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DÂRÜSSAÂDE Skip to content Genel olarak Topkapı Sarayı’nın Harem kısmına verilen ad.
Osmanlılar’da Dârüssaâde tabiri, yaklaşık 380 yıl padişahların ve ailelerinin ikametgâhı olan Topkapı Sarayı’nın Harem Dairesi için kullanılmıştır. Bu tabir bazı kaynak ve belgelerde doğrudan doğruya sarayı ifade eder bir şekilde de geçer. Nitekim Edirne ve İstanbul Eski saraylarına da Dârüssaâde-i Atîk denilmekteydi (TSMA, nr. D. 3960; nr. E. 12.007). Padişahın özel dairesinin bulunduğu, hanımları, çocukları ve câriyelerinin yaşadığı bu yerin kendine has bir teşkilâtı ve görevlileri vardı. Buranın her türlü hizmetiyle uğraşan ve Dârüssaâde ağaları denilen bu görevliler, padişaha ve ailesine yakınlıkları sebebiyle Osmanlı siyasî tarihinde önemli roller oynamışlardır.
Dârüssaâde Ağası. Osmanlı Devleti’nde saray Harem, Enderun ve Bîrun denilen üç ayrı teşkilâtla yönetiliyordu. Harem ağaları ile Enderun teşkilâtında Bâbüssaâde cemaatine mensup ağalar tavâşî (hadım) idi. Ortaçağ’da müslüman ve Türk devletlerinde mevcut olan tavâşî veya hadım ağalar, Çelebi Sultan Mehmed zamanından itibaren Osmanlı sarayında da görevlendirildiler. Bunlar beyaz hadımlar (akağalar) ve zenci hadımlar (karaağalar) olmak üzere iki ayrı sınıftı. Akağalar, sarayın Enderun bölümünün başladığı yer olan ve Bâbüssaâde denilen kapısında görevli olduklarından kendilerine Bâbüssaâde ağaları unvanı verilmişti. Âmirleri olan Bâbüssaâde ağası, aynı zamanda bütün Enderun ve Harem görevlilerinin âmiriydi. Hadım ağalar sarayın kadınlara ait kısmına nezaret ettiklerinden kendilerine “kızlar ağası” da denilmiştir (TSMA, nr. D. 34, vr. 25b , 97b ; nr. E. 6196). Şehzadelerin maiyetinde de Dârüssaâde cemaati ve tavâşî ağaları vardı (TSMA, nr. D. 743).
Bâbüssaâde ağalığı ile Dârüssaâde ağalığı arasındaki kesin ayırım ise XVI. yüzyılda gerçekleşti. 982’de (1574) Habeşî Mehmed Ağa kendisine verilen yetkilerden faydalanarak Dârüssaâde ağalığı görevinin Bâbüssaâde ağalığından ayrılmasını sağlayıp Dârüssaâde ağası unvanını aldı. 995’te de (1586-87) Bâbüssaâde ağalarının idaresinde olan Evkāf-ı Haremeyn nezâreti görevini üzerine alıp sarayda üstün bir duruma geldi. Akağalar, Harem’de yaklaşık 150 yıl devam eden nüfuzlarının karaağalara geçmesini hiçbir zaman kabullenmeyerek mücadelelerini sürdürmüşlerdir. Habeşî Mehmed Ağa 999’da (1590) vefat edince yerine Habeşî ağalardan Server Ağa geçti. Harem ağaları ile olan geçimsizliği sebebiyle görevi uzun müddet sürmedi. Ağalığı sırasında kapı oğlanlarını taşra halkı ile muamele ve muhabereden menettiği için tavâşî ağalar onun aleyhinde birleşerek Mısır’a gönderilmesine sebep oldular. 1591’de yerine geçen akağalardan Bosnalı Hacı Mustafa Ağa’ya ilâve görev olarak Dârüssaâde ağalığı da verildi. 1595’te emekliye ayrılarak kendi isteğiyle Mısır’a gitti. 1595-1621 yılları arasında karaağalardan Osman Ağa, Abdürrezzak Ağa, Cevher Ağa, Hacı Mustafa Ağa, Süleyman Ağa ve Abdurrahman Ağa Dârüssaâde ağalığı görevlerinde bulundular (Ahmed Resmî Efendi, TSMK, Emanet Hazinesi, nr. 1403). 1621’de Bâbüssaâde ve Dârüssaâde ağalığı görevlerini birlikte sürdüren Malatyalı İsmâil Ağa, akağalardan Dârüssaâde ağalığı görevinde bulunan son ağadır (TSMA, nr. E. 1725/1, 7364/77, 8395/1). Nitekim 1623’te karaağalardan İdris Ağa’nın Dârüssaâde ağalığına getirilmesinden itibaren 1922’ye kadar Dârüssaâde ağalığı görevi karaağaların sorumluluğunda kaldı ve bunlar akağalar üzerindeki üstünlüklerini son devirlere kadar devam ettirdiler. Son Dârüssaâde ağası Said Ağa’dır. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in son zamanlarından 1922 yılına kadar yaklaşık yirmi bir akağa, yetmiş yedi karaağa Dârüssaâde ağalığı görevinde bulundu. Dârüssaâde ağaları “ağa hazretleri” (TSMA, nr. D. 3136), “ağa efendi” (TSMA, nr. D. 9774; E. 414/1) ve “büyük ağa” unvanlarıyla da anılmışlardır.
Dârüssaâde ağası bütün Harem ağalarının, Sarây-ı Cedîd ve Sarây-ı Atîk teberdarları ve kozbekçilerinin, Haremeyn-i şerîfeyn görevlilerinin, selâtin ve vüzerâ evkafı ile Dârüssaâde ağaları ve mensupları evkafı görevlilerinin âmiriydi (TSMA, nr. E. 449/39, 7014/31-32). 1577-1772 yılları arasında Dârüssaâde ağası maiyetinde elli beş görevli vardı. Bunlar ağayân-ı Dârüssaâde (otuz beş kişi) ve ferrâşân-ı Dârüssaâde (yirmi kişi) olmak üzere iki ayrı sınıftı (TSMA, nr. D. 1027, 1059, 2417/30, 6205, 9698, 10.181). Ağayân-ı Dârüssaâde bir yerde on üç, sekiz ve on dört görevli olan bölüklere, ferrâşân-ı Dârüssaâde ise bir yerde yedi, sekiz ve beş görevli olan bölüklere ayrılmıştı (TSMA, nr. D. 1027, 1059). III. Selim döneminde bu sayı Eski Saray görevlileri de dahil olmak üzere 129 ile 155 civarındadır (TSMA, nr. D. 1089/45-47). 1836 tarihli bir maaş defterinde ise görevli sayısı 109 kişi olarak gösterilmiştir. Bu görevliler başta Dârüssaâde ağası olmak üzere başkapı gulâmı (iki görevli), yayla başkapı gulâmı, hademe-i hâsıllıyân (yirmi altı görevli), mülâzım-ı hâsıllıyân (otuz yedi görevli), mülâzım-ı ortanca (yirmi yedi görevli), Dârüssaâde başağası, oda kethüdâsı, kâtip efendi, sultanların başağaları ve ikinci, üçüncü ağaları unvanlarıyla belirtilmiştir (TSMA, nr. D. 2222).
Hazînedâr-ı şehriyârî, başmusâhip ve musâhipler, lalalar, vâlide sultan başağası ve diğer ağaları, sultanların başağaları ve diğer ağaları, vâlide sultan ve sultanların kethüdâları, kadın, usta ve kalfa unvanı verilen Harem’deki kadın görevliler, Dârüssaâde ağası yazıcısı, Haremeyn müfettişi, Haremeyn muhasebecisi, Haremeyn mukātaacısı Dârüssaâde ağasına bağlı görevlilerdi.
Topkapı Sarayı Harem Dairesi’nde Dârüssaâde ağaları ve Harem ağalarının görevli oldukları ve ikamet ettikleri yerler vardı. Burada karaağalar nöbet yeri, Karaağalar Mescidi, Karaağalar Koğuşu, Dârüssaâde ağası dairesi, Şehzadeler Mektebi ve karşısında musâhib-i şehriyârî ve hazînedâr-ı şehriyârî daireleri bulunmaktaydı. Dolaplı Kubbe denilen Dârüssaâde Hazinesi’nde murassa‘ eşya, mücevherat, para, surre merasiminde kullanılan eşya, Dârüssaâde ağası nezaretindeki evkafın belgeleri muhafaza ediliyordu. Dârüssaâde ağası dairesi iki katlı bir yapı idi. Burada Dârüssaade ağasının hamamı, misafir ve yatak odaları bulunmaktaydı. Harem ağaları koğuşu, yedi sütunlu bir revakın arkasında dört katlı bir yapıdır. Sol taraftaki çinili odalar Harem ağalarının âmiri olan başkapı gulâmı dairesidir. İkinci kat ortanca, üçüncü kat hâsıllı veya hasırlı, dördüncü kat acemi Harem ağalarının meskenidir.
Harem’e ilk giren zenci ağa “en aşağı” unvanı ile hizmete alınır, ocak defterine kaydedilir ve ortancalar içinde muteber bir lalaya el öptürülürdü. Bunlar “nöbet kalfaları” denilen ağaların emirlerine uyar, Harem kapılarını beklerlerdi. Bu sırada Dârüssaâde Ocağı’na ait usul ve kanunu öğrenip acemi ağalığa geçerler, daha sonra da içlerinden en kıdemlisi nöbet kalfası olurdu. Acemi ağalar nöbet kalfasından sonra ortanca olurlardı. Ortancalar kapı nöbetine nezaret ederlerdi (Atâ Bey, I, 257-260). Ardından hâsıllı (hasırlı) olup on ikinci hâsıllının en eskisi terfi ederek yayla başkapı gulâmı, sonra Yeni Saray başkapı gulâmı ve daha sonra Eski Saray ağası olurdu. Eski Saray ağaları terfi ettirilip Dârüssaâde ağalığına getirilirdi. Normal yükselme bu şekilde olurdu (Naîmâ, V, 233).
Dârüssaâde ağalığına ayrıca sırasıyla padişah lalalığı, musâhib-i şehriyârî ve hazînedâr-ı şehriyârîlik görevlerinde bulunanlar da tayin edilebiliyordu. Yine vâlide sultan başağaları Dârüssaâde ağası olabiliyordu. Dârüssaâde ağalığına tayin edilen şahsa padişah huzurunda samur kürk giydirilir ve ağalığını ilân için beyaz üzerine hatt-ı hümâyun gönderilirdi. Bu hatt-ı hümâyunlar bir nevi görev yönetmeliği niteliğindeydi.
Başlarına selîmî (TSMA, nr. E. 12.063), alaylarda üzerlerine serâser kaplı dört yenli samur kürk giyen Dârüssaâde ağaları, bellerine som mücevherli “akve” denilen değerli köstekli bir bıçak takarlardı. Surrenin hareket edeceği gün kullandıkları asâları vardı. Bu asâ saray hazinesinde muhafaza edilmekteydi (Altındağ – Bayraktar, II, 66). Bayram namazlarına kırmızıya kaplı kürk giyip giderler, daha sonra odalarında beyaza kaplı sırmalı kürk giyip, Harem’e gelirlerdi. Ardından hazine vekili bohça ile kürkü alır ve Harem’e götürüp hazinedar ustaya teslim ederdi (TSMA, nr. E. 12.063).
Görevleri gereği padişahlara ve padişah ailelerine olan yakınlıkları sebebiyle önce sarayda, sonra da özellikle XVII ve XVIII. yüzyıllarda devlet yönetiminde etkili olan Dârüssaâde ağaları, siyasî meseleler yanında sadrazamların azil ve tayinlerinde de rol oynamışlardır. İçlerinden bazıları mala ve paraya düşkünlükleri yüzünden sorumluluklarındaki görevlere en çok hediye ve para veren kimseleri tayin ederlerdi. Dolayısıyla devlet yönetiminde zaman zaman olumsuz tesirleri olmuştur. Vezîriâzam İpşir Mustafa Paşa karaağaları saraydan uzaklaştırmak istemişse de bunu başaramamıştır. Tanzimat’ın ilânından sonra yetkilerinin çoğu ellerinden alınan Dârüssaâde ağaları, II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânıyla ikinci ve üçüncü derecedeki memur seviyesine getirilmişlerdir.
Dârüssaâde ağalığının belirli bir görev süresi yoktu. Nitekim Hacı Beşir Ağa, III. Ahmed ve I. Mahmud zamanında yirmi dokuz yıl bu görevde kalmıştır. Server Ağa gibi çok kısa süre Dârüssaâde ağalığı yapmış olanlar, Hacı Mustafa Ağa ve Celâlî İbrâhim Ağa gibi ikinci defa Dârüssaâde ağalığına getirilenler de vardır.
Azilleri genellikle cuma günü padişahın gittiği camide, saray ve köşkte, surre merasimi sırasında âni olarak yapılan Dârüssaâde ağaları azledildikten sonra umumiyetle Mısır’a gönderilirlerdi. Bunun yanı sıra bazılarının Hicaz, Malatya, Kıbrıs, Gelibolu, Limni ve Şam’a sürüldükleri bilinmektedir. Ayrıca Medine’ye şeyhülharem olarak gönderilenler de vardı. İçlerinden Moralı Beşir Ağa (Küçük) ve Mercan Ağa gibi bazıları ise idam edilmiştir.
Dârüssaâde ağalarının görevleri arasında Haremeyn evkafı nâzırlığı önemli yer tutuyordu. 1668’de Dârüssaâde ağası nezaretinde 313 vakıf vardı. Bu vakıfların 112’si İstanbul’da, otuz yedisi Rumeli’de, 164’ü Anadolu’daydı (TSMA, nr. D. 3887/2). Nezaretinde bulunan vakıflarda Dârüssaâde ağasının nezaret hakkı olarak belirli gelirleri vardı (TSMA, nr. E. 253). Dârüssaâde ağaları tarafından idare edilen Haremeyn evkafı 1834’ten itibaren onlardan alınarak Haremeyn-i şerîfeyn evkafı nâzırlığı unvanı üzerlerinde kalmak üzere müstakil olarak Hazîne-i Haremeyn Müdürlüğü kurulmuş ve Dârüssaâde ağasına nezaret hakkı olarak aylık 20.000 kuruş tahsis edilmiştir (TSMA, nr. E. 977/1-2). Dârüssaâde ağasının, hazînedâr-ı şehriyârînin ve musâhiplerin Ahırkapı’da konakları ve etrafında ahırları olduğu da bilinmektedir (TSMA, nr. D. 3136).
Aslî görevleri Harem’in idaresi olan Dârüssaâde ağalarına başka önemli işler ve görevler de verilirdi. Padişahlar herhangi bir konudaki emirlerini Dârüssaâde ağalarına beyaz üzerine hatt-ı hümâyunlarıyla bildirirler (TSMA, nr. E. 2445), onlar da günün hangi saati olursa olsun meseleleri padişaha arzedebilirlerdi. Vâlide sultanla konuşabilirler, padişah ve devlet ileri gelenleri arasındaki yazışmayı ve protokolü sağlarlardı. Devlet ricâline siyasî, askerî ve idarî konularda mektup, tahrirat gönderebilir, devlet ricâli de Dârüssaâde ağasına hitaben yazabilirdi (TSMA, nr. E. 4682). Sarayda ve padişah üzerindeki nüfuzları sebebiyle bazan sadrazamlar bile kendilerini padişahın gazabından kurtarmalarını istemişlerdir (Silâhdar, I, 735). Bazılarının padişaha vekâletle hibe ve temlikte bulunduğu da olmuştur (TSMA, nr. E. 7874).
Vâlide sultanlar tarafından şer‘î meselelerde vekil bırakılabilen Dârüssaâde ağaları (TSMA, nr. D. 7027), zaman zaman seferlerde rikâb-ı hümâyun görevlerinde bulunurlar (TSMA, nr. D. 2159), ayrıca vâlide sultanların ve küçük sultanların has ve mukātaa larına da bakarlardı (TSMA, nr. D. 1280). Haremeyn evkafı ve diğer vakıflardan gelen para, avâid-i hümâyun ve ceyb-i hümâyun denilen padişah gelirleri, vâlide sultan ve sultanların gelirleri Haremeyn Hazinesi’nde (Haremeyn dolabı) muhafaza edilirdi. Rikâb-ı hümâyuna gelen bu paranın surre altını bedeli, cami, türbe, köprü ve su yolları inşaat ve tamirat masrafları, mücevherat ve murassa‘ eşya, giyim eşyası ve mefruşat alımı, câriye bahaları, hânedana mensup kadınların ve görevli kadınların aylık ve yıllıkları, padişah tarafından yapılan çeşitli ihsanların hesap defterleri Dârüssaâde ağasınca hazırlanarak padişaha arzedilirdi (TSMA, nr. D. 1219). Saray tarafından yaptırılan camilerin inşaat ve tamirat masraflarını Dârüssaâde ağası görürdü. Nitekim Sultan Ahmed Camii inşaatı Dârüssaâde ağası Mustafa Ağa’nın nezaretinde yapılmıştır (TSMA, nr. D. 35, 36, 40, 41). Dârüssaâde ağası ayrıca çeşitli siparişler için kuyumcu, bezirgân, kürkçü, terzi vb. esnafla görüşür, numune görür, eşya satın alır ve yapılan hesapları gözden geçirirdi. Her çarşamba günü de nezaretleri altındaki vakıfların işlerini denetlemek üzere Orta Kapı dışında Has Ahur Kapısı tarafında bulunan Dârüssaâde ağası yazıcısı odasında divan akdederlerdi. Bu divanda Haremeyn evkaf müfettişi, muhasebecisi ve mukātaacısı, rûznâmeci, başhalife, Dârüssaâde ağası yazıcısı ve diğer görevliler bulunur, vakıflara ait mukātaa ihalesi, ferâğ, intikal işleri ve görevlilerin azil ve tayinleri yapılırdı. Dârüssaâde ağası, gözetimi altındaki vakıfların vakıf şartlarına uymayan durumlarını tesbit ederse bunu padişaha yazılı olarak arzeder, padişah da yapılan hatanın düzeltilmesi hakkında vakfın bulunduğu yerin kadısına hüküm gönderirdi. Ayrıca her yıl receb ayının on ikinci günü düzenlenen ve surre gönderilmesiyle ilgili olarak sarayda yapılan merasim Dârüssaâde ağası başkanlığında gerçekleşirdi. Surre gönderilen şahısların isimlerini ve gönderilen miktarı belirten surre defterleri, Dârüssaâde ağası ve Haremeyn evkafı müfettişi mühürleriyle tanzim edilir (bk. TSMA, nr. D. 1209/2-3), defterdarlar tarafından imzalanır, defterin ilk sayfasına padişahın tuğrası çekilirdi (TSMA, nr. D. 1146, 1187). Surre eminine de hil‘ati Dârüssaâde ağası huzurunda giydirilirdi. Kâbe anahtarlarının karşılanışında yapılan merasim Dârüssaâde ağası nezaretinde olurdu.
Dârüssaâde ağaları padişahların ölümleri sırasında onların yanında bulunmuşlardır. Ölüm halinde durumu sadrazama bildiren de genellikle Dârüssaâde ağaları olmuştur. Yine tahta çıkacak olan şehzadeyi silâhdar ağa ile birlikte Bâbüssaâde’de kurulan tahta oturtma ve ilân törenlerinin düzenlenmesini sağlardı. Bunun yanı sıra bayram ve kılıç alayı törenlerinde de bulunurdu. Vâlide sultanların Eski Saray’dan Yeni Saray’a nakillerinde Dârüssaâde ağası ve maiyeti görevliydi. Yeni bir şehzade veya hanım sultanın doğumu önce Dârüssaâde ağasına haber verilirdi. Vâlide sultan ve sadrazamın beşik alayı ile gelen beşikler ve nişan alayı ile gelen nişan takımları Harem’in Arabalar Kapısı’nda Dârüssaâde ağasına teslim edilirdi. Hanım sultanların nikâhlarında vekili Dârüssaâde ağası olurdu. Nikâh Dârüssaâde ağasının odasında kıyılır ve düğün törenleri onun tarafından idare edilirdi. Harem ağaları ve baltacılarla birlikte gelin alayında hazır bulunan Dârüssaâde ağası, şehzadelerin ilk derse başlayacakları zaman yapılan merasime de katılırdı (TSMA, nr. E. 3369, 5890, 10.179). Hekimbaşılığa tayin edilen şahsa Darüssaâde ağası huzurunda hil‘at giydirilirdi. Kozbekçiler Ocağı’na vakfedilen paraların muhasebeleri, her yıl sonunda Dârüssaâde ağasının huzurunda görüşülerek karara bağlanırdı (TSMA, nr. D. 1125).
Uhdelerinde haslar, mukātaalar bulunan Dârüssaâde ağalarına padişah tarafından İsmâil Geçidi gibi çok önemli mevkiler ve köyler temlik edilmiş, Ravza-i Mutahhara’da ferâşet hizmetleri onlara tahsis edilmişti. Birçoğu oldukça zenginleşen Dârüssaâde ağaları cami, mescid, tekke, medrese, mektep gibi çok sayıda hayır müessesesi tesis ederek bu konuda vakfiyeler düzenlemişlerdir.
Harem ağalarına ait kabristanın Üsküdar’da Seyyid Ahmed deresi civarında Pilavcı Bayırı caddesinde olduğu, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi E. 9467 numaralı planda belirtilmektedir (ayrıca bk. HAREM ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
TSMA, nr. D. 34, 35, 36, 40, 41, 743, 1027, 1059, 1089/45-47, 1125, 1146, 1187, 1209/2-3, 1219, 1219/1, 1280, 2159, 2222, 2417/30, 3136, 3887/2, 3960, 6205, 7027, 7509, 9698, 9774, 10.181, 10.303; nr. E. 253, 414/1, 449/39, 977/1-2, 1725/1, 2445, 3369, 4682, 5890, 6196, 7010, 7014/31-32, 7364/77, 7874, 8395/1, 9467, 10.179, 12.007, 12.063.
Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli) , I, 229-231, 281; II, 686, 740, 757.
Naîmâ, Târih , V, 233.
Silâhdar, Târih , I, 735.
Kıyafet Albümü , TSMK, III. Ahmed, nr. 3690.
Atâ Bey, Târih , I, 257-260, 267.
Kitâb-ı Gencîne-i Feth-i Gence , TSMK, Revan Köşkü, nr. 1296, vr. 8b .
Ahmed Resmî Efendi, Hamîletü’l-küberâ , TSMK, Emanet Hazinesi, nr. 1403.
Hızır İlyas, Târîh-i Enderûn , İstanbul 1276, tür.yer.
Uzunçarşılı, Saray Teşkilâtı , s. 172-183.
a.mlf., Mekke-i Mükerreme Emirleri , Ankara 1972, s. 27, 35-38, 43, 46.
İsmail H. Baykal, Enderun Mektebi Tarihi , İstanbul 1953, s. 19-21, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
M. Çağatay Uluçay, Harem II , Ankara 1971, tür.yer.
a.mlf., Padişahların Kadınları , tür.yer.
Cengiz Orhonlu, “Derviş Abdullah’ın Darüssaâde Ağaları Hakkında Bir Eseri: Risâle-i Teberdâriyye fî ahvâli Dârü’s-saâde”, İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı’ya Armağan , Ankara 1976, s. 225-251.
Ülkü Altındağ – Nail Bayraktar, “Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Tahrir Komisyonu Çalışmaları I: (Harem ve Baltacılar Koğuşu)”, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi: Yıllık II , İstanbul 1987, s. 66.
Jane Hathaway, “The Role of the Kızlar Ağası in 17th-18th Century Ottoman Egypt”, St.I , LXXV (1992), 141-158.
Pakalın , I, 400-404.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 1-3 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.