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DÂRÜLACEZE Skip to content Kimsesiz çocukları, yaşlı ve muhtaçları barındırmak amacıyla 1896’da İstanbul’da açılan bir hayır kurumu.
Dilencilikle mücadele yolunda atılmış önemli bir adım olan Dârülaceze’nin gerçek bânisi Sultan II. Abdülhamid’dir. Abdülhamid, 8 Şâban 1307 (30 Mart 1890) tarihli bir irade ile sokaklarda dilenmekte olan kimsesiz çocukları, sakat erkek ve kadınları hem dilenme zilletinden kurtarmak, hem de eğitim ve bakımlarını sağlamak üzere bir yer ayrılmasını, bu hususta alınacak tedbirlerin ve yapılacak projelerin en kısa zamanda kendisine bildirilmesini istedi. Hükümetin konu ile ilgili çalışmaları devam ederken Abdülhamid, doğum günü olan 16 Şâban 1307 (7 Nisan 1890) tarihinde çıkardığı ikinci bir iradede kurulacak müessesenin adının “dârü’l-aceze” olacağını bildirdi. 22 Şâban 1307 (13 Nisan 1890) tarihli bir resmî tebliğ yayımlanarak padişahın iradesiyle bir dârülacezenin kurulacağı ilân edildi. Konu Şûrâ-yı Devlet Tanzimat Dairesi’nde müzakere edilerek karara bağlandı. Buna göre çalışmaya muktedir oldukları halde dilenciliği meslek edinenler memleketlerine gönderilecek, sakat ve kimsesizler için bir dârülaceze inşa edilecekti. Buraya alınacak kişilerde din ve milliyet farkı gözetilmeyecekti. Kimsesiz ve sakat oldukları halde dârülacezeye başvurmayıp dilenmekte ısrar edenler ise hapis cezası ile cezalandırılacaktı. Ülkenin diğer büyük şehirlerinde de acezehâneler kurulacak ve Dârülaceze Nizamnâmesi oralarda da uygulanacaktı. Ayrıca dârülacezenin yerini belirleyip inşaatını yapmak üzere patrikhâne ve hahamhâne temsilcilerinin de katılmasıyla bir komite oluşturulacaktı.
Bu kararları aynen benimseyen hükümet, durumu 4 Ramazan 1307 (24 Nisan 1890) tarihli tezkire ile padişaha bildirdi. Maliye Nâzırı Agop Paşa’nın başkanlığında İstanbul’da malî kurumların yöneticilerinden, bankerlerden ve ticaret odası başkanından oluşan on altı kişilik bir komisyon kurularak derhal çalışmalara başlandı. Komisyon dârülaceze için yardım toplanmasına ve her türlü hediyenin kabul edilmesine karar verdi. İlk hediyeyi padişah verdi. On sekiz parça değerli eşyadan oluşan bu hediye satılarak 7000 altın lira elde edildi. Padişah ayrıca 10.000 lira da nakit olarak verdi. Komisyon 50.000 liralık yardım makbuzu bastırarak hayır sahiplerine dağıttı. Böylece inşaat başlamadan 70.000 liradan fazla bir para toplanmış oldu.
1890-1892 yılları dârülacezenin kurulacağı yer, planlarının yapılması ve inşaat masraflarının teminiyle geçti. İnşaat için kararlaştırılan Yenibahçe çayırını beğenmeyen padişah sakin ve havadar bir yer bulunmasını istedi. Bunun üzerine Kâğıthane sırtlarındaki bugünkü yer tesbit edilerek kamulaştırıldı. Binaların planı seraskerlik inşaat dairesine sipariş edildi. Kimsesizlerin kalacağı odalarla sanatkâr olarak yetiştirilecek çocuklara mahsus birçok atölye, bir cami, bir kilise ve bir havranın inşaatı için çıkarılan 100.000 liralık tahminî hesap yapılan eksiltmeden sonra 70.000 liraya indi. İnşaat, ihaleye katılan pek çok mimar arasında Tersâne-i Âmire kalfası Vasilaki Efendi’ye ihale edildi ve 29 Teşrînievvel 1308’de (10 Kasım 1892) Dahiliye Nâzırı Halil Rifat Paşa tarafından binaların temeli atıldı.
Dârülaceze inşaatı devam ederken açılıştan sonra uygulanmak üzere 1895’te bir nizamnâme hazırlandı. On maddeden oluşan nizamnâmeye göre kimsesiz sakatlarla geçimini sağlayamayan kimseler dârülacezeye kabul edilecekti. Erkek ve kadınlar ayrı ayrı koğuşlarda kalacak, bunlar mensup oldukları dine göre eğitim görecek ve bakımlarına itina edilecekti. Ayrıca biri erkeklere, diğeri kadınlara ait olmak üzere iki hastahane yaptırılacaktı. Dârülacezenin idaresi, Dahiliye Nezâreti’nce seçilerek sadârete bildirilen ve sadrazam tarafından padişaha arzedildikten sonra iradesi alınmak suretiyle tayin edilecek bir heyete verilecekti. Fahrî olarak çalışacak bu yedi kişilik heyette şehremaneti, şeyhülislâmlık ve Evkaf Nâzırlığı memurları arasından seçilecek birer kişiyle Rum, Ermeni, Katolik ve Mûsevî cemaatleri tarafından uygun görülecek kimseler bulunacaktı. Heyetin görevleri dârülacezenin iç tüzüğü ile belirlenecekti. Nizamnâmede dârülacezenin gelir kaynakları da sayılıyordu. Bunlar gramajı düşük olduğu için belediyelerce el konulmuş ekmeklerin bedeli, tiyatro biletlerine eklenecek 20’şer ve 40’ar paralık pulların sağlayacağı gelir, mâbed kapılarına konulan yardım sandıklarından elde edilecek paralar, halkın bağışları, verilen imtiyazlardan alınacak paralar ve idare heyetinin bulacağı Bâbıâli’ce uygun görülecek diğer kaynaklardı. Nizamnâme Dahiliye Nezâreti tarafından uygulanacaktı.
Yine 1895 yılında çıkarılan dârülacezenin iç tüzüğünde ise bu kurumun teşkilâtı, çalışma şekli, kabul şartları ve uygulanacak cezalar belirlenmektedir. Yirmi dört maddeden oluşan iç tüzüğe göre dârülacezenin bir müdürü ve müdür muavini, muhasebecisi ve yardımcısı, başkâtibi, bir kâtibi, bir imamla bir müezzini, Katolik, Ortodoks ve Gregoryen mezhebinden üç papaz, bir haham, müslim ve gayri müslim çocukları okutmak için iki ayrı öğretmen, çeşitli sanatları öğretecek yeteri kadar usta, kadın ve erkekler için iki başhademe bulunacaktı. Dârülaceze içindeki hastahaneler için bir başhekim, iki hekim, iki cerrah, iki eczacı, bir hastalar ağası ile koğuşlar, hastahaneler ve diğer daireler için lüzumu kadar hademe bulunacaktı. Üst yöneticiler Dahiliye Nezâreti’nce seçilerek sadrazamlığa bildirilecek, uygun görülürse padişaha arzedilerek iradesi çıktıktan sonra tayinleri yapılacaktı. Dârülacezeye kabul şartları da tüzükte belirtilmişti. Kimsesiz ve sakat vatandaşlar sokaklardan incitilmeden zâbıtaca toplanacak, bulaşıcı hastalığı olanlar ayrı koğuşlara alınacak, hasta olmayanlar yıkanıp giydirildikten sonra koğuşlara konulacak, cüzzamlılar ve deliler ise kabul edilmeyecekti. Dârülacezeye alınanlar için kadın ve erkeklere mahsus ayrı ayrı imalâthaneler kurulacak, çalışma gücü olanların burada ürettikleri mallar sergilerde ve ramazan ayında Beyazıt Camii avlusunda satılacak, elde edilen paranın üçte biri dârülacezeye gelir kaydedilecek, üçte ikisi sanatkârlar arasında paylaştırılacaktı. Hiç kimse izin almadan dışarıya çıkamayacak, yakınlarıyla görüşme izne bağlı olacaktı.
Üç yıldan fazla süren inşaat devresinden sonra Dârülaceze 17 Şâban 1313/20 Kânunusâni 1311 (2 Şubat 1896) günü Sadrazam Halil Rifat Paşa tarafından hizmete açıldı. İlk önce 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı’nın sokakta bıraktıklarından artakalan ve Haseki Hastahanesi’nde barındırılan 150 kadar kadın buraya nakledildi. Bu müessese bir idare binası, ikisi erkeklere, ikisi kadınlara ait olmak üzere dört aceze pavyonu, 200 yataklı bir hastahane, bir yetimhane, çamaşırhane ile hamam gibi hizmet binaları ve el sanatları ile ilgili imalâthaneler, fırın ve mâbedlerden (cami, kilise ve havra) oluşan bir kompleksti. Dârülaceze’de sıfır-yedi yaş grubu çocuklar için bir de süt emzirme yeri (ırda‘hâne) açıldı. Terkedilmiş çocuklar burada büyütülüyordu. Yedi yaşına basanlar ise erkek veya kız yetimhanesine konuluyordu. Yetimhanedeki çocukların eğitimi için Dârülaceze’de bir de okul açılmıştı. Başlangıçta otuz yedi erkek ve yirmi sekiz kız çocuğu okumak istediğini bildirdi; aynı zamanda yedi erkek çocuk da Kur’an hıfzına başlatıldı. Okumak istemeyen çocuklar, Dârülaceze içinde açılan imalâthanelerde çalışarak bir sanat öğrenmeye mecbur tutuluyordu; bunlar günde altı saat çalışıyorlardı. Okula yazılan çocuklar ise günde iki saat ders görüyor, dört saat de imalâthanelerden birinde sanat öğreniyorlardı. Okulu bitirenler, dört yıl daha aynı sanat dalına devam ederek sanattan da diploma almak zorundaydılar. Dârülaceze’nin açıldığı 1896’dan 1907 yılına kadar kırk sekiz kişi buradan diploma aldı, altı kişi de hâfız oldu. Bu tarihte okula 130 erkek ve 22 kız öğrenci kayıtlı bulunuyordu.
Kendi imkânları ile ihtiyaçlarını sağlama prensibine göre çalışan Dârülaceze, imalâthanelerinde ürettiği malların gelirini arttırmak için 1895’te bir tâlimatnâme çıkardı. Buna göre gücü yeten herkesin imalâthanelerde çalışması ve her bir imalâthanenin gelir ve giderlerinin hesaplanması bir esasa bağlandı. Dârülaceze imalâthanelerinin faaliyetleri hafta sonlarında müdürlüğe rapor edilirdi. Her üç ayda bir muhasebece hesapları çıkarılır, geçmiş yıllardaki ayların hesaplarıyla karşılaştırılır ve bir defter halinde dâimî komisyona bildirilirdi. Komisyon da mütalaasını Dahiliye Nâzırlığı’na iletirdi. Dârülaceze’de faaliyet gösteren belli başlı imalâthaneler halıcılık, dokumacılık, terzilik, çorapçılık, kunduracılık, marangozluk, demircilik ve fotoğrafçılıktı.
Dârülaceze’nin idaresi ilk açılışında Dahiliye Nezâreti’ne verildi. Daha sonra belediyeye (1908) ve oradan da Müessesât-ı Sıhhiyye Müdüriyeti’ne (1910) geçti. Bu kurumun kaldırılması üzerine tekrar Dahiliye Nezâreti’ne bağlandı. Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında Sıhhat ve İçtimaî Muavenet Vekâleti kurumun idaresini ele aldıysa da 1925’te tekrar belediyeye verildi. Dârülaceze bugün de İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi tarafından yönetilmektedir. Kuruluşundan bu yana din ve milliyet farkı gözetmeksizin yaklaşık 28.000 çocuğu ve 42.000 kimsesiz, yaşlı, güçsüz ve sakatı himaye eden Dârülaceze günümüzde de (1993) 767 muhtaç kişiye hizmet vermektedir. Zaman içinde üretime yönelik özelliğini kaybeden ve kuruluşundaki gelir kaynaklarının pek çoğundan mahrum kalan kurum himayeye muhtaç hale gelmiş olup ancak hayır severlerin yardımlarıyla hizmetlerini sürdürebilmektedir. Mayıs 1991’de kurulan Dârülaceze Vakfı’nın başlatmış olduğu yenileme çalışmaları sayesinde müessesenin bazı bölümleri elden geçirilerek daha iyi hizmet verecek hale getirilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ehâsin-i Müessesât-ı Hayriyye-i Hilâfet-penâhîden Dârülaceze , İstanbul 1324.
Mecelle-i Umûr-ı Belediyye , IV, 504-565.
R. Ekrem Koçu, Dârülaceze (1895-1974) , İstanbul 1974.
a.mlf., “Dârülaceze”, İst.A , VIII, 4242-4245.
TA , XII, 317.
ML , III, 405.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 512-514 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.