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DÂRÜLHARP Skip to content Müslüman olmayan bir devletin hâkimiyeti altındaki topraklar için kullanılan fıkıh terimi.
Arapça’da ev, “mahalle, bir kavmin konakladığı veya yerleştiği yer” anlamına gelen dâr kelimesi mecazi olarak “kabile” mânasını da ifade eder. İslâm hukukunda ise “İslâmî veya İslâm dışı bir yönetimin hâkimiyeti altındaki ülke” anlamında kullanılır (İbn Âbidîn, III, 247). Buna göre bir ülkenin İslâm veya küfre nisbet bakımından niteliğinin tayin ve tesbitinde temel ölçü yönetim ve hâkimiyettir. Dârülharp, klasik İslâm hukuku kaynaklarında “küfür yönetiminin hâkim olduğu ülke” (Haccâvî, II, 7), “kâfir liderin emir ve idaresinin yürürlükte olduğu ülke” (Kuhistânî, II, 311) şeklinde tarif edilmiştir. Buna göre dârülharp, İslâm dışı devlet ve yönetimlerin hâkimiyet alanını, faaliyet ve hukuk düzenlerinin uygulama sahasını ifade eder. Başka bir deyişle İslâm siyasî hâkimiyetinin sınırları dışında kalan, yönetim ve hukuk düzeni İslâm esaslarına uymayan her ülke dârülharptir. İslâm hukukçuları devletin ülkesini tarif ve tesbit ederken dünyayı iki kısma ayırmışlar, devletin siyasî, iktisadî, idarî ve hukukî düzeninin İslâm esaslarına dayandığı, yasama, yürütme ve yargı yetkilerinin İslâmî otoritenin elinde bulunduğu ülkelere dârülislâm, İslâm düzeninin hâkim olmadığı ve bu yetkilerin müslüman otoritenin elinde bulunmadığı ülkelere de dârülharp adını vermişlerdir.
“Dârü’l-harp” terkibi her ne kadar ilk bakışta “kendisiyle dârülislâm arasında savaş halinin mevcut olduğu ülke” mânasını ifade ediyorsa da İslâm hukuku kaynaklarında “dârülislâm dışındaki ülkeler” anlamında ve bugünkü “yabancı ülke” tabirinin karşılığı olarak kullanılmıştır. İslâm hukukçularının ülkeleri bu şekilde ikiye ayırmaları ve yabancı ülkeleri dârülharp şeklinde adlandırmaları konusunda bazı Batılı müelliflerin ileri sürdüğü (Massignon, s. 80-81; Tyan, II, 302; Khadduri, War and Peace , s. 53, 170; a.mlf., Law in the Middle East , s. 351; EI 2 , II, 126), müslümanların gayri müslimlere karşı sürekli savaş hali içinde bulundukları ve dolayısıyla dârülislâmın diğer ülkelerle münasebetinin savaş esasına dayandığı, söz konusu ayırım ve adlandırmanın da bundan kaynaklandığı şeklindeki iddia gerçeği yansıtmamaktadır. İslâm hukukundaki hâkim telakkiye göre gayri müslim milletlerle savaşın meşruiyet sebebi onların müslümanlara savaş açmalarıdır (bk. CİHAD ); yabancı ülkelerin dârülharp şeklinde adlandırılmasında da Ortaçağ boyunca milletlerarası münasebetlere hâkim olan tarihî ve siyasî şartlar etkili olmuştur. Zira İslâm hukukçularının müslüman devletle gayri müslim devletler arasındaki ilişkilere dair görüşleri ne olursa olsun, tarihî bir vâkıa olarak müslümanlarla müslüman olmayanlar arasındaki münasebetler başlangıçtan beri umumiyetle savaş halinde sürüp gelmiştir. İslâm’ın doğuşu sırasında milletlerarası münasebetlerde kuvvet tek hâkim durumundaydı ve İslâm’ın devletler arası münasebetleri düzenlemek için ortaya koyduğu kurallar yalnız müslüman devletlerce tek taraflı olarak uygulanabilmiştir. Ortaçağ’ın hıristiyan devletlerindeki hâkim telakki, sadece müslümanlara karşı değil kendi dindaşlarına karşı da savaş halinin sürekliliği şeklindeydi. Müslüman hukukçular, mevcut ilişkileri yansıtan en bâriz özellik olarak bu ülkeleri genellikle dârülharp şeklinde adlandırmakla birlikte aynı anlamda “dârülküfür”, “dârüşşirk” ve diğer bazı tabirleri de yaygın şekilde kullanmışlardır (bk. Özel, s. 125). İslâm hukukçularının dârülislâm için, hukuk düzeninin hâkim olduğu ülke anlamında “dârü ahkâm” (Serahsî, el-Mebsûṭ , XXX, 33; Cürcânî, s. 82), buna karşılık gayri müslim ülkeler için de kuvvet ve zorbalığın hâkim olduğu yerler anlamında “dârü kahr” (Serahsî, el-Mebsûṭ , XXX, 33), “dârü kahr ve galebe” (Cürcânî, s. 82), “dârü kahr ve ibâha” (Haccâvî, III, 144) tabirlerini kullanmış olmaları da dikkat çekicidir.
İlk dârülislâmın Medine olması (İbn Kayyim, I, 5; Özel, s. 118) ve dârülislâm kavramının ancak hicret sonrası dönemle ilgili bulunmasına karşılık dârülharp kavramı müslümanlara savaş izninin verilmediği hicret öncesi için de kullanılmıştır. Bazı fıkıh âlimleri, çeşitli konularla ilgili görüşlerine delil getirirken hicretten önceki Mekke’ye atıfta bulunarak oranın İslâm otoritesinin hâkim bulunmadığı dârülharp olduğunu açıkça belirtmişlerdir (Sahnûn, II, 22; Serahsî, el-Mebsûṭ , XIV, 57). Hatta Serahsî, hicretten sonra bile ilk dönemlerde Medine’nin ancak Hz. Peygamber ve müslümanlar şehirdeyken dârülislâm sayıldığını, herhangi bir sebeple Medine dışına çıktıklarında bu hükmün söz konusu olmadığını söyler (el-Mebsûṭ , X, 18; Şerḥu’s-Siyeri’l-kebîr , III, 1009, 1011). Müslüman hukukçuların dârülharp kavramını savaşın henüz meşrû kılınmadığı Mekke dönemine kadar götürmeleri, Batılı müelliflerin yukarıda işaret edilen görüşlerinin gerçeği yansıtmadığı hususunda başka bir delil teşkil ettiği gibi, Medine döneminde müslümanların dine davet maksadıyla komşularına savaş ilân ettikleri ve buna bağlı olarak dârülharp kavramının da bu dönemde ortaya çıktığı şeklindeki iddialarının da (bk. EI 2 , II, 126) mesnetsiz olduğunu göstermektedir.
Dârülharp, halkının müslüman olması veya ülkenin müslümanlar tarafından fethinden sonra orada İslâm hükümlerinin uygulanmasıyla dârülislâm haline gelir. Bu konuda İslâm hukukçuları görüş birliği içindedir. Ancak bir ülke sadece fethedilmekle değil o ülkenin yurt edinilmesine karar verilip hukuk düzeninin uygulanmasıyla dârülislâma dönüşür. Dârülislâmın dârülharbe dönüşmesi konusunda ise İslâm hukukçuları farklı görüşler ileri sürmüşlerdir (bk. DÂRÜLİSLÂM ). Bunun gibi İslâm devletinin kendisiyle savaş halinde bulunduğu ülke anlamında dârülharbin tanımı da İslâm hukukçularının cihadın meşruiyeti konusundaki görüşlerine bağlı olarak farklılık arzeder. Hâkim telakkiye göre cihadın meşruiyet sebebi müslüman olmayanların müslümanlara savaş açmaları olduğundan dârülharp de “müslümanlara karşı düşmanlık ve tecavüzü sebebiyle dârülislâmla barış hali bozulan ülke” şeklinde tarif edilebilir.
Fıkıh âlimleri, ülke ayrılığının hükümlere tesiri ve buna bağlı olarak dârülharpte bazı hükümlerin değişip değişmeyeceği konusunda farklı görüşler ileri sürmüşlerdir. Hanefîler’e göre müslümanların dârülharpte işledikleri suçlara ceza hukuku hükümleri uygulanmaz. Diğer üç mezhebe göre ise bu konuda dârülislâmla dârülharp arasında fark yoktur. Ancak Hanefîler’ce cezanın uygulanmaması, suç teşkil eden fiilin mubah olduğu anlamına gelmez. Adam öldürme, hırsızlık, zina ve içki içmek gibi fiiller her yerde haram olmakla birlikte devletin hâkimiyet sınırları dışında işlendiğinde toplum düzenini sağlamak amacıyla konulmuş olan dünyevî ceza uygulanmaz. Bu durumda cezayı uygulama imkânı fiilen bulunmadığından işlenen suça ceza takdir etmenin anlam ve faydası da yoktur. Ebû Hanîfe ve talebesi İmam Muhammed’e göre, dârülislâmda yapıldığında faiz sayılan muamelelerle dinen alım satımı yasaklanan maddelerin konu edildiği alışverişler dârülharpte müslümanla bu ülkenin vatandaşı gayri müslim (harbî) arasında yapıldığında câizdir. Ancak faiz sayılan fazlalığı müslümanın alması ve söz konusu maddeyi müslümanın satmış olması şarttır. İslâm devletinin vatandaşı olan gayri müslim (zimmî) ve dârülharpte müslüman olmuş kimse de harbî ile bu muameleleri yapabilir. Bu konuda Hz. Peygamber devrinde görülen bazı uygulamaların delil olarak ileri sürülmesi yanında harbînin malının temelde mubah sayılması ve akid yoluyla rızâsı sağlanarak mubah bir malın mülkiyete geçirilmesi asıl gerekçe olarak kabul edilmiştir. Harbînin malının mubah olmasına karşılık müslüman veya zimmînin malının mâsum (hukukî koruma altında) olması sebebiyle söz konusu muameleler, fazlalığı ancak bunların alması halinde câiz görülmüştür. Nitekim harbî de dârülislâma emanla girdiğinde malı hukuken mâsum olacağından kendisiyle böyle bir muamelede bulunmak meşrû değildir. Diğer üç mezhep âlimleriyle Hanefî mezhebinden Ebû Yûsuf’a göre ise anılan bütün muameleler dârülislâmda olduğu gibi dârülharpte de haramdır. Bu görüşü savunanlar, faiz yasağı ile ilgili âyet ve hadislerin mutlak ifadelerini esas almakta, ülke ayrılığının bu konuda bir tesirinin bulunmadığını ileri sürmektedirler (geniş bilgi için bk. Özel, s. 257-273). Bugün devletlerin karşılıklı ilişkilerde barışı esas kabul etmeleri, ayrıca faiz alan kimsenin ferdî planda kârlı görünmesine karşılık mevcut iktisadî şartlar ve ilişkiler çerçevesinde faizi veren kurum ve ülkenin sonuçta kazançlı çıkması göz önüne alındığında çoğunluğun görüşüne göre hareket etmenin daha isabetli ve ihtiyata uygun olacağı anlaşılır.
Mükellefin dinî ve hukukî hükümler konusundaki bilgisizliğinin (cehl) sorumluluk açısından özür sayılmayacağı genel kural olmakla birlikte dârülharpte İslâmiyet’i kabul edip de henüz dârülislâma hicret etmemiş kimse, dinî emir ve yasaklara uyma sorumluluğu açısından mâzur sayılmıştır. Âlimlerin çoğunluğu, bu konudaki bilgisizliğin sorumluluğu tamamen kaldırdığını söylerken bazı âlimler sorumluluğun tamamen kalkmayacağını, böyle bir kimsenin namaz, oruç, zekât gibi vecîbeleri zamanında yerine getirmeme hususunda mâzur olsa bile hükmü öğrendiğinde bunları kazâ etmesinin gerekli olduğunu ileri sürmüşlerdir.
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A. Abel, “Dār al-Ḥarb”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 126.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 536-537 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.