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Darbeler, Bürokrasi ve Siyasi Elitler Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 193 – 212, 15.07.2024
Mehmet Koca , Selim Çapar
https://doi.org/10.59445/ijephss.1491861
Öz Bürokrasinin devlet içindeki artan ağırlığı ve siyasal hayatta farklı partilerin ortaya çıkması iktidar ilişkilerini eskiye göre daha karmaşık bir hale getirmiştir. Bu karmaşık ilişkiler içinde sistem arızaları ile karşılaşılma olasılığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Demokrasi ve çok partili siyasal yaşam gibi demokratik hayatın temel ilke ve esaslarını özümseyerek toplumsal tabana yayabilmiş ülkelerde çok fazla darbelerle karşılaşılmazken, demokratik hayatın temel ilke ve esaslarını tam olarak içselleştirememiş toplumlarda ise darbeler ile karşılaşılabilmektedir. Türkiye’de çok partili siyasal hayata geçilmesinden sonra demokratik yaşam maalesef 1960 yılında 27 Mayıs askeri darbesi, 1971 yılında 12 Mart muhtırası, 1980 yılında 12 Eylül askeri darbesi ve 1997 yılında 28 Şubat post modern darbesi ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Ayrıca 1962 ve 1963 yıllarında iki defa askeri darbe teşebbüsü, 2007 e-muhtırası ve nihayet 2016 yılında 15 Temmuz darbe girişimi ile karşılaşılmıştır. Çalışmanın konusunu Türkiye’de askeri darbeler oluşturmaktadır. Amacı, bürokrasi ve siyasi elitlerin darbelere karşı tutumlarının incelenmesidir. Çalışmanın kapsamı, 27 Mayıs ile 12 Eylül darbeleri ve 12 Mart askeri muhtırası ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Bu çalışmada Türk siyasal hayatını derinden etkileyen 27 Mayıs darbesi, 12 Mart muhtırası ile 12 Eylül askeri darbesinin kısaca nedenleri ve süreçleri üzerinden bürokrasi ve siyasi elitlerin adı geçen darbelere karşı tutumları ele alınmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler Darbe, Bürokrasi, Demokrasi, Siyasi Elitler
Etik Beyan Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uyulduğu ve yararlanılan tüm çalışmaların kaynakçada belirtildiği beyan olunur.
Destekleyen Kurum Çalışma, kamusal, özel, ticari nitelikte ya da kâr amacı gütmeyen herhangi bir kurumdan destek alınmadan hazırlanmıştır.
Kaynakça Ağır, O. (2018). Türkiye'de Askeri Darbeler Karşısında Siyaset Kurumunun Tutumu. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15: 1-26. Akçakaya, M. (2016). Bürokrasi Kuramları ve Türk Kamu Yönetiminde Bürokratik Sorunlar. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 18/3: 669-69. Akıncı, A. (2013). Türk Siyasal Hayatında 1980 Sonrası Darbeler ve E-Muhtıra. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15 (2): 39-58. Akıncı, A. (2014). Türkiye’nin Darbe Geleneği: 1960 ve 1971 Müdahaleleri. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 9(1): 55-72. Aktaş, E. (2011). 12 Eylül 1980 Askeri Darbesi ve Tarih Öğretimine Etkileri. Doktora Tezi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Üniversitesi, Erzurum. Aktaş, M. (2015). Demokrasi Kavramına Eleştirel Bir Bakış. Muş Alparslan Üni̇versi̇tesi̇ Sosyal Bi̇li̇mler Dergisi, 3 (1): 87-105. Aktaş, H. M. (2019). Askeri Darbelerin Sebepleri, Dinamikleri ve İdeolojik Temelleri Irak Örneği. Avrasya Etüdleri: 155-178. Başaran, D. (2016). 12 Mart Askeri Muhtırası ve Türk Demokrasisi. B. K. Yerdelen (Ed.), Demokrasi: Darbeler ve Tepkiler (112-131), Divan Kitap, İstanbul. Beriş, H. E. (2022). Demokrasiye Kara Bir Leke 12 Eylül 1980 Darbesi. TBMM, Ankara. Çakmak, F. (2022). Türk Demokrasi Tarihi İçinde 12 Eylül 1980 Askeri Müdahalesi. C. Kırpık, C. Deveci & T.A. Taşçı (Ed.), Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Türkiye’de Darbeler (457-501), Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara. Çalışkan, A. ve Eğmir, R. T. (2020). Max Weber Ve Niskanen’in Bürokrasi Yaklaşımlarının Türk Bürokrasi Yapısı Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi. BAİBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20 (4): 853-877. Çemrek, M. ve Uluer, A. G. (2018). Demokrat Parti Dönemi Türkiye’de İç Politika. A. Çaylak ve S. A. Avcu (Ed.), Osmanlı’dan Günümüze Türkiye’nin Siyasal Hayatı (401-436), Savaş Yaınevi, Ankara. Çevikbaş, R. (2014). Bürokrasi Kuramı ve Yönetsel İşlevi. Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3 (2): 75-102. Çiçek, A.C. ve Artunay, M.C. (2018). Türk Siyasal Hayatında 12 Eylül Darbesi Sonrasındaki Demokrasiye “Sınırlı” Dönüşte Anavatan Partisi’nin Rolü. VI. Uluslararası Çin’den Adriyatik’e Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi Özet Kitabı, Ankara. Danış, Ö.F. (2019). 27 Mayıs 1960 Darbesinin Seçkin Kuramları Doğrultusunda İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Yıldırım Beyazı Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara. Demir, Ş. (2020). Türkiye’de Askeri Darbeler ve Vesayet (27 Mayıs-12 Mart-12 Eylül). TİAV Yayınları, Ankara. Demiriz, M. (2011). Askeri Darbeler ve Türk Dış Politikası. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Atılım Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara. Dursun, D. (1992). Bürokrasi Teorisi ve Yönetim. In Journal of Social Policy Conferences, No. 37-38: 133-149. Emiroğlu, A. (2016). Cumhuriyet Dönemi Darbelerin Türk Demokrasisi Ve Çağdaşlaşmasına Etkileri Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Uluslararası Tarih ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Sayı: 15: 1-22. Eroğul, C. (2013). Çok Partili Düzenin Kuruluşu: 1945-1971. I. C. Schick ve E. A. Tonak (Ed.), Geçiş Sürecinde Türkiye (173-241), Belge Yayınları, İstanbul. Fedayi, C. (2018). Türkiye’nin Siyasal ve Sosyal Kaos Dönemi (1971-1980). A. Çaylak ve S. A. Avcu (Ed.), Osmanlı’dan Günümüze Türkiye’nin Siyasal Hayatı (485-522), Savaş Yayınevi, Ankara. Findley, C. V. (2014). Modern Türkiye Tarihi İslam Milliyetçilik ve Modernlik 1789-2007. Timaş Yayınları, İstanbul. Güçyetmez, M. (2017). Karşılaştırmalı Demokrasi Modelleri ve Hükümet Sistemleriyle İlişkisi. Hacettepe HFD, 7(1): 479–496. Haklı, S. Z. (2018). 15 Temmuz Darbe Girişimini Bürokratik Cemaatçilik Üzerinden Anlamak. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, (84): 19-34. Heywood, A. (1992). Political ideologies. Macmillian Press, US. Karadaş, C. (2018). Siyasal Elitizm Teorileri Ve Güçlü Demokratik Elitizm Modeli Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ardahan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ardahan. Karataş, İ. (2020). 12 Mart Müdahalesine Giden Yolda Cumhurbaşkanı’na Gelen Şikâyet ve Öneriler. History Studies, Volume 12, Issue: 4: 1-17. Karataş, E. M. (2022). İç Ve Dış Siyasette 80 Darbesinini Ayak Sesleri (1975-1980). C. Kırpık, C. Deveci ve T.A. Taşçı (Ed.), Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Türkiye’de Darbeler (429-456), Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara. Karatepe, Ş. (2017). Darbeler ve Anayasalar. A Kitap, Ankara. Karayaman, M. (2022). Beyaz İhtilalden Ak Devrime: 27 Mayıs 1960 Askeri Darbesinin Hazırlanışı ve Sonuçları. C. Kırpık, C. Deveci ve T.A. Taşçı (Ed.), Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Türkiye’de Darbeler (297-349), Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara. Keskin, Y.Z. (2020). Türkiye Siyaseti ve Devlet Örgütlenmesinde 12 Mart Muhtırasının Etkileri. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 22, Sayı: TBMM’nin 100. Yılı ve Millî İrade Özel Sayısı: 1-15. Korkmaz, E. (2016). Demokrasi Kavramı Ve Modern Demokrasi Kuramlarından Biri Olarak Müzakereci Demokrasi. Genç Hukukçular Hukuk Okumaları Birikimler–V: 365-369, Hukuk Vakfı Yayınları, İstanbul. Kurtbaş, İ. (2017). Türkiye’de Politik Değişim Ve Siyasi Elitler Merkez-Çevre Kuramının Gözden Geçirilmesi Ve Türkiye’de Bir “Elit Koalisyonu Olarak Yeni Elitler. International Journal of Social Science, Number 54: 179-204. Küçüktığlı, M. S. (2010). Siyasal Elitler Ve Yerel Siyasal Hayat: Konya’da 1980 Sonrası Yerel Siyasal Elitler Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Doktora Tezi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya. Mumyakmaz, A. (2019). Türkiye’nin Demokratikleşme Sürecinde Darbe, Ordu ve Vesayet. Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, Sayı: 4: 17-27. Önderman, M. (1991). Siyasal Elitizm Kuramı. Doktora Tezi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul. Özçelik, A. (2022). Cuntalar ve ABD İle İlişkiler Çerçevesinde 12 Mart Muhtırası. C. Kırpık, C. Deveci ve T.A. Taşçı (Ed.), Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Türkiye’de Darbeler (385-428), Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara. Öztürk, N. K. (2017). Bürokrasi-siyaset ilişkileri ve Türkiye. Siyasal Kitabevi, Ankara. Tahtalıoğlu, H. (2011). Türk Kamu Yönetiminde Yeniden Yapılanma Çalışmalarını Zorlaştıran Faktör Olarak Bürokrasi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Erzurum. Tatlılıoğlu, K., Gözütok, A. ve Uysal, M. (2018). Türkiye’de Askeri Darbelerin Psiko-Sosyal, Ekonomik Ve Politik Sonuçları Üzerine Genel Bir Değerlendirme. Uluslararası 15 Temmuz ve Darbeler Sempozyumu (277-297), Kartepe Zirvesi, Kocaeli, Türkiye. TBMM. (2012). Ülkemizde Demokrasiye Müdahale Eden Tüm Darbe ve Muhtıralar ile Demokrasiyi İşlevsiz Kılan Diğer Bütün Girişim ve Süreçlerin Tüm Boyutları ile Araştırılarak Alınması Gereken Önlemlerin Belirlenmesi Amacıyla Kurulan Meclis Araştırması Komisyonu Raporu. Dönem 24. TBMM Yayınları, Ankara. TDK. (2024, 15 Mayıs a). Demokrasi. https://sozluk.gov.tr/ adresinden 15 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır. TDK. (2024, 15 Mayıs b). Bürokrasi. https://sozluk.gov.tr/ adresinden 15 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır. TDK. (2024, 15 Mayıs c). Darbe. https://sozluk.gov.tr/ adresinden 15 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır. TUIC. (2024, 15 Mayıs). Türk Siyasal Hayatında 1960 ve 1980 Askeri Darbeleri: Nedenleri, Sonuçları Ve Etkileri. https://www.tuicakademi.org/turk-siyasal-hayatinda-1960-ve-1980-askeri-darbeleri-nedenleri-sonuclari-ve-etkileri/ adresinden 15 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır. Tunç, H. (2008). Demokrasi Türleri ve Müzakereci Demokrasi Kavramı. Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C. XII, Sa. 1-2:1113-1132. Uyar, H. (2020). Türkiye’de Askeri Darbeler ve Nedenleri Üzerine Bir Analiz Denemesi. Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, XX/Özel Sayı: 77-96. Yılmaz, E. (2017). Türk Siyasî Tarihinde Askerî Müdahalelere Bir Örnek: Demokrat Partililere Siyasî Haklarının İadesi Meselesi ve 14-21 Mayıs 1969 Buhranı. Yakın Dönem Türkiye Araştırmaları, 16 (32): 21-64. Yılmaz, L. (2020). Türk Siyasal Hayatında Askerî Darbelerin Siyasal ve Anayasal İşlevi. Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, XX/Özel Sayı:203-231.
Coups, Bureaucracy and Political Elites Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 193 – 212, 15.07.2024
Mehmet Koca , Selim Çapar
https://doi.org/10.59445/ijephss.1491861
Öz The increasing significance of the bureaucracy in the state and the emergence of different parties in political life have made power relations more complex than ever. Within these complex relationships, the possibility of encountering system failures has emerged. While there are not many coups in countries that have internalized and spread the basic principles and foundations of democratic life, such as democracy and multi-party political life, to the social base, coups may be encountered in societies that have not fully internalized the basic principles and foundations of democratic life. After the transition to multi-party political life in Turkey, democratic life unfortunately faced the 27 May military coup in 1960, the 12 March memorandum in 1971, the 12 September military coup in 1980 and the 28 February post-modern coup in 1997. In addition, there were two military coup attempts in 1962 and 1963, the 2007 e-memorandum and finally the July 15 coup attempt in 2016. The subject of the study is military coups in Turkey. Its purpose is to examine the attitudes of the bureaucracy and political elites towards coups. The scope of the study is limited to the 27 May and 12 September coups and the 12 March military memorandum. In this study, the attitudes of the bureaucracy and political elites towards the aforementioned coups are discussed, briefly, through the causes and processes of the May 27 coup, the March 12 memorandum and the September 12 military coup, which deeply affected Turkish political life.
Anahtar Kelimeler Coup, Democracy, Bureaucracy, Political Elites
Etik Beyan It is declared that scientific and ethical principles have been followed while carrying out and writing this study and that all the sources used have been properly cited.
Destekleyen Kurum This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Kaynakça Ağır, O. (2018). Türkiye'de Askeri Darbeler Karşısında Siyaset Kurumunun Tutumu. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15: 1-26. Akçakaya, M. (2016). Bürokrasi Kuramları ve Türk Kamu Yönetiminde Bürokratik Sorunlar. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 18/3: 669-69. Akıncı, A. (2013). Türk Siyasal Hayatında 1980 Sonrası Darbeler ve E-Muhtıra. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15 (2): 39-58. Akıncı, A. (2014). Türkiye’nin Darbe Geleneği: 1960 ve 1971 Müdahaleleri. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 9(1): 55-72. Aktaş, E. (2011). 12 Eylül 1980 Askeri Darbesi ve Tarih Öğretimine Etkileri. Doktora Tezi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Üniversitesi, Erzurum. Aktaş, M. (2015). Demokrasi Kavramına Eleştirel Bir Bakış. Muş Alparslan Üni̇versi̇tesi̇ Sosyal Bi̇li̇mler Dergisi, 3 (1): 87-105. Aktaş, H. M. (2019). Askeri Darbelerin Sebepleri, Dinamikleri ve İdeolojik Temelleri Irak Örneği. Avrasya Etüdleri: 155-178. Başaran, D. (2016). 12 Mart Askeri Muhtırası ve Türk Demokrasisi. B. K. Yerdelen (Ed.), Demokrasi: Darbeler ve Tepkiler (112-131), Divan Kitap, İstanbul. Beriş, H. E. (2022). Demokrasiye Kara Bir Leke 12 Eylül 1980 Darbesi. TBMM, Ankara. Çakmak, F. (2022). Türk Demokrasi Tarihi İçinde 12 Eylül 1980 Askeri Müdahalesi. C. Kırpık, C. Deveci & T.A. Taşçı (Ed.), Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Türkiye’de Darbeler (457-501), Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara. Çalışkan, A. ve Eğmir, R. T. (2020). Max Weber Ve Niskanen’in Bürokrasi Yaklaşımlarının Türk Bürokrasi Yapısı Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi. BAİBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20 (4): 853-877. Çemrek, M. ve Uluer, A. G. (2018). Demokrat Parti Dönemi Türkiye’de İç Politika. A. Çaylak ve S. A. Avcu (Ed.), Osmanlı’dan Günümüze Türkiye’nin Siyasal Hayatı (401-436), Savaş Yaınevi, Ankara. Çevikbaş, R. (2014). Bürokrasi Kuramı ve Yönetsel İşlevi. Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3 (2): 75-102. Çiçek, A.C. ve Artunay, M.C. (2018). Türk Siyasal Hayatında 12 Eylül Darbesi Sonrasındaki Demokrasiye “Sınırlı” Dönüşte Anavatan Partisi’nin Rolü. VI. Uluslararası Çin’den Adriyatik’e Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi Özet Kitabı, Ankara. Danış, Ö.F. (2019). 27 Mayıs 1960 Darbesinin Seçkin Kuramları Doğrultusunda İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Yıldırım Beyazı Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara. Demir, Ş. (2020). Türkiye’de Askeri Darbeler ve Vesayet (27 Mayıs-12 Mart-12 Eylül). TİAV Yayınları, Ankara. Demiriz, M. (2011). Askeri Darbeler ve Türk Dış Politikası. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Atılım Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara. Dursun, D. (1992). Bürokrasi Teorisi ve Yönetim. In Journal of Social Policy Conferences, No. 37-38: 133-149. Emiroğlu, A. (2016). Cumhuriyet Dönemi Darbelerin Türk Demokrasisi Ve Çağdaşlaşmasına Etkileri Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Uluslararası Tarih ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Sayı: 15: 1-22. Eroğul, C. (2013). Çok Partili Düzenin Kuruluşu: 1945-1971. I. C. Schick ve E. A. Tonak (Ed.), Geçiş Sürecinde Türkiye (173-241), Belge Yayınları, İstanbul. Fedayi, C. (2018). Türkiye’nin Siyasal ve Sosyal Kaos Dönemi (1971-1980). A. Çaylak ve S. A. Avcu (Ed.), Osmanlı’dan Günümüze Türkiye’nin Siyasal Hayatı (485-522), Savaş Yayınevi, Ankara. Findley, C. V. (2014). Modern Türkiye Tarihi İslam Milliyetçilik ve Modernlik 1789-2007. Timaş Yayınları, İstanbul. Güçyetmez, M. (2017). Karşılaştırmalı Demokrasi Modelleri ve Hükümet Sistemleriyle İlişkisi. Hacettepe HFD, 7(1): 479–496. Haklı, S. Z. (2018). 15 Temmuz Darbe Girişimini Bürokratik Cemaatçilik Üzerinden Anlamak. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, (84): 19-34. Heywood, A. (1992). Political ideologies. Macmillian Press, US. Karadaş, C. (2018). Siyasal Elitizm Teorileri Ve Güçlü Demokratik Elitizm Modeli Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ardahan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ardahan. Karataş, İ. (2020). 12 Mart Müdahalesine Giden Yolda Cumhurbaşkanı’na Gelen Şikâyet ve Öneriler. History Studies, Volume 12, Issue: 4: 1-17. Karataş, E. M. (2022). İç Ve Dış Siyasette 80 Darbesinini Ayak Sesleri (1975-1980). C. Kırpık, C. Deveci ve T.A. Taşçı (Ed.), Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Türkiye’de Darbeler (429-456), Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara. Karatepe, Ş. (2017). Darbeler ve Anayasalar. A Kitap, Ankara. Karayaman, M. (2022). Beyaz İhtilalden Ak Devrime: 27 Mayıs 1960 Askeri Darbesinin Hazırlanışı ve Sonuçları. C. Kırpık, C. Deveci ve T.A. Taşçı (Ed.), Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Türkiye’de Darbeler (297-349), Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara. Keskin, Y.Z. (2020). Türkiye Siyaseti ve Devlet Örgütlenmesinde 12 Mart Muhtırasının Etkileri. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 22, Sayı: TBMM’nin 100. Yılı ve Millî İrade Özel Sayısı: 1-15. Korkmaz, E. (2016). Demokrasi Kavramı Ve Modern Demokrasi Kuramlarından Biri Olarak Müzakereci Demokrasi. Genç Hukukçular Hukuk Okumaları Birikimler–V: 365-369, Hukuk Vakfı Yayınları, İstanbul. Kurtbaş, İ. (2017). Türkiye’de Politik Değişim Ve Siyasi Elitler Merkez-Çevre Kuramının Gözden Geçirilmesi Ve Türkiye’de Bir “Elit Koalisyonu Olarak Yeni Elitler. International Journal of Social Science, Number 54: 179-204. Küçüktığlı, M. S. (2010). Siyasal Elitler Ve Yerel Siyasal Hayat: Konya’da 1980 Sonrası Yerel Siyasal Elitler Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Doktora Tezi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya. Mumyakmaz, A. (2019). Türkiye’nin Demokratikleşme Sürecinde Darbe, Ordu ve Vesayet. Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, Sayı: 4: 17-27. Önderman, M. (1991). Siyasal Elitizm Kuramı. Doktora Tezi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul. Özçelik, A. (2022). Cuntalar ve ABD İle İlişkiler Çerçevesinde 12 Mart Muhtırası. C. Kırpık, C. Deveci ve T.A. Taşçı (Ed.), Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Türkiye’de Darbeler (385-428), Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara. Öztürk, N. K. (2017). Bürokrasi-siyaset ilişkileri ve Türkiye. Siyasal Kitabevi, Ankara. Tahtalıoğlu, H. (2011). Türk Kamu Yönetiminde Yeniden Yapılanma Çalışmalarını Zorlaştıran Faktör Olarak Bürokrasi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Erzurum. Tatlılıoğlu, K., Gözütok, A. ve Uysal, M. (2018). Türkiye’de Askeri Darbelerin Psiko-Sosyal, Ekonomik Ve Politik Sonuçları Üzerine Genel Bir Değerlendirme. Uluslararası 15 Temmuz ve Darbeler Sempozyumu (277-297), Kartepe Zirvesi, Kocaeli, Türkiye. TBMM. (2012). Ülkemizde Demokrasiye Müdahale Eden Tüm Darbe ve Muhtıralar ile Demokrasiyi İşlevsiz Kılan Diğer Bütün Girişim ve Süreçlerin Tüm Boyutları ile Araştırılarak Alınması Gereken Önlemlerin Belirlenmesi Amacıyla Kurulan Meclis Araştırması Komisyonu Raporu. Dönem 24. TBMM Yayınları, Ankara. TDK. (2024, 15 Mayıs a). Demokrasi. https://sozluk.gov.tr/ adresinden 15 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır. TDK. (2024, 15 Mayıs b). Bürokrasi. https://sozluk.gov.tr/ adresinden 15 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır. TDK. (2024, 15 Mayıs c). Darbe. https://sozluk.gov.tr/ adresinden 15 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır. TUIC. (2024, 15 Mayıs). Türk Siyasal Hayatında 1960 ve 1980 Askeri Darbeleri: Nedenleri, Sonuçları Ve Etkileri. https://www.tuicakademi.org/turk-siyasal-hayatinda-1960-ve-1980-askeri-darbeleri-nedenleri-sonuclari-ve-etkileri/ adresinden 15 Mayıs 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır. Tunç, H. (2008). Demokrasi Türleri ve Müzakereci Demokrasi Kavramı. Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C. XII, Sa. 1-2:1113-1132. Uyar, H. (2020). Türkiye’de Askeri Darbeler ve Nedenleri Üzerine Bir Analiz Denemesi. Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, XX/Özel Sayı: 77-96. Yılmaz, E. (2017). Türk Siyasî Tarihinde Askerî Müdahalelere Bir Örnek: Demokrat Partililere Siyasî Haklarının İadesi Meselesi ve 14-21 Mayıs 1969 Buhranı. Yakın Dönem Türkiye Araştırmaları, 16 (32): 21-64. Yılmaz, L. (2020). Türk Siyasal Hayatında Askerî Darbelerin Siyasal ve Anayasal İşlevi. Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, XX/Özel Sayı:203-231. Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Kamu Yönetimi Bölüm Makaleler Yazarlar Mehmet Koca İçişleri Bakanlığı 0000-0002-3500-519X Türkiye
Selim Çapar İçişleri Bakanlığı 0000-0001-5597-584X Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Temmuz 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Mayıs 2024 Kabul Tarihi 5 Temmuz 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3
Kaynak Göster APA Koca, M., & Çapar, S. (2024). Darbeler, Bürokrasi ve Siyasi Elitler. Uluslararası Ekonomi Siyaset İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(3), 193-212. https://doi.org/10.59445/ijephss.1491861
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