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DÂRÜLMUALLİMÎN Skip to content Osmanlı Devleti’nde 1848-1924 yılları arasında faaliyet gösteren erkek öğretmen okullarına verilen ad.
Osmanlılar’da öğretmen yetiştirmek için okul açma fikrinin ortaya çıkması Tanzimat dönemine rastlar. Ancak daha önceki devirlerde de “müderris” denen hocaların medreselerden yetiştiği, bunun yanında Fâtih Sultan Mehmed zamanında (1451-1481) sıbyan mekteplerine öğretmen yetiştirmek için özel bir program uygulandığı, Ayasofya ve Eyüp medreselerinde uygulanan bu programda âdâb-ı mübâhase ve usûl-i tedrîs gibi pedagojik formasyon derslerinin bulunmasına özen gösterildiği bilinmektedir (Fatih Mehmet II Vakfiyeleri , s. 206, 257). Fakat bu sonuncu uygulama daha sonraki dönemlerde devam etmemiştir.
Tanzimat’ın ilânından sonra II. Mahmud devrinin (1808-1839) son zamanlarında açılan rüşdiye mekteplerine öğretmen yetiştirmek amacıyla 16 Mart 1848’de İstanbul’un Fatih semtinde dârülmuallimîn adıyla bir öğretmen okulu açıldı. Üç yıllık olan bu okulun ilk müdürü Ahmed Cevdet (Paşa) idi. Cevdet Paşa tarafından hazırlanan ilk dârülmuallimîn nizamnâmesi de 21 Mayıs 1852 tarihinde yürürlüğe girdi. Bu nizamnâmede dârülmuallimînin idarî ve malî teşkilâtının yanında mektebe kabul şartları, burada okutulacak dersler ve mezunların durumu ele alınmıştır (BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 8034). Okutulacak dersler arasında öğretmenlik mesleği için zaruri olan usûl-i ifâde ve tâlim dersi de bulunuyordu. Ancak bu derse daha sonraki programlarda rastlanmamaktadır.
1857 yılında Maarif Nezâreti’nin kurulup 1862’den sonra sıbyan mekteplerinin buraya bağlanması üzerine bu mekteplerin de öğretmen ihtiyacını karşılamak için 1868’de Dârülmuallimîn-i Sıbyân adı altında iki yıllık bir öğretmen okulu daha açılmış ve müdürlüğüne Mehmed Cevdet Efendi getirilmiştir. İstanbul’un Beyazıt semtindeki metruk Matbaa-i Âmire’de öğretime başlayan bu mektepte eskiden beri sıbyan mekteplerinde okutulmakta olan elifbâ, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm, tecvid ve ilmihal derslerinin yanı sıra hesap, ahlâk ve coğrafyaya giriş ile usûl-i tedrîs adı altında öğretim metodu derslerine yer verilmiştir. Ancak muhaliflerin menfi propagandası yüzünden birkaç yıl sonra kapatılan Dârülmuallimîn-i Sıbyân, Maârif-i Umûmiyye Nizamnâmesi’nin neşrinden sonra Mehmed Cevdet Efendi’nin gayretleriyle 1872 yılında tekrar açıldı ve müdürlüğüne yine bu zat getirildi (BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 45.710). 1874’te ayrıca yeni usule göre eğitim metotlarını İstanbul, Üsküdar, Galata ve Eyüp’teki öğretmenlere uygulamalı olarak öğretmek üzere Dârülmuallimîn-i Sıbyân’ın yanında bir de Numune Mektebi açıldı (BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 47.295).
Millî eğitimin bütün konularını içine alan Maârif-i Umûmiyye Nizamnâmesi’nde öğretmen okulları meselesi genel esaslara bağlanarak öğretmen yetiştiren kurumların hepsinin bir çatı altında toplanmasına çalışıldı. Büyük ölçüde Fransa maarifinden uyarlanan nizamnâmenin neşrinden önce okullarda herhangi bir derecelenme yoktu. Nizamnâmenin 52. maddesinde bütün mekteplerin çeşitli dereceleri için İstanbul’da geniş kapsamlı bir dârülmuallimîn açılması öngörülmekteydi. Bünyesinde rüşdiye, idâdî ve sultânî şubeleri bulunan ve Büyük Dârülmuallimîn adı verilen bu mektebin her şubesi fen ve edebiyat kollarına ayrılacaktı. Daha sonraki maddelerde ayrıntılı bir şekilde her şubenin öğretim süresi, okutulacak dersler, öğrencilerin uyacakları kurallar belirtilmişti. 1870 yılında sadece rüşdiye şubesi açılabilen (BA , İrade-Şûrâ-yı Devlet, nr. 476) Büyük Dârülmuallimîn’in idâdî şubesi 1874’te açılmış, mevcut olan sıbyan şubesi ise ancak bu tarihte buraya bağlanabilmiş, fakat bu şube yarı müstakil statüde tutulmuştu. Kadın öğretmen yetiştirilmesi için de 1870 yılında dârülmuallimât adıyla bir kız öğretmen okulu daha açılmış, ayrıca 1875’ten itibaren başta Bosna, Girit ve Konya olmak üzere İstanbul dışında da öğretmen okulları açılmaya başlanmıştır.
1876 Kānûn-ı Esâsîsi’nin birçok maddesinde eğitim konusu da ele alınmış, bu arada Büyük Dârülmuallimîn’in rüşdiye şubesine usûl-i tedrîs dersi konmuştur. Ancak ibtidâî ve idâdî şubelerinde bu meslek dersi okutulmuyordu. 1879 yılında rüşdiye şubesine Mecelle ve kānûn-ı ticâret dersleri kondu, ertesi yıl mektebin idâdî kısmı lağvedildi. 1882’de Mizancı Murad Bey’in müdürlüğü zamanında dârülmuallimînin ıslahı için yeni bir nizamnâme hazırlandı. Buna göre idâdî şubesi fen ve edebiyat kollarına ayrılıyor (BA , Yıldız Arşivi, Resmî, nr. 15/17) ve okul yatılı hale getiriliyordu. 1882-1883 yıllarında sıbyan şubesi yeni usule göre kısa sürede öğretmen yetiştirmek amacıyla “dârü’l-ameliyat” (pratik okul) haline getirilmiş, böylece geçici olarak öğretmen ihtiyacının karşılanmasına çalışılmıştı. Sıbyan şubesi 1884-1885 ders yılında tekrar eski haline çevrildi. Öte yandan 1882’den itibaren taşrada Kosova, Sivas, Amasya, Bursa, Selânik, Aydın, Halep, Ma‘mûretülazîz (Elazığ), Van ve Musul vilâyet merkezlerinde dârülmuallimîn açılmasına devam edilmiştir. 1890 yılında idâdî şubesi tekrar açıldı. İki yıl sonra yürürlüğe giren yeni nizamnâmeye göre (BA , İrade-Meclis-i Mahsûs, nr. 5394) Büyük Dârülmuallimîn, her birinin öğretim süresi iki yıl olan ibtidâiye, rüşdiye ve âliye şubelerinden oluşuyor, öğrencilerinin tamamı burslu okuyor ve mecburi hizmetle yükümlü tutuluyordu. Bu arada 1892 nizamnâmesinin dârülmuallimînle ilgili maddeleri değiştirilmiş ve iki yıl sonra da bütün öğretmen okulları için yeni bir müfredat programı hazırlanarak her üç basamaktaki okullar için uygulanmaya konulmuştur. Bu programa göre dârülmuallimîn mezunu olmayan taşradaki öğretmenlerin bir süre buralarda açılan dârülmuallimîn şubelerine devam ederek eksiklerini tamamlamaları gerekiyordu. 1905-1906 öğretim yılında ülke içindeki dârülmuallimîn sayısı otuz altıya yükselmiş, bu okulların ihtiyaçları genellikle merkezden karşılanırken mahallî imkânlardan da faydalanılmıştır. Meselâ taşrada eski medrese binalarından, müderris ve öğrencilerinden istifade yoluna gidilerek “medrese-i muallimîn” adıyla bazı mekteplerin açılmasına teşebbüs edilmiştir. Bunun bir örneği, 19 Ağustos 1322’de (1 Eylül 1906) Bursa’da yatılı olarak açılan mekteptir (Hudâvendigâr Vilâyeti Salnâmesi [1325], s. 337). Ayrıca daha 1896 yılında “muallim imam” veya “imam muallim” yetiştirmek üzere sancak merkezlerinde birer dârülmuallimîn açılması fikrinin bulunduğu, bu şekilde öğretmen yetiştiren medreselerin de açıldığı anlaşılmaktadır (Kodaman, s. 241).
Öte yandan daha çok sayıda öğretmen yetiştirmek amacıyla 900 kadar medrese talebesi hiçbir imtihana tâbi tutulmadan Büyük Dârülmuallimîn’in ibtidâiye şubesine alınmış, bina yetmeyince mektep Fatih Çarşamba’da kiralanan büyük bir konağa nakledilmiştir. Fakat öğrenciler medreselerde yatıp kalkıyor, imaretlerde yemek yiyordu. Bu olumsuz şartları gidermek için Nisan 1909’da Satı Bey buraya müdür olarak tayin edildi. Satı Bey’in ilk icraatı, öğrenci ve öğretmenlerden büyük ölçüde tasfiyeler yaparak okulu Cağaloğlu’ndaki binasına taşımak ve yatılı hale getirmek olmuştur. Satı Bey ayrıca iki yıl olan öğretim süresini üç yıla çıkarmış (1914’te dört yıl) ve bir uygulama okulu kurmuştur. Bu arada daha sonra Tedrisat Mecmuası adıyla çıkacak olan Tedrîsât-ı İbtidâiyye Mecmuası ’nı da yayın hayatına sokmuştur. 1912 yılında yüksek okul statüsüne kavuşan ve Dârülmuallimîn-i Âliye adını alan mektep, I. Dünya Savaşı başlarında Moda’daki Saint Joseph, Mondros Mütarekesi’nden sonra buranın Fransızlar tarafından işgali üzerine Kadıköy Ortaokulu binasına taşınmış, bir süre sonra ise tekrar Cağaloğlu’ndaki eski yerine nakledilmiştir.
Taşradaki dârülmuallimînler ıslah edilmeye çalışılmışsa da eleman yetersizliği yüzünden umulan sonuç elde edilememiştir. 23 Eylül 1329’da (6 Ekim 1913) yürürlüğe giren Tedrîsât-ı İbtidâiyye Kānûn-ı Muvakkati ve yine bu yıllarda yürürlüğe giren Vilâyetler Umumi ve Hususi İdaresi kanunları ile her vilâyette bir öğretmen okulu açılmaya başlanmış, bunların yönetimi ve bütçesi mahallî idarelerin imkânlarına bırakılmıştır. 1915 yılında çıkarılan Dârülmuallimîn ve Dârülmuallimât Nizamnâmesi’nin yürürlüğe girmesinden sonra savaş yıllarının olumsuz şartlarının da eklenmesiyle bu okullara rağbet azalmış, okulların giderleri ve öğretmen maaşları vilâyet bütçelerince karşılanamamıştır. Millî Mücadele yıllarında aynı şartlar ağırlaşarak devam etmiş, Mondros Mütarekesi’nden sonra çoğu ülke sınırları dışında kalan taşra dârülmuallimînleri kendiliğinden kapanmıştır.
1923-1924 ders yılı başında İstanbul Dârülmuallimîni dahil Türkiye’de on üç öğretmen okulu bulunuyordu. 8 Nisan 1923 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren 326 sayılı kanunla aynı yılın eylülünden itibaren bütün okulların masraf ve maaş giderleri Maarif Vekâleti bütçesinden karşılanmaya başlanmış, daha sonra öğretmen yetiştirme konusu yeni esaslara bağlanmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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BA , İrade-Meclis-i Vâlâ, nr. 6894.
BA , İrade-Meclis-i Mahsûs, nr. 5394.
BA , İrade-Şûrâ-yı Devlet, nr. 476.
BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 8034, 29.771, 45.710, 47.295.
BA , İrade-Maarif (2 Şâban 1330), Hazîne-i Evrâk, nr. 1.
BA , Yıldız Arşivi, Resmî, nr. 15/17.
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Lutfî, Târih , XII, 108.
Hudâvendigâr Vilâyeti Salnâmesi (1325), s. 337.
Dârülmuallimîn ve Dârülmuallimât Nizamnâmesi , İstanbul 1331.
Fatma Aliye Hanım, Ahmed Cevdet Paşa ve Zamanı , İstanbul 1332, tür.yer.
Mahmud Cevad, Maârif-i Umûmiyye Nezâreti Târihçe-i Teşkîlât ve İcrâatı , İstanbul 1338, s. 8-10, 133-136, 177, 196, 229, 258, 269, 335-336.
Maârif Hakkında Lâyihalar , İstanbul 1339, s. 53-54, 68-69, 71-72, 86-88, 97-98.
1328-1329 Senesine Mahsus İhsâiyât Mecmuası , İstanbul 1334, s. 12-13.
1339-1340 Ders Senesi İhsâiyât Mecmuası , İstanbul 1341, s. 44-45.
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a.mlf., Türkiye’de Modern Eğitimin Doğuşu ve Gelişimi , İstanbul 1974, s. 55-56, 152-154.
Yahya Akyüz, Türkiye’de Öğretmenlerin Toplumsal Değişmedeki Etkileri , Ankara 1978, s. 37-39, 53-55, 77-85, 222-226.
a.mlf., Türk Eğitim Tarihi , Ankara 1989, s. 198-204, 273-278, 306-312.
a.mlf., “Darülmuallimîn’in İlk Nizamnâmesi (1851), Önemi ve Ahmed Cevdet Paşa”, Millî Eğitim , sy. 95 (Mart 1990), s. 3-20.
Bayram Kodaman, Abdülhamid Devri Eğitim Sistemi , Ankara 1988, s. 145-154, 241.
Muallim Cevdet, “Dârülmuallimîn’in Yetmişinci Sene-i Devriyyesi Münasebetiyle Verilen Konferans”, Tedrisat Mecmuası , sy. 6, İstanbul 1332, s. 175-200.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 551-552 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.