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DÂRÜLELHAN Skip to content Osmanlı Devleti’nde kurulan ilk resmî mûsiki mektebi.
Bu kurumun açılışından önce de bu amaca yönelik bazı adımların atılmış olduğu görülmektedir. Bunlar arasında en önemlisi, İstanbul Şehremini Cemil Bey’in (Topuzlu) teşebbüsüyle Dârülbedâyi-i Osmânî’nin açılışıdır. Dârülbedâyi, özel olarak Paris’ten getirilen ünlü tiyatro adamı André Antoine’ın umum müdürlüğü altında 1914’te kuruluş çalışmalarına başladı. Bir mûsiki ve tiyatro okulu olarak düşünülen bu kurumun tiyatro bölümü müdürlüğüne Reşad Rıdvan, mûsiki bölümü müdürlüğüne de bestekâr Ali Rifat Bey (Çağatay) getirildi. Mûsiki bölümü Şark ve Garp mûsikisi olarak ikiye ayrılmıştı. Şark mûsikisi bölümünün amacı, klasik mûsikiyi unutulmaktan ve bozulmaktan kurtarmak, gelecekte tiyatroya faydalı olabilecek yolda geliştirmek, klasik eserleri aslına uygun olarak notaya almak, bu eserleri yaşatmak ve mûsiki zevkini topluma yaymak şeklinde tesbit edilmişti. Şark mûsikisi bölümünde Zekâizâde Ahmet Efendi (Irsoy), Leon Hancıyan, Hâfız Yûsuf Efendi, Rauf Yektâ Bey, Tanbûrî Cemil Bey, Abdülkadir Bey (Töre) gibi kişilerin, Garp mûsikisi bölümünde ise Zâtî Bey (Arca), Zeki Bey (Üngör), Âsaf Bey (Asal), Victor Radeglio, Henry Fourlani, Chevalier Geza de Hegey’in hocalık yapmaları kararlaştırılmıştı. Dârülbedâyi’in kuruluşunda tiyatroyu, sahne mûsikisini, Türk ve Batı mûsikilerini bir bütün olarak ele almak düşüncesi benimsenmişti. Hoca kadrolarının tesbitinin ardından giriş imtihanları yapıldı. Ancak bir süre sonra I. Dünya Savaşı’nın çıkması üzerine Antoine ülkesine dönünce okulun resmen açılışı ertelendi, bu arada Garp mûsikisi bölümü de kapatıldı. Yaşanan savaş şartlarının, öngörülen tasarının uygulanmasına bütünüyle izin vermemesine rağmen tiyatro ve Şark mûsiki bölümü çalışmalarını sürdürmeye gayret etti. Ancak baş gösteren malî sıkıntılar yüzünden 14 Mart 1916 tarihinde Şark mûsiki bölümü de kapandı. Bu bölüm her ne kadar pek kısa bir süre çalışma imkânı bulmuşsa da Dârülbedâyi’i, kuruluş amacıyla ve programıyla Türk mûsiki tarihinin önemli kuruluşlarının başında zikretmek gerekir. Çabaların böylece yarım kalmasına rağmen bu konudaki çalışmalar devam etti. Nihayet Maârif-i Umûmiyye Nezâreti’nin kurduğu Mûsiki Encümeni tarafından hazırlanan tâlimatnâme gereğince erkeklere ve kadınlara ayrı ayrı eğitim vermek üzere “Dârü’l-elhân” adıyla bir mûsiki okulunun açılmasına karar verildi. Dârülelhan ilk çalışmalarına Cağaloğlu’nda Himâye-i Etfâl sokağında bir konakta başlamışken faaliyeti sonraları Şehzadebaşı’nda devam etmiştir.
Washington eski büyükelçisi bestekâr Yûsuf Ziyâ Paşa’nın başkanlığındaki Mûsiki Encümeni’nin 9 Ocak 1916 tarihinde hazırladığı yönetmelik Sultan Reşad’ın emriyle yürürlüğe girdi. 1 Ocak 1917’de Maarif Nâzırı Ahmed Şükrü Bey zamanında Vekiller Heyeti kararı ile erkekler bölümünün Şehzadebaşı’nda Fevziye caddesindeki bir konakta, kadınlar bölümünün ise yine aynı semtte başka bir binada açılış merasimleri yapıldı. Dârülelhan’ın faaliyet gösterdiği son bina, Şehzadebaşı’ndaki Damad İbrâhim Paşa Külliyesi’nin arkasında bulunduğundan burası halen Dârülelhan sokağı adıyla anılmaktadır.
Mûsiki hocası yetiştirmeye yönelik bir eğitim ve öğretim programının uygulanması hedeflenen Dârülelhan tâlimatnâmesinde Garp mûsikisine de yer verilmekle beraber Türk mûsikisinin ağırlıklı olarak ele alındığı anlaşılmaktadır. Bu programda nazariyat, solfej, Türk dinî mûsikisi, Türk mûsikisi usulleri, Türk mûsikisi aletleri, gınâ (şan) gibi derslerin yanı sıra viyolonsel, piyano, kompozisyon ve mûsiki tarihi de yer almaktadır. Öğrenim süresi ilk mektepten sonra dört yıl olarak belirlenen Dârülelhan’ın ayrıca ilmî çalışmalar yapmak, değerli mûsiki eserlerini notaya alarak tesbit etmek ve yayımlamak, folklor araştırmaları yapmak gibi görevleri de vardı.
Dârülelhan, isim babası ve encümenin fahrî reisi Yûsuf Ziyâ Paşa ile ikinci reis Ali Rifat Bey, bestekâr Rahmi Bey ve Refik Talat Bey (Alpman) yönetiminde bir süre çalıştı. Bu dönemin öğretim kadrosunda Muallim İsmâil Hakkı Bey, Zekâizâde Ahmet Efendi, Leon Hancıyan, Ziyâ Bey (Santur), Refik Bey (Fersan), Dürrü Bey (Turan) gibi tanınmış sanatkârlar bilhassa dikkati çekmektedir. Faaliyete geçmesinden bir yıl sonra I. Dünya Savaşı’nın Osmanlı Devleti’nin yenilgisiyle sonuçlanması, Mütareke yıllarının güçlükleri, İstanbul’un işgali, İstiklâl Savaşı gibi sebeplerle Dârülelhan canlı bir varlık gösterme imkânı bulamamıştır. Erkekler bölümü 1918’de kapatıldı, kadınlar bölümü ise sekiz kişilik bir öğretim kadrosu ile varlığını bir müddet daha devam ettirdi.
Cumhuriyet’in kuruluşundan sonra İstanbul Valisi Haydar Bey’in (Yuluğ) yakın ilgisi sonucunda Vilâyet Umumi Meclisi’nin aldığı kararla Dârülelhan 14 Eylül 1923 Cuma günü törenle yeniden açıldı. Önce encümen kaldırıldı. Hazırlanan yeni yönetmelikte Batı mûsikisi de Türk mûsikisi gibi ayrı bir bölüm olarak bu kuruluşta yer aldı. Bu yeni devrede çıkan yönetmeliğe göre ilk öğretimden sonra Dârülelhan’a alınacak öğrenciler hazırlık sınıfında bir yıl okuyacak, ardından bölümlere ayrılacaklardı. Bölümlerde de birtakım ihtisas sınıfları bulunmaktaydı. Bunlar Alafranga (Batı mûsikisi) Bölümü’nde kompozisyon, şan, piyano, viyolonsel, flüt ve diğer orkestra sazları sınıfları; Alaturka (Türk mûsikisi) Bölümü’nde ise keman, kemençe, santur, ney, tanbur, ud, kanun ve tegannî sınıflarıydı. Bütün talebeler aynı zamanda mûsiki nazariyatı, solfej, armoni, füg, mûsiki tarihi dersleriyle orkestra ve koro çalışmalarına da devam etmeye mecbur tutulmuşlardı. Müdürlüğüne bestekâr Mûsâ Süreyyâ Bey’in getirildiği bu yeni dönemin Batı mûsikisi öğretim kadrosu Zeki Bey, Ekrem Besim Bey (Tektaş), Cemal Reşit Bey (Rey), Nimet Vâhid, Chevalier Geza de Hegey, Victor Radeglio, Edgar Manas, Henry Fourlani, Sadri Bey, Zâtî Bey, Nezihe Hanım, Muhyiddin Sâdık Bey, Kadri Bey, Veli Bey (Kanık), Âdil Bey, Osman Şerefeddin Bey, Seyfi ve Sezâi (Asal) kardeşler, Âlî Bey (Sezin) ve Mesut Cemil’den (Tel) oluşmaktaydı. Şark mûsikisi bölümündeki başlıca hocalar ise Nûri Bey (Duyguer), Kevser Hanım, Mustafa Bey (Sunar), Sedat Bey (Öztoprak), Hayriye Hanım (Örs), Fâika, Zehrâ, Şeref hanımlar, Muazzez Hanım (Yurcu), Ziyâ Bey (Santur), Refik Bey, Fâize Hanım (Ergin), Emin Bey (Yazıcı), Ruşen Ferit Bey (Kam), Rauf Yektâ Bey, Zekâizâde Hâfız Ahmet Bey, İsmail Hakkı Bey, Ziyâ Bey (Hoca), Zâhide Hanım idi. Bu kadroya sonraları Reşat Bey (Erer) ile Dürrü Bey de katılmıştır.
Dârülelhan’ın bu dönemi en verimli yılları olmuştur. Zira eğitim ve öğretimin yanı sıra özellikle Türk mûsikisiyle ilgili çeşitli yayın ve araştırma faaliyetlerine de yine bu devrede başlanmıştır. Halk mûsikisiyle ilgili derleme gezileri ve klasik Türk mûsikisi eserlerinin tesbiti, bu faaliyetlerin ilk çalışmalarını teşkil etmesi bakımından olduğu kadar neticesi itibariyle de önemlidir. Neşriyat alanında da çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Dârülelhan Mecmuası adlı bir derginin yayımına başlanmış (1924), ancak bu neşriyat yedi sayı sürdürülebilmiştir (1926). Ayrıca “Dârülelhan Külliyâtı” adı altında klasik Türk mûsikisi eserlerinin nota yayımına geçilmiştir. Bu notalar, ilk 120 adedi Osmanlıca, geri kalan 60 adedi Latin harfleriyle ve “İstanbul Konservatuvarı Neşriyatı” başlığıyla yayımlandı. Bu dönemin faaliyetleri arasında, gerek Batı mûsikisi gerekse Şark mûsikisi bölümünün çeşitli zamanlarda icra ettikleri talebe konserlerini de ayrıca zikretmek gerekir. Batı mûsikisi bölümünün, daha çok Union Française’de verdiği konserlerle Dârülelhan Mecmuası’nda yayımlanan makaleler dışında araştırmaya yönelik bir çalışması görülmemektedir.
Dârülelhan faaliyetine devam ederken Mustafa Necati Bey’in Maarif vekilliği zamanında, Tâlim ve Terbiye Dairesi Sanâyi-i Nefîse Encümeni’nin 9 Aralık 1926 tarihli kararı ile yönetmeliği ve öğretim programı değiştirilerek Türk mûsikisine büyük bir darbe indirilmiştir. Bu yeni program çerçevesinde Alaturka Bölümü tamamen lağvedilerek Türk mûsikisi öğretimi kaldırıldı. Türk mûsikisi çalışmaları, yeni kurulan Türk Mûsikisi İcra Heyeti ve Tarihî Türk Mûsikisi Eserlerini Tasnif ve Tesbit Heyeti adlı iki kurulun faaliyetleriyle sınırlandırıldı. Tasnif ve Tesbit Heyeti, bu ilk kuruluşunda Rauf Yektâ Bey’in başkanlığında Zekâizâde Hâfız Ahmet ve Muallim İsmâil Hakkı beylerden teşekkül etmişti. Sanâyi-i Nefîse Encümeni’nin bu kararı münasebetiyle İstanbul Şehremaneti’ne gönderilen tâlimatnâmenin 3. maddesinde, “Heyetin ilk vazifesi mahfûzâtı tesbit etmektir. Bu faaliyette de öncelik dinî eserlere verilecektir” denilerek heyetin çalışma alanı belirtilmiştir. Tesbit ve derlemede dinî eserlere öncelik verilmesi hususunun, kapatılmış olan tekkelerde gelişen dinî mûsikinin âbide eserlerinin kaybını önlemek şeklinde anlaşılması mümkündür. Fakat heyetin “katiyen tedris ve tâlim mahiyetinde olmamak şartıyla, tedrisat olmadığı günlerde konservatuvarda çalışabileceğini” bildiren cümlesinin, yaşayan Türk mûsikisinin hayatiyetini önlemeye yönelik olduğu açıktır. Dârülelhan, 22 Ocak 1927 tarihinde İstanbul Mûsiki Konservatuarı adı altında İstanbul Şehremaneti’ne bağlanmıştır. Konservatuvar daha sonra İstanbul Belediye Konservatuvarı adıyla faaliyetini sürdürmüştür.
Dârülelhan’ın Yusuf Ziya Demircioğlu müdürlüğündeki bu yeni döneminde Tasnif ve Tesbit Heyeti’nce derlenip yayımlanmaya başlanan eserler, İcra Heyeti tarafından çeşitli konserlerle takdim edildiği gibi plak yoluyla da yaygınlaştırılmıştır. Zamanının en kaliteli mûsiki yayını olarak kabul edilen bu plaklar Columbia firmasında 25 ve 30 santimetrelik 78 devirli olarak doldurulmuştur. 14 adet 25 santimetrelik normal boy ve 18 adet 30 santimetrelik büyük boy plaklarda kâr, beste gibi büyük formdaki eserlerden çeşitli şarkı ve türkülere kadar değişik formlarda eserler yer almıştır. Halk mûsikisi repertuvarı ise daha zengindir. 65 adet 25 santimetrelik ve 2 adet 30 santimetrelik plaklarda çeşitli türküler bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Rauf Yektâ Bey başkanlığında Yusuf Ziya Demirci, Besim Tektaş ve Dürrü Turan’dan oluşan derleme heyetinin yaptığı inceleme gezilerinde notaya alınan eserlerin bir kısmı Anadolu Halk Şarkıları adı altında yedi fasikül halinde yayımlanmıştır (1926-1928). Bu neşriyat daha sonra da devam etmiştir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 518-520 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.