış tarihi olarak ancak XIV. yüzyılın kabul edilebileceği kanaatindedir (Anadolu’nun Fethi , s. 90-91).
Dânişmendnâme ’nin “Hikâyet-i Melik Gazi” başlıklı 1016 (1607) tarihli yazma nüshasının ilk ve son sayfaları (İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı, Muallim Cevdet, nr. 441)İbn Alâ’nın Türkçe olarak gerçekleştirdiği bu birinci yazılışın bugüne kadar hiçbir nüshası ele geçmemiştir. Mevcut Dânişmendnâme nüshaları, onun kitabının Tokat Kalesi dizdarı Ârif Ali tarafından yeniden elden geçirilerek ikinci defa kaleme alınmış biçiminden ibarettir. Gelibolulu Mustafa Âlî bu ikinci yazılışı 762 (1360-61) yılında, yani I. Murad devri başında gösterirse de Fuad Köprülü başta olmak üzere hemen bütün araştırmacılar II. Murad dönemini (1421-1451) kabul etmişlerdir. Ârif Ali, destanın başında belirttiğine göre, epeyce bir düzenleme yaparak kitabı daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlamak için on yedi kısma (meclis) bölmüş ve bazı manzum parçalar eklemiştir. Bugün mevcut nüshaların tamamı bu ikinci yazılışı aksettirmekle birlikte sonraki tarihlerde yapılan istinsahlar sırasında meydana gelen bazı farklılıklar da göze çarpmaktadır.
Dânişmend Gazi’nin menkıbelerini ilk defa kitap haline getiren İbn Alâ’nın onların aslına ne ölçüde sadık kaldığı, Dânişmendliler’le Anadolu Selçukluları arasındaki husumetin etkileri karşısında tavrının ne olduğu, bunu kitabını meydana getirirken nasıl hallettiği hususu gibi, ikinci yazılışın sahibi Ârif Ali’nin İbn Alâ’nın metnini ne kadar muhafaza ettiği de pek çözüme kavuşacak gibi görünmeyen bir meseledir.
Dânişmendnâme Melik Dânişmend Gazi’nin doğumu, çocukluk ve yetişme devresiyle başlar. Asıl adı Melik Ahmed olup Malatya Emîri Ömer’in kızı ile Ali b. Mızrab’ın oğlu olarak Malatya’da dünyaya gelir. Battal Gazi’nin torunu Sultan Turasan ile arkadaş olur. Bir taraftan ondan silâhşorluk öğrenirken diğer taraftan İslâmî ilimlere çalışır ve kısa zamanda âlim olur. Bu sebeple kendisine “Dânişmend” lakabı verilir. Bir gece rüyasında Hz. Peygamber’i görür, ondan cihad ve gazâ için emir alır. Aynı gece Sultan Turasan da rüyasında dedesi Seyyid Battal Gazi’yi görüp ondan benzer bir tâlimat almıştır. Bunun üzerine Bağdat’a gidip halifeden cihad ve gazâ için izin isterler. Halife kendilerine izin verir ve Battal Gazi’nin sancağı ile Ebû Müslim-i Horasânî’nin alemini onlara teslim eder. Böylece 360 (970-71) yılında Rum diyarında gazâ ve cihada başlarlar. Çavuldur Çaka, Hasan b. Meşiyya, Eyyûb b. Yûnus, Süleyman b. Nu‘mân, Kara Doğan, Kara Tegin gibi şahıslar da kendilerine katılır. Harap olan Sivas Kalesi’ni tamir ederek kendilerine merkez yaparlar ve civar şehirleri fetih için harekete geçerler. Dânişmend Gazi, ünlü bir Rum cengâveri olan Artuhi ile karşılaşıp onu yenerek müslüman eder ve arkadaşları arasına alır. Artık bu kişi onun en yakın dostu olacaktır.
Dânişmend Gazi, bir ara Sultan Turasan’ı bir grup gazi ile İstanbul’u almaya yollar; fakat onlar başarılı olamazlar; hatta Sultan Turasan Alemdağı’nda şehid düşer. Mâmûriye (Ankara), Mankūriye (Çankırı), Kastamonu, Gerede taraflarına seferler düzenlenir. Bundan sonra Dânişmend Gazi esas olarak bütün faaliyetlerini Yeşilırmak havzasının fethine hasreder. Yankoniya (Çorum), Sisiya (Gömenek), Dokiya (Tokat), Karkariye (Zile), Harsanosiya (Niksar) vb. kaleler, Haç Deyri, Deryanos Deyri gibi büyük manastırlar Dânişmend Gazi’nin gücüne dayanamaz. Dânişmend Gazi en son, Efromiya adlı yenilmez bir cengâver olan ve ihtida ederek Artuhi ile evlenmiş bulunan genç kızın babasının elindeki Harşana (Amasya) Kalesi’ni alır. Canik tarafını da ele geçirmek isterken yolda yaralanarak Niksar’a döner ve orada vefat eder; türbesi Niksar’dadır. Ondan sonra fetihleri oğulları sürdürür.
Türk destan edebiyatının bu ilginç eserinin Hamzanâme , Battalnâme , Ebû Müslimnâme gibi kendinden önceki ve Saltuknâme gibi kendinden sonraki aynı türden eserlerle benzeyen ve ayrılan birtakım yönleri vardır. Diğerleri gibi bu da her şeyden önce tarihte yaşamış ünlü İslâm gazilerinden birinin gazâ ve cihad menkıbelerini konu edinmektedir. Ancak bunun kahramanı tıpkı Saltuknâme ’ninki gibi Türk’tür. Dânişmendnâme ’nin dikkat çekici yanı, daha destanın başından itibaren hem Battalnâme ’ye hem de Ebû Müslimnâme ’ye bağlanmış olmasıdır. Dânişmend Gazi, Battal Gazi’nin merkezi olan Malatya’da ve onun yakın çevresinin bir ferdi olarak dünyaya gelir. Rüyalarında sık sık Battal Gazi’yi görür ve ondan tâlimat alır. Ordusunda Battal Gazi’nin alemini taşır. Fetihleri âdeta onun fetihlerinin bir devamı gibidir. Bu fetihler Rumlar’a karşı yapılmakla beraber zaman zaman Gürcüler, Ermeniler ve hatta Frenkler de (Haçlılar) sahneye çıkar. Her iki destanî romanda aynı ideolojik yapı, İslâm’ın cihad ve gazâ örgüsü çok açık bir biçimde göze çarpar. Nitekim destanın Battalnâme ile olan bu sıkı bağlantısı, M. Fuad Köprülü’ye onun Battalnâme ’nin bir devamı olduğunu, hatta neredeyse Battalnâme ’nin sırf Dânişmendnâme ’ye bir mukaddime olarak meydana getirilmiş bulunduğunu düşündürmüştür (Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , s. 258). Fakat bu kadar kuvvetli olmasa da benzeri bir bağlantının Ebû Müslimnâme ile de kurulduğu görülür. Dânişmend Gazi’nin babası, Ebû Müslim-i Horasânî’nin yakın silâh arkadaşı Hârizmli Mızrab’ın soyundandır. Dânişmend Gazi ordusunda Battal Gazi’nin alemiyle birlikte Ebû Müslim’in sancağını da taşır. Bu motifler, Dânişmendnâme ’nin bu iki destanî romana ideolojik olarak sıkı sıkıya bağlı olduğunu göstermeye yeterlidir. Ancak destandaki bu sıkı bağın onun şifahî olan asıl versiyonunun bir özelliği mi, yoksa birinci veya ikinci defa yazıya geçirilişi sıralarında yazarların katkısının bir sonucu mu olduğu sorusuna şimdilik bir cevap vermek mümkün görünmemektedir. Yalnız Anadolu Türkleri arasında Ebû Müslim-i Horasânî’nin hâtırasının, daha oraya gelmeden önce esaslı bir şekilde yer etmiş olup aynen Anadolu’ya taşındığı ve XVI. yüzyılda bile kuvvetle devam ettiği, Battal Gazi’nin hâtıralarının da aynı şekilde kuvvetle sürdüğü göz önüne alınırsa, Dânişmendnâme ’nin daha yazıya geçirilmeden önce bu bağlantının halk hâfızasında yer aldığı bir faraziye olarak ileri sürülebilir.
Bu sıkı bağlantıya rağmen Dânişmendnâme ’de, Battalnâme ve Ebû Müslimnâme ’de görülen tabiat üstü motiflere, birkaç yerde geçen Hızır motifinden başka hemen hemen hiç rastlanmaz. Dânişmendnâme ’nin kahramanları, başta bizzat Dânişmend Gazi olmak üzere sıradan özellikleri olan insanlardır. İnsan üstü güçler, cinler, periler, cadılar yoktur. Yalnız Dânişmend Gazi, gösterdiği birkaç kerametle kısmen Saltuknâme ’deki Sarı Saltuk’a benzetilebilir. Şu farkla ki söz konusu kerametler Sarı Saltuk’un şahsiyetinin ayrılmaz bir parçası iken onun için istisnaî vak‘alar olarak görülmektedir. Dânişmend Gazi’nin etrafındaki yakın silâh arkadaşlarının bir kısmı aslen müslüman kişiler olup bazıları Çavuldur Çaka, Kara Doğan, Kara Tegin gibi öz Türk isimleri taşımaktadırlar. Artuhi başta olmak üzere diğer bir kısmı da mühtedi Rumlar’dan oluşmaktadır. Harşana Kalesi’nin sahibi Şâh-i Şettât’ın kızı olup Artuhi’ye aşkı sebebiyle müslüman olan Efromiya ise ilginç bir tip çizer. Efromiya tıpkı eski Türk kadınları gibi cengâverdir ve pek çok savaşta Dânişmend Gazi’nin âdeta sağ kolu vazifesini görür.
Dânişmendnâme ’de dikkati çeken bir nokta da kahramanların, başta Dânişmend Gazi’nin kendisi olmak üzere, meselâ Kitâb-ı Dede Korkut ’taki gibi eski Türk inançlarını yansıtan kişiler değil en ince teferruatına kadar halis Sünnî inançlara göre yaşayan şahsiyetler olmasıdır. Hepsi düzenli olarak beş vakit namazlarını kılar ve asla içki içmezler. Esasen destan baştan sona bu Sünnî ideolojiyi ortaya koyar. Yalnız Dânişmend Gazi’nin düğününde 150 atın kesilmesi olayı, şamanist dönemi yansıtan tek motif olarak değerlendirilebilir.
Destanda savaşan tarafları temsil eden bütün kişiler birbirlerinin dilini anlar ve konuşurlar. Meselâ Dânişmend Gazi ve arkadaşları Rumca bilirler; Rumlar da Türkçe konuşurlar. Nitekim bu kolaylık sebebiyle zaman zaman kılık değiştirip birbirlerine karşı casusluk yaparlar. Bu ve benzeri başka olaylar, tarafların bütün mücadelelerine rağmen birbirlerini tanıyacak kadar da ortak bir hayat tarzları olduğunu gösterir. Destanda Abbâsî hilâfet merkezine karşı gösterilen saygı ve bağlılık da özellikle dikkat çekmektedir. Dânişmend Gazi halifeden izin almadan gazâya çıkmadığı gibi ordusunda halifenin alemini daima hazır bulundurmakta ve ele geçirilen ganimetlerden halifenin payını her zaman Bağdat’a yollamaktadır.
Dânişmendnâme ’nin tarihle ilgisi, öteden beri üzerinde durulan önemli bir konu olmuştur. Bu önemli destanî romanın, daha XVI. yüzyıldan itibaren başta Gelibolulu Mustafa Âlî olmak üzere Cenâbî, Karamânî, Kâtib Çelebi, Müneccimbaşı ve Hezârfen Hüseyin gibi Osmanlı tarihçilerince tam anlamıyla bir tarih kaynağı olarak kullanıldığı bilinmektedir. Bu işi başlatan da bizzat kendi ifadelerinden anlaşıldığı üzere Âlî’dir. Âlî Niksar’daki memuriyeti sırasında Ârif Ali’nin kitabının bir nüshasını görmüş ve ona yeni bir şekil vererek âdeta bir Dânişmendliler tarihi meydana getirmiştir. Âlî’nin bu eseri Mirkātü’l-cihâd adını taşımakta olup bazı araştırmacılar tarafından Dânişmendnâme ’nin üçüncü yazımı olarak da değerlendirilmektedir (bk. Mirkātü’l-cihâd , Millet Ktp., nr. 5282). Esas itibariyle Dânişmendnâme ’nin birinci ve ikinci yazılış hikâyeleri bu eserden öğrenilmektedir. Âlî’den sonra yukarıda isimleri geçen bütün tarihçiler aynı yolda yürümüşlerdir. Onlara dayanarak XIX. yüzyıldan itibaren Dânişmendliler’e dair yazan P. Casanova, J. H. Mordtmann ve Jean Laurent gibi şarkiyatçılar, onların verdiği bilgileri tekrar kullanan Necip Âsım, Halil Edhem ve hatta Amasya Târihi yazarı Hüseyin Hüsâmeddin gibi Türk tarihçileri de aynı yolu benimsemişlerdir.
Dânişmendnâme ’den ilk bahsedenler Th. Houtsma ve Smirnov olmakla birlikte önemine ilk dikkati çeken ve kısa da olsa ilk tahlilî bilgileri veren Fuad Köprülü’dür (Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , s. 258-260; TTK Belleten , VII/27, s. 425-430). Yukarıda işaret edildiği üzere XVI. yüzyıldan itibaren bazı Osmanlı tarihçileri ve daha sonra bir kısım şarkiyatçılar Dânişmendnâme ’yi tanımış ve eserlerinde bir tarih kaynağı olarak hiçbir eleştiri süzgecinden geçirmeden geniş ölçüde kullanmışlarsa da onu ilk defa ilmî bir şekilde inceleyenler adı geçen ilim adamları olmuştur. Daha sonraki tarihlerde de Dânişmendnâme muhtelif tarihçiler ve edebiyat tarihçilerince ele alınmış bulunmakla beraber (bk. Akkaya, DTCFD , VIII, 131-144) Irène Mélikoff’a gelinceye kadar bütün yönleriyle ciddi bir şekilde tahlil edilip incelenmemiştir. I. Mélikoff hem Dânişmendnâme ’yi edebî, lisanî, tarihî, folklorik vb. bütün yönleriyle derinlemesine bir incelemeye ve eleştiriye tâbi tutmuş, hem de belli başlı nüshalarını karşılaştırarak -bazı okuma yanlışları ihtiva etmekle beraber- güzel bir tenkitli metin meydana getirmiştir (La Geste de Melik Dānişmend: Étude critique du Dānişmendnāme , Tome I: Introduction et Traduction, Paris 1960; Tome II: Edition Critique, Paris 1960). Eserin bugün Türkiye’de özel ellerde ve bir kısım kütüphanelerde, Rusya ve Avrupa’nın bazı kütüphanelerinde yazma nüshaları bulunmaktadır (bk. Köprülü, TTK Belleten , VII/27, s. 426; Mélikoff, La Geste de Melik Dānişmend , I, 171-176).
Dânişmendnâme ilk defa M. Halil Yinanç tarafından tam tersi bir eğilimle aşırı bir eleştiriye tâbi tutularak kesinlikle “ihticaca salih olmayan bir hurafat kitabı” olarak görülmüş ve içindekilerin bütünüyle uydurma olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. M. Halil Yinanç’a göre Dânişmendnâme , Artuk Bey’in Yeşilırmak havzasındaki fetihlerini tamamıyla Dânişmend Gazi’ye mal etmiş olup destanda yer alan Artuhi aslında bu gerçeğin bir yansımasıdır. Metinde geçen yer adları da uydurma olup gerçek coğrafî mekânlarla ilgisi yoktur (bk. Anadolu’nun Fethi , s. 89-103; İA , III, 468-479). M. Halil Yinanç bu eleştirilerini daha da ileri götürerek bazı muahhar Ermeni kaynaklarının müphem ifadelerine dayanmak suretiyle bizzat Melik Dânişmend Gazi’nin Ermeni asıllı bir mühtedi olduğunu iddia etmiştir.
Buna karşılık Irène Mélikoff, titiz ve ayrıntılı bir çalışma ile Dânişmendnâme ’nin esaslı bir kritiğini yaparak onun ne eski Osmanlı tarihçilerinin kabul ettikleri gibi gerçek bir vekāyi‘nâme, ne de M. Halil Yinanç’ın iddia ettiği gibi bir hurafat kitabı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Mélikoff, dönemin belli başlı yerli ve yabancı kaynaklarıyla Dânişmendnâme ’yi sıkı bir tenkide tâbi tutmuş, hem Dânişmend Gazi’nin şahsiyeti hem fetihleri hem de coğrafî isimler ve mevkiler bakımından önemli ipuçları ihtiva ettiğini göstermiştir (La Geste de Melik Dānişmend , I, Giriş kısmı). Osman Turan da aynı şekilde hareket ederek M. Halil Yinanç’ın aşırı gittiğini belirtmiş ve daha başka tarih kaynaklarıyla karşılaştırarak Dânişmendnâme ’nin bir tarih kaynağı olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir (Selçuklular Zamanında Türkiye Tarihi , s. 120-132).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Şükrü Akkaya, Kitâb-ı Melik Dânişmend Gazi: Eine Türkische Historischer Heldenroman aus der Mitte des 13. Jahrhunderts , Ankara 1954.
a.mlf., “Kitâb-ı Melik Dânişmend Gazi: Dânişmendnâme”, DTCFD , VIII (1950), s. 131-144.
I. Mélikoff, La Geste de Melik Dānişmend: Étude critique du Dānişmendnāme , Paris 1960, I-II.
a.mlf., “Géorgiens et Arméniens dans la littérature épique turque”, Bedi Kartlisa (Etudes Géorgiennes et Caucasiennes), XI-XII (1961), s. 27-35.
a.mlf., “Gazi Melik Dânişmend et la conquête de Sivas”, Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi , IV, Ankara 1973, s. 187-195.
a.mlf., “Dānis̲h̲mendides”, EI2 (Fr.), II, 112-114.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , IX, 49, 183.
Âlî, Mirkātü’l-cihâd , Millet Ktp., nr. 5282.
Köprülü, Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , s. 258-260.
a.mlf., “Anadolu Selçukluları Tarihi’nin Yerli Kaynakları”, TTK Belleten , VII/27 (1943), s. 425-430.
Barthold, İslâm Medeniyeti Tarihi, s. 207-212.
Mükrimin Halil Yinanç, Anadolu’nun Fethi , İstanbul 1944, s. 89-103.
a.mlf., “Dânişmendliler”, İA , III, 468-469.
Cl. Cahen, Pre-Ottoman Turkey , London 1968, s. 81-84.
a.mlf., La Turquie Pré-Ottomane , İstanbul-Paris 1988, s. 16-21.
Banarlı, RTET , I, 302-303.
Levend, Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , s. 127-128.
Osman Turan, Selçuklular Zamanında Türkiye Tarihi , İstanbul 1984, s. 120-132.
Tuncer Gülensoy – Rekin Ertem, “Dânişmendnâme”, TDEA , II, 192-194.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 478-480 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.