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DA‘VET Skip to content İslâm dinini yayma ve müslümanları dinî görevlerini yerine getirmeye çağırma anlamına gelen İslâmî bir terim.
Da‘vet kelimesi Arapça’da masdar olup sözlükte “çağırmak, seslenmek, adlandırmak, dua veya beddua etmek, ziyafete çağırmak, propaganda yapmak” gibi anlamlara gelir. Ayrıca da‘vet aynı kökten bir isim olarak “ziyafet yemeği (velîme), dava, şiâr” gibi mânalarda da kullanılmıştır.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de da‘vet kelimesi altı âyette geçmekte olup aynı kökten değişik türevleri 205 defa kullanılmış, hadis metinlerinde de çeşitli vesilelerle yer almıştır. Da‘vet ve türevleri bu âyet ve hadislerde İslâm’a ve İslâmî ilkelerin uygulanmasına çağrı yanında Allah’a yakarış (el-Bakara 2/186; Yûnus 10/89; er-Ra‘d 13/14; Buhârî, “Daʿavât”, 26; Müslim, “Îmân”, 334), insanların yeniden dirilip mahşerde toplanmaları için kabirlerinden çağrılmaları (er-Rûm 30/25), yemek ve ziyafete çağırma (Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 72; Müslim, “Nikâḥ”, 107, 110) gibi değişik mânalarda kullanılmıştır.
Da‘vet kelimesi terim olarak özellikle “İslâm’a ve İslâm esaslarının uygulanmasına çağrı” anlamına gelir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de “İslâm’a çağrı” (es-Saff 61/7), “imana çağrı” (el-Hadîd 57/8), “Allah yoluna çağrı” (en-Nahl 16/125), “Allah’ın kitabına çağrı” (Âl-i İmrân 3/23), “hakka çağrı” (er-Ra‘d 13/14), “hayra çağrı” (Âl-i İmrân 3/104), “kurtuluşa çağrı” (el-Mü’min 40/41), “hayat kaynağına çağrı” (el-Enfâl 8/24), “esenliğe çağrı” (Muhammed 47/35) gibi mânalara gelen ifadeler da‘vetin İslâmî inanç ve değerlerin kabul edilip uygulanmasını sağlamayı hedef alan bir faaliyet olduğunu, dolayısıyla hem gayri müslimlere hem de müslümanlara yönelik olabileceğini göstermektedir. Buna göre tebliğ, irşad, vaaz, nasihat, inzâr, tebşîr, emir bi’l-ma‘rûf nehiy ani’l-münker gibi terimler de sözlük anlamları itibariyle da‘vetten farklı olmakla birlikte uygulama ve gayeleri bakımından aynı veya yakın mânaları ifade etmektedirler; bu sebeple da‘vet ve tebliğ başta olmak üzere bu kavramlar sık sık birbirinin yerine kullanılmıştır. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Hz. Peygamber “Allah’ın davetçisi” (dâiyallah) olarak nitelendirilmiş (el-Ahkāf 46/31) ve ona yüklenen da‘vet vazifesi “da‘vet et” (ادع ) emri yanında “tebliğ et” (بلغ ), “hatırlat” (ذكر ), “ikaz et” (أنذر ) gibi daha başka kelimelerle de ifade edilmiştir. Ayrıca pek çok âyette Hz. Peygamber’in görevinin ancak “belâğ” olduğu zikredilmektedir (meselâ bk. Âl-i İmrân 3/20; el-Mâide 5/92; er-Ra‘d 13/40). Tebliğ ile aynı kökten olan belâğ lafzı bütün bu âyetlerde “da‘vet” mânasını ifade etmekte, öte yandan İslâm dinini yaymanın yegâne yolunun da‘vet ve tebliğ olduğunu göstermektedir. İslâm’da savaşın “cihad” diye adlandırılması, savaşın gayesinin insan öldürüp hükümranlık sağlamak olmayıp insanları hakka da‘vet etmek, onların inançta ve amelde doğruyu bulmaları için gerekli yolları açmaya ve engelleri ortadan kaldırmaya çalışmak olduğunu gösterir. Zira cihadın ilk ve en temel safhası da‘vet olup “i‘lâ-yi kelimetullah” (tevhidi yayma) vazifesinin yerine getirilmesinde da‘vet imkânının mevcut olması halinde silâhlı savaşa gerek kalmayacaktır. Nitekim bizzat Hz. Peygamber’in başlattığı ve sonraki dönemde devam ettirilen uygulamaya göre İslâm ordu kumandanlarının öncelikle düşmanı İslâm’a da‘vet etmeleri gerekir. Bu da‘veti kabul edenler artık müslümanların kardeşleridir ve onları himaye etmek müslüman idarecilerin görevidir. Eğer müslüman olmazlarsa yöneticilerin kendi halklarına zulmetmelerini önleyecek, İslâm da‘vetinin önündeki engelleri ortadan kaldırarak insanların İslâm’ı tanımalarını ve gönüllü olarak iman etmelerini sağlayacak bir anlaşma teklif edilir, bu teklif de kabul edilmezse da‘vet yollarını açmak üzere son çare olarak savaşa girilir. Nitekim Serahsî’nin naklettiğine göre (el-Mebsûṭ , X, 4-6) Hz. Peygamber bir ordu veya seriyye hazırladığında kumandanına ve askerlerine özetle şu tâlimatı verirdi: Allah adına gazâ ediniz, Allah’ı inkâr edenlerle savaşınız. Çocuklara dokunmayınız; aşırı gitmeyiniz; haksızlık etmeyiniz. Müşrik düşmanlarınızla karşılaştığınızda önce onları İslâm’a da‘vet ediniz; eğer müslüman olurlarsa bunu yeterli bulunuz ve onlara kılıç çekmeyiniz; müslüman olmazlarsa bir anlaşma esası olmak üzere cizye vermelerini teklif ediniz. Hatta Resûlullah başka bir tâlimatında, düşmanların anlaşma yollarına yanaşmamaları durumunda bile savaşı başlatan tarafın müslümanlar olmaması için düşman tarafın harekete geçmesini beklemelerini emretmiştir.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de çeşitli vesilelerle Hz. Muhammed’in risâletinin bütün insanlığı kapsadığı (meselâ bk. el-A‘râf 7/158; Sebe 34/28) ve sadece İslâm’ın Allah nezdinde geçerli din olduğu (bk. Âl-i İmrân 3/19, 85) belirtilmiştir. Yine Kur’an’da Hz. Peygamber’in insanlar üzerinde bir zorba olmadığı (el-Gāşiye 88/22), görevinin irşad, tebliğ ve da‘vetten ibaret bulunduğu (Âl-i İmrân 3/20; el-Mâide 5/92, 99; eş-Şûrâ 42/48), esasen ilke olarak dinde zorlamaya başvurulamayacağı, gerçek olanla olmayanın birbirinden ayrıldığı (el-Bakara 2/256), bundan sonra artık iman edip etmemenin insanların kendi istemelerine bağlı bulunduğu (el-Kehf 18/29) ifade edilmiştir. Ayrıca Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Hz. Peygamber dâî, beşîr, nezîr gibi sıfatlarla nitelendirilerek onun misyonunun da‘vet esasına dayandığı vurgulanmış, özellikle Peygamber’in ve genel olarak müslümanların da‘vet çalışmalarında uymaları gereken başlıca metotları göstermesi bakımından son derece önem taşıyan bir âyette, “Rabbinin yoluna hikmetle ve güzel öğütle da‘vet et; onlarla tartışmanı en güzel bir şekilde sürdür” (en-Nahl 16/125) buyurularak da‘vetin barışçı metotlarla yapılması öngörülmüştür.
Hz. Peygamber’in risâlet süresi boyunca en yakınında bulunanlardan başlayarak sonunda bütün Arap yarımadasını kapsayan da‘vet faaliyetinde ulaşmış bulunduğu büyük başarı, onun uyguladığı da‘vet metotlarının son derece tutarlı, mâkul, mantıkî, sistemli, gerçekçi, olayların gelişimine uygun ve başarıya götürücü metotlar olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu metotların uygulanışında hazırlık, kadrolaşma, kitleleşme ve devletleşme şeklinde dört merhaleden geçildiği görülür. Hz. Muhammed, peygamber olmadan önce geçirmiş olduğu ruhî ve mânevî hazırlıkla peygamberlik için gerekli olan kemale ulaştırıldıktan sonra da‘vet faaliyetinin başlangıcında öncelikle etrafında inançlı bir kadro oluşturma çabasına girmiş, daha sonra bu kadro elemanlarının da katkılarıyla gittikçe genişleyen bir müslüman kitle oluşturulmuş ve son merhalede İslâm’ın hükümranlığını ayakta tutacak, başlattığı da‘vet faaliyetlerini başka milletlere ve ülkelere taşıracak olan İslâm devletini teşekkül ettirmiş, hem Allah’ın elçisi hem de bu devletin lideri sıfatıyla komşu ülkelerin devlet başkanlarına da‘vet mektupları göndererek sonraki yüzyıllarda hızla gelişecek olan cihanşümul da‘vet çalışmalarını fiilen başlatmıştır. Hz. Peygamber’in tebliğ faaliyetlerine dair literatür incelendiğinde onun da‘vetteki başarısını hazırlayan kendi kişiliğine ve uygulamalarına bağlı âmillerinin başında da‘vet ettiği dine samimiyetle inanmasının ve bu dinin ilkelerini bütün ayrıntılarıyla kendi hayatına uygulamış olmasının geldiği görülür. Ayrıca muhataplarını tanımaya büyük önem verdiği, onların duygularını, isteklerini ve fert olarak özelliklerini dikkate aldığı, muhataplarına daima değer verdiği, ilgi gösterdiği, yakınlaşma teminine gayret göstererek ortak noktalarda birleşme esasından hareket ettiği, af, müsamaha, yumuşaklık (hilim), şefkat ve merhameti kin, öfke, zorbalık ve düşmanlığa tercih ettiği görülür. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm Hz. Muhammed’in muhataplarına karşı olan bu tavrını şu şekilde ifade eder: “İlâhî bir lutuf sayesinde sen onlara yumuşak davrandın. Eğer kaba ve katı kalpli olsaydın çevrenden dağılır giderlerdi” (Âl-i İmrân 3/159). Hz. Peygamber’in da‘vet faaliyetlerindeki başarısının âmillerinden biri de Kur’an’ın kendisine ilerisi için ümit veren âyetlerinden (meselâ bk. el-Feth 48/1; en-Nasr 110/1-2) güç alarak ümitsizlik ve karamsarlığa kapılmaksızın çalışmalarını daima sabır, azim, inanç ve kararlılıkla sürdürmesidir. Hz. Peygamber’in da‘vet çalışmalarında önem verdiği bir diğer husus da sosyal münasebetlerini aralıksız olarak sürdürmesi ve bu münasebetlerden âzami ölçüde faydalanmasıdır. Hz. Muhammed müslüman olan ve olmayan akraba ve çevresiyle ilgisini ısrarla devam ettirmiş, evlilik müessesesinden dahi da‘vet lehine faydalanmış, toplumları üzerindeki etkilerini göz önüne alarak kabile reislerine özel bir ilgi göstermiş, da‘vetini sunmak üzere toplantılar düzenlemiş, çarşı, pazar, panayır ve ev gibi insanların toplu olarak bulunduğu her yerde tebliğ faaliyetini sürdürmüştür. Onun tebliğ ve da‘vetteki başarısının sebeplerine çalışmalarında hiçbir zaman şahsî menfaat arzusunu katmamış olmasını da eklemek gerekir.
Müslümanlığın yayılması ve ilkelerinin uygulanması da‘vet faaliyetine bağlandığından İslâm dinine “da‘vet dini” (dînü’d-da‘ve) denilmiş ve da‘vet müslümanların kaçınılmaz görevlerinden biri sayılmıştır. Nitekim, “Sizden öyle bir cemaat bulunsun ki -onlar insanları- hayra da‘vet etsin; iyiliği emredip kötülükten sakındırsın” (Âl-i İmrân 3/104) meâlindeki âyet da‘vetin içtimaî bir vazife olduğunu açıkça göstermektedir. Bu görevin farz-ı ayın mı, yoksa farz-ı kifâye mi olduğu tartışmalıdır (bk. Râzî, VIII, 165-168). Ancak realitede Asr-ı saâdet’ten itibaren tarih boyunca hemen bütün müslümanlar i‘lâ-yi kelimetullah yolunda da‘veti şahsî bir yükümlülük kabul etmiş ve elverişli durumlarda bu yükümlülüğü hem amelî hem de sözlü olarak yerine getirmeye çalışmışlardır. Nitekim İran, Horasan, Mâverânünnehir gibi bölgelerle Afrika’nın çeşitli yörelerinde İslâm’ın yayılışı bu tür da‘vet faaliyetleriyle gerçekleşmiştir. İslâm’ın bu şekilde barışçı yollarla yayılışında müslüman tâcirlerin da‘vet çalışmalarının büyük payı vardır. Meselâ Kuzey Afrika ile Habeşistan, Somali gibi Doğu Afrika ülkeleri daha çok Hadramutlu tüccarların da‘vetleriyle müslümanlaşmıştır. Hindistan, Çin ve Endonezya, Malezya, Filipinler gibi Uzakdoğu ülkelerinde de İslâm’ın yayılışı aynı yolla gerçekleşmiştir.
İslâm’a da‘vet faaliyetinde önemli payı olan bir kesim de sûfîlerdir. Nitekim Anadolu ve Balkanlar’ın İslâmlaşmasında en büyük şeref bu kesime aittir. Özellikle Ahmed Yesevî, Abdülkādir-i Geylânî, Ebü’l-Hasan eş-Şâzelî, Ebü’l-Abbas el-Mürsî, İbn Atâullah el-İskenderî, Seyyid Ahmed et-Ticânî, Seyyid Muhammed b. Ali es-Senûsî gibi ünlü sûfîler gerek cezbedici dinî-ahlâkî şahsiyet ve yaşayışlarıyla, gerekse vaaz ve irşadlarıyla güçlü ve etkili birer da‘vetçi olarak kendi ülkelerinde faaliyet göstermişler, onların müntesipleri de aynı faaliyetleri devam ettirmişlerdir. Da‘vet faaliyetinde tüccarlara ve sûfîlere hacıların ve ayrıca yabancılar eline düşen müslüman esirlerin çabalarını da eklemek gerekir. Mukaddes topraklarda tazelenen ve güçlenen dinî duygularla ülkelerine dönen hacılar, bu duyguların verdiği azim ve şevkle birer İslâm da‘vetçisi olarak çalışmışlardır. Hatta hacıların bu çalışmalarındaki başarılarından kaygılanan bazı Avrupalı yöneticiler kendi sömürgelerinde hacca gidişi kontrol altına alma gereğini duymuşlar, bunun için ağır vergiler koymuşlar, vizesiz hacca gidenlere cezaî müeyyideler uygulamışlardır (bk. Arnold, s. 405-406).
Hz. Muhammed ve diğer İslâm da‘vetçilerinin şahsî çabaları yanında İslâm’ın yapısından kaynaklanan bazı âmiller de da‘vetçilerin işlerini kolaylaştırmıştır. Bu âmillerin başında İslâm akîdesinin aklî, mantıkî ve kolay kabul edilebilir olması gelir. “Lâ ilâhe illallah, Muhammedün resûlullah” diyen her insan bu dine girmiş sayılır. Bu iki cümleyi kavramak için fazla bir bilgi, aklî cehd ve dinî tecrübeye gerek yoktur; dinî ifade ve tabirler hakkında çok az mâlûmatı olan bir kimse bile bu cümlelerin anlamını kolaylıkla kavrar. Çünkü kelime-i tevhidin “lâ ilâhe illallah” bölümü hemen hemen bütün insanların zaruri gördüğü bir iman ilkesini en yalın ve açık şekilde ifade eder. “Muhammedün resûlullah” bölümü ise beşerî âlemin ilâhî âlemle münasebetini dile getirir ki bu da aynı şekilde cihanşümul bir inançtır.
İslâm da‘vetini kolaylaştıran diğer bir âmil, ibadetlerin insanla Allah ilişkisini görkemli bir şekilde yansıtması yanında zengin bir ahlâkî ve sosyal muhteva taşımasıdır. Başlıca ibadetlerden namaz insanların Allah huzurundaki eşitliğini, İslâm birliği ve kardeşliğini, oruç zenginlere yoksulların şartlarını yaşatmayı ve dayanışma duygusunu geliştirmeyi, zekât, fıtır sadakası ve kurban paylaşma duygu ve iradesini geliştirmeyi hedef alır. Hac ise İslâm da‘vetinin cihanşümul başarısının en güçlü âmillerindendir. Zira çeşitli dil, renk ve ırklara mensup insanların dünyanın en uzak köşelerinden gelerek mukaddes bir merkezde toplanmalarını, tanışmalarını, sevgi ve kardeşlik bağları kurmalarını sağlayan hac ibadeti bu görünümüyle İslâm’ın cihanşümul bir insanlık dini olduğunun amelî bir delili şeklinde tezahür etmiştir.
Ayrıca İslâm dininin “müsamahakâr hak din” oluşu (bk. Müsned , I, 236; VI, 116, 233; Buhârî, “Îmân”, 29) ve bu prensibin tarih boyunca hemen bütün müslüman da‘vetçiler ve fâtihler tarafından titizlikle uygulanması, bu suretle başka dillerden, renklerden ve kültürlerden insanlara geniş bir din ve vicdan hürriyeti tanınması, İslâm dininin özellikle Afrika, İç Asya ve Uzakdoğu’nun nisbeten geri ve kültür seviyesi düşük toplumlarına aydınlatıcı, birleştirici ve bütünleştirici mahiyette itikadî, ahlâkî ve hukukî prensipler sunması gibi sebepler de İslâm da‘vetinin kolaylıkla benimsenmesine yardımcı olmuştur.
İslâm’da Allah ile kul arasına herhangi bir vasıtanın sokulmaması ve bir ruhbanlık sınıfının bulunmayışı İslâm da‘vetini hıristiyan misyonerliğinden tamamen farklı kılmıştır. Hıristiyan dünyada misyonerlik tarihinin başlangıcı kilise teşkilâtının kuruluş dönemine kadar gider. Misyonerlik faaliyetleri kilisenin temel görevleri arasında yer almış, bu maksatla düzenli ve sürekli kurumlar ihdas edilmiş, özel olarak bu iş için görevlendirilmek üzere misyoner din adamları yetiştirilmiştir. Buna karşılık İslâm’da Allah ile kul arasında aracı bir sınıf veya teşkilâtın bulunmayışı İslâm dünyasında bir misyonerlik müessesesinin doğmasını önlemiş ve da‘vetin ferdî bir görev olarak yürütülmesine yol açmış, bu şekilde İslâm da‘veti, hıristiyan misyonerlik kurumunun aksine, müstemlekecilik ve sömürü gibi siyasî ve ekonomik art niyetler taşıyan organize bir hareket olmaktan uzak kalmıştır. Bununla birlikte İslâm dünyasında da‘vet çalışmalarının Ehl-i sünnet dışı bazı zümrelerce daha çok siyasî maksatlarla yürütüldüğü ve bu iş için özel da‘vetçiler (duât) yetiştirildiği de olmuştur. Yalancı peygamberlerin propagandalarına, Emevîler’le Abbâsîler’in iktidarı ele geçirme çabalarına, Hâşimîler’in, Şiîler’in ve Fâtımîler, İsmâilîler, Karmatîler, Bâtınîler, Dürzîler gibi muhtelif Şiî fırkaların kıyam ve faaliyetlerine de da‘vet adı verilmiş ve böylece da‘vet terimi dinî anlamından başka politik bir mâna da kazanmış, özellikle Bâtıniyye’nin yürüttüğü propaganda ve kıyam da‘vet kelimesinin bu politik anlamının iyice belirlenmesini sağlamıştır. Bu faaliyetleri yürüten kişilere dâî (çoğulu duât) deniliyordu. Umumiyetle özel olarak seçilmiş ve yetiştirilmiş kişilerden oluşan bu dâîler hiyerarşik bir sistem içinde, esasları en ince teferruatına kadar ve ustaca tesbit edilmiş bir programa göre da‘vet faaliyetini yürütürler, casusluk yapar ve gerektiğinde mezhep savaşlarına katılırlardı.
Bâtınîliği siyasî iktidar haline getiren Fâtımîler’de da‘vet tâlimine büyük bir önem verilmiş, ed-dâî el-kebîrin yönettiği “mecâlisü’l-hikme” adı verilen meclislerde da‘vete dair bilgiler öğretilmiştir. Sarayın “el-Muhavvel” denilen kısmında da dâi’d-duâtın özel bir meclisi ve kürsi’d-da‘ve adlı özel bir kürsüsü vardı. Emîr Rıdvân b. Tutuş (ö. 507/1113) döneminde Halep’te de da‘vet faaliyetlerinin yönetildiği “Dârü’d-da‘ve” adlı bir kurum bulunuyordu (bk. BÂTINİYYE ; DÂÎ ; FÂTIMÎLER ).
İsmâiliyye bünyesinde Müstansır-Billâh’ın ölümünden (487/1094) sonra bir bölünme olmuş, bunlardan Müsta‘lîler’in çalışmalarına “ed-da‘vetü’l-kadîme” denilmiş, bunların faaliyetini daha sonra Halife Âmir’in oğlu olduğu iddia edilen Tayyib sürdürdüğü için hareket de “ed-da‘vetü’t-Tayyibiyye” adını almıştı. İsmâiliyye’nin diğer kolu olan Nizâriyye’nin çalışmalarına ise “ed-da‘vetü’l-cedîde” deniliyordu. Bu hareketin en tanınmış dâîsi Hasan Sabbâh idi. Suriye Nizârîleri (Fidâiyyûn) ise kendilerini “ashâbü’d-da‘veti’l-hâdiye” veya “mücâhidûn” diye adlandırıyorlardı (bk. İSMÂİLİYYE ).
İslâm dünyasında teşkilâtlı tebliğ ve da‘vet çalışmaları gerçekleştirmek için son bir asır içinde bazı teşebbüsler olmuştur. Nitekim Hıristiyanlık dünyasının Afrika’da sömürgecilik hareketiyle birlikte sürdürdüğü yoğun misyonerlik çalışmalarına karşılık Osmanlılar da Uganda’dan başlamak üzere bu kıtada İslâm da‘vetini gerçekleştirmek maksadıyla 1870’li yıllarda İstanbul’da bir teşkilât kurmuşlarsa da 1878’de Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı’nın çıkması yüzünden bu teşebbüs sonuçsuz kalmıştır. Reşîd Rızâ 1910’da Kahire’de Dârü’d-da‘ve ve’l-irşâd adını taşıyan ve hem gayri müslimler arasında İslâm’ı yayacak, hem de müslümanların dinî yönden aydınlanmalarını sağlayacak da‘vetçiler yetiştirecek bir müessese kurmuştu. Bu nevi teşkilâtlar daha yaygın olarak Hindistan’da kuruldu. Nitekim Ecmîr’de Encümen-i Hâmî-yi İslâm, Haydarâbâd’da Encümen-i Teblîğ-i İslâm, Kanpûr’da Medrese-i İlâhiyyât, Pencap’ta Encümen-i İşâat ve Ta‘lîm-i İslâm, Delhi’de Encümen-i Hidâyeti’l-İslâm 1910’lu yıllarda sayısı yirmi dokuzu bulan bu kurumların önde gelenleridir. Ne var ki bunların çoğu bir misyonerlik teşkilâtı gibi özellikle dinî propagandayı gaye edinmeyip da‘vet faaliyeti geniş programlarının ancak bir parçasını teşkil ediyordu. Halen bazı İslâm ülkelerinde modern imkânlardan da faydalanarak İslâm dinini dünyaya tanıtacak ve İslâm da‘vetinin yaşatılmasını sağlayacak ehliyetli kadrolar yetiştirmek maksadıyla öğretim müesseseleri kurulmuştur. Kahire’deki Câmiatü’l-Ezher, Mekke’deki Câmiatü Ümmi’l-kurâ, Medine’deki el-Câmiatü’l-İslâmiyye ve Riyad’daki Câmiatü Muhammed b. Suûd’a bağlı Külliyetü’d-da‘ve ve Usûlü’d-dîn adlı fakülteler bu kuruluşlardandır. Ayrıca şeriat fakültelerinin çoğunda da aynı maksatla kurulmuş da‘vet bölümleri (kısmü’d-da‘ve) bulunmaktadır. Bu tür resmî kuruluşlar yanında Pakistan’daki Cemâat-i Tebliğ ve Cemâat-i İslâmî ile diğer bazı İslâm ülkelerindeki benzeri cemiyet ve vakıf gibi özel kuruluşlar tarafından da diğer faaliyetleri yanında İslâm ülkelerinde ve dünyada da‘vet ve tebliği esas alan çalışmalar yapılmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “deʿâ” md.
İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye , “dʿav” md.
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “dʿav” md.
Tehânevî, Keşşâf , “daʿve” md.
Müsned , I, 236; VI, 116, 233, 266.
Buhârî, “Îmân”, 29, “Nikâḥ”, 72, “Daʿavât”, 26.
Müslim, “Nikâḥ”, 107, 110, “ʿİlim”, 16, “Îmân”, 334.
İbn Mâce, “Fiten”, 20.
Tirmizî, “ʿİlim”, 15, “Fiten”, 9.
Serahsî, el-Mebsûṭ , X, 4-6.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , VIII, 165-168; IX, 60-61, 64.
Ebü’l-Bekā, el-Külliyyât , Kahire 1287, s. 330-331.
T. W. Arnold, The Preaching of Islam , London 1913, s. 1-10, 56 vd., 75, 134 vd., 145 vd., 352-362, 364-366, 400-401, 405-406, 408-427.
el-Ḳāmûsü’l-İslâmî , II, 373-374.
Mikdâd Yalçın, Minhâcü’d-daʿve ile’l-İslâm fi’l-ʿaṣri’l-ḥadîs̱ , [baskı yeri yok] 1969.
M. Ahmed Ebû Zehre, “ed-Daʿve ile’l-İslâm”, ed-Daʿve ile’l-İslâm , Kahire 1393/1973, s. 37-124.
Muhammed Hüseyin ez-Zehebî, Müşkilâtü’d-daʿve ve’d-duʿât , Kahire 1977.
Ahmet Önkal, Rasûlüllâh’ın İslâm’a Da’vet Metodu , Konya 1989.
Christian W. Troll, “A Mission Instruction Given to Members of the Delhi Teblīghī Jamaʿat”, Mélanges de l’Université Saint Joseph , L/2 (1984), s. 653-666.
Ahmed Ateş, “Bâtıniye”, İA , II, 339-342.
B. Carra de Vaux, “Dâ’î”, a.e. , III, 461-462.
Bernard Lewis, “İsmâilîler”, a.e. , V/2, s. 1120-1124.
Jons. Pedersen, “Mescid”, a.e. , VIII, 50.
M. Canard, “Daʿwa”, EI2 (Fr.) , II, 173-176.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 16-19 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.