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DÂVUD AĞA Skip to content (ö. 1007/1598 [?])
Türk mimarı.
Mimar Sinan’ın yanında yetişerek onun vefatından sonra 1588’de “sermi‘mâr-ı âlem” olan Dâvud Ağa’nın nereli olduğu, hangi tarihte dünyaya geldiği ve önceki çalışmaları hakkında bilgi yoktur. Dâvud Ağa’nın hayatına dair bilgi toplamaya çalışan Muzaffer Erdoğan, onun Hasbahçe’deki mimarlık mektebinden yetiştiğini zannettiğini ve Koca Sinan’ın tecrübe ve derslerinden faydalandığı neticesine vardığını söyleyebilmektedir. 983 (1575-76) ve 984 (1576-77) yıllarında Suyolu nâzırlığı yapan Dâvud Ağa aynı zamanda dergâh-ı muallâ çavuşları arasında bulunuyordu. Eyüp kadılığına 28 Muharrem 984’te (27 Nisan 1576) gönderilen bir hükümle (BA , Ahkâm-ı Mâliye Defteri , nr. 7534, s. 142) 2 Safer 984 (1 Mayıs 1576), 14 Safer 984, 23 Safer 984, 24 Safer 984 tarihli hükümlerin hepsinde Suyolu nâzırı olarak dergâh-ı âlî çavuşu Dâvud Ağa’nın adı geçer. Bundan başka hepsi 984 (1576) yılı içinde yazılan pek çok hükümle Dâvud Ağa’dan su yollarının ve köprülerin bakımı ve su yollarına zarar veren yapıların keşifleri istenmektedir. Ayrıca 27 Cemâziyelâhir 985 (1 Eylül 1577) tarihinde İstanbul kadısı ile şıkk-ı sânî defterdarı Hasan ve dergâh-ı muallâ çavuşu Sinan Çavuş’a çıkarılan bir hükümde Dâvud Ağa’dan şikâyetler geldiği, ev sahiplerine rüşvet karşılığı su kolaylıkları sağladığı ileri sürülmüş ve bu hususun araştırılması istenmiştir. Fakat Dâvud Ağa’nın yine de Suyolu nâzırlığında kaldığı, 21 Safer 990 (17 Mart 1582) tarihli bir hükümden anlaşılmaktadır.
Dâvud Ağa daha sonra Suyolu nâzırlığından ayrılmış olmalı ki 991 yılı Muharreminde (Ocak-Şubat 1583) eski Suyolu nâzırı Dâvud’un 400 usta neccâr ile doğuya yapılan sefere katılması istenmiştir. Seferden bir yıl sonra ise Kaldırımcılar nâzırıdır (2 Ramazan 992 / 17 Eylül 1584); fakat Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman tarafından su yollarının tamirine harcanan paranın miktarını araştırması istenildiğine göre su yolları ile de ilgilenmektedir. Ramazan 993 (Eylül 1585) tarihli bu yazıda ona hâlâ Dâvud Çavuş denilmektedir.
Suyolu nâzırı olduğu yıllarda Dâvud Ağa’nın Halkalı su yolu hakkında zengin bilgiler ihtiva eden bir harita çizmiş olduğu, 992 (1584) tarihli ve 0,25 × 3 m. ölçüsündeki bu haritanın Hikmet Bey tarafından aslından yapılan bir kopyasının İstanbul Sağlık Müzesi’nde olduğunu Saadi Nirven tesbit etmiştir. Aynı haritanın diğer nüshaları Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’nde (Hazine, nr. E. 12.481 [Nuri Arlasez bağışı], 0,32 × 2,11 m. ölçüsünde) ve Millet Kütüphanesi’nde (nr. 930, 0,27 × 2,86 m. ölçüsünde) bulunmaktadır. Haritaların kenarında şu satırlar okunmaktadır: “Merhum ve mağfûrün leh Sultan III. Murad sâbıkan Suyolu nâzırı olan üstat Dâvud’a itâb-ı azîm edip, sen benim suyumu nereye verirsin dedikte ol dahi ale’t-ta‘cîl bu kârnâme-yi acîbi peydâ etmiş. Hudâ teâlâ her ikisine dahi rahmet eyleye, âmin, Zilkade 992.” Sultan Murad ile Dâvud Ağa bu çizimde rahmetle anıldıklarına göre, haritanın aslı 992’de (1584) çizilmekle beraber, III. Murad’ın 1595’te, Dâvud Ağa’nın 1598’de öldüğü dikkate alınırsa mevcut nüshaların ölümlerinden sonra meydana getirildiği anlaşılır.
Dâvud Ağa 1001 (1592) tarihinden itibaren yazılan belgelerde mimarbaşı olarak zikredilir. 1001 Cemâziyelevvelinde (Şubat 1593) sarayda bir kasr-ı hümâyun yapmakta olduğu bilinmektedir. 20 Rebîülevvel 1001’de (25 Aralık 1592) onun yaptığı şikâyet üzerine İznik kadısına yazılan bir hükümde mîrî binalar için çini sevkinin aksatılmaması emredilmiştir. Dâvud Ağa aynı yıl, kasr-ı hümâyun yapımında çalışmak üzere Gelibolu’daki on üç hıristiyan neccârın gönderilmesini istemiş, kendisinden de 1002 (1593-94) yılında Avusturya seferinde kullanılmak üzere yirmi beş usta lağımcı toplaması istenmiştir. 1004 (1595-96) yılında sefere katılacak Hassa mimarları, suyolcular ve çeşitli mesleklerden ustaların Dâvud Ağa tarafından seçileceğine dair hükümler vardır. Aynı yıllarda Dâvud Ağa’nın, biçilen kerestelerin ölçülerinin nizama uymadığı, Trakya’da ve Hasköy’de yapılan kiremitlerin evsaflarının bozuk olduğu gerekçesiyle yaptığı şikâyet üzerine hükümler yazıldığı görülmektedir.
Dâvud Ağa 1585’te Sarây-ı Hümâyun’da bir oda ile bir hamam yapmış, tamamlandığında III. Murad burayı ziyaret ederek yapılan işleri beğendiğini söylemişti. 1588’de Hassa başmimarı Koca Sinan vefat ettiğinde yerine onun yardımcısı olan Dâvud Ağa tayin edildi. Sadrazam Sinan Paşa 998 (1590) yılında Sultan III. Murad için sarayın Marmara’ya inen eteğinde, sahil surunun üstünde muhteşem bir köşk yaptırmaya karar vermişti. Dâvud Ağa, bütün masrafı Sinan Paşa tarafından karşılanan bu köşkü sur duvarı önüne bitiştirilen kemerler üzerinde inşa ederek güzel İznik çinileriyle süsledi (bk. İNCİLİ KÖŞK ). Kasrı taşıyan deniz tarafındaki iki kemerin arasına da bir çeşme ekledi. Tarih manzumesi 998 (1590) yılını veren çeşmenin kitâbesinde yapının mimarının Dâvud Ağa olduğu açıkça belirtilmiştir. Servetiyle ünlü olan ve pek çok vakıf eseri bırakan Koca Sinan Paşa’nın bir bakıma Dâvud Ağa’nın hâmisi olduğu da tahmin edilmektedir. Dâvud Ağa, yaptığı binaların kitâbelerinde adının geçmesine özen gösterdiğinden bu gibi eserlerin onun olduğunu kesin olarak kabul etmek mümkündür.
Dâvud Ağa Sarây-ı Hümâyun’un eteğinde, Haliç’e girişte yine surlar üzerinde ikinci bir köşk daha yapmıştır. Esası Sultan II. Bayezid tarafından inşa ettirilen, önceleri Kasr-ı Âlî, daha sonra Sepetçiler Kasrı olarak adlandırılan bu kasrın yapımına 999 (1590-91) yılında başlanmış, 1000 Cemâziyelâhirinde (Mart-Nisan 1592) tamamlanmıştır. Çok zengin nakış ve çinilerle bezenerek tefriş edilen bu köşkün de Dâvud Ağa’nın eseri olduğu bir muhasebe defterinden öğrenilmektedir (bk. SEPETÇİLER KASRI ).
Dâvud Ağa’nın Fatih Çarşamba’da Dârüssaâde ağalarından Mehmed Ağa için bir cami inşa ettiği, Âsârî mahlaslı şairin yazdığı tarih manzumesinden öğrenilmektedir. 993 (1585) tarihli bu sekiz beyitlik kitâbede, “Oldu mi‘mâr-ı kâmil-i Dâvûd / Yaptı cânile dercedip san‘at” denilerek mimarın adı verilmiştir. Bu caminin evkafından olan karşısındaki hamam herhalde yine Dâvud Ağa’nın eseridir. Caminin hazîresindeki türbenin de onun eseri olduğu kesinlikle kabul edilebilir. Buna karşılık İstanbul’da Sinan’ın ölümünün hemen arkasından yapılan Cedîd Nişancı Mehmed Paşa (992/1584, tamamlanışı dört yıl sonra), Mesih Mehmed Paşa (994/1586), Cerrah Mehmed Paşa (1002/1593-94) camilerinin Mimar Dâvud Ağa tarafından yapıldığı iddia edilirse de bunu destekleyecek bir kayıt henüz elde edilememiştir. Nişancı Mehmed Paşa Türbesi hususunda da bir kesinlik yoktur. Ayasofya hazîresindeki büyük türbelerden ikincisi olan, Sultan III. Murad’a ait türbenin mimarı olarak genellikle Dâvud Ağa kabul edilmektedir. Fakat bu yapıda bir kapı kanadı üzerinde Dalgıç Ahmed Ağa’nın adına rastlanması şaşırtıcıdır. Bazıları, her iki mimarın da bu türbenin yapımında hizmetleri olabileceğine ihtimal verirler.
Çarşıkapı semtinde, Divanyolu caddesi kenarındaki Koca Sinan Paşa Külliyesi de Dâvud Ağa’nın eseridir. 1002 (1593-94) yılında yapılan türbe, sebil ve medreseden ibaret külliyenin en uç kısmında ve türbenin önünde yer alan sebilin kitâbesinde Sinan Paşa övülürken Mimar Dâvud’un adı, “Aceb resmeyledi Dâvûd Ağa serdâr-ı mi‘mârân / Müsahhar oldu ana seng ü âhen kıldı bu kârı” beytinde zikredildikten sonra “Edip bu türbe-i âlîyi bünyâd eyledi hâzır” mısraı da yer almıştır. Böylece Sinan Paşa Külliyesi’nin mimarının Dâvud Ağa olduğu kesinlik kazanmaktadır (bk. KOCA SİNAN PAŞA KÜLLİYESİ ).
Sultan III. Mehmed’in kapı ağası Gazanfer Ağa tarafından 1000 (1591-92) yılına doğru yaptırıldığı sanılan (vakfiyesi 1004/1595-96 tarihli) türbe, sebil ve medreseden meydana gelen küçük külliyeyi de Mimar Dâvud’un yapmış olabileceği ileri sürülmüştür. Mimari planlamasında ustalıklı yeni buluşlar olan bu güzel medrese, Dâvud Ağa’nın mimarbaşılığı yıllarına isabet etmekteyse de onun eseri olduğunu ispatlayacak kesin bir kayıt yoktur (bk. GAZANFER AĞA KÜLLİYESİ ).
Dâvud Ağa’nın yapımında hizmeti olan önemli bir eseri de Sultan III. Mehmed’in annesi Safiye Vâlide Sultan için yaptırmaya başladığı, Eminönü’nde Yeni Vâlide veya kısaca Yenicami adıyla tanınan cami ve külliyesidir. Safiye Vâlide Sultan, İstanbul Limanı girişinde bu caminin inşasını Hassa başmimarı Dâvud Ağa’dan istemiş ve temeli 10 Muharrem 1006’da (23 Ağustos 1597) atılmıştır. Temelde su çıkması üzerine Dâvud Ağa burada uzun kazıklar çaktırıp bunları birbirine bağlayarak temeli üzerlerine oturttu. İnşaat 1 zirâ kadar yükseldiğinde Dâvud Ağa vefat edince tamamlanması işiyle yardımcısı ve halefi Dalgıç Ahmed Çavuş görevlendirildi (bk. YENİCAMİ KÜLLİYESİ ).
Dâvud Ağa’nın ölümüyle ilgili iki ayrı kayıt vardır. Bunlardan birincisi, XVI. yüzyılda yaşayan Selânikî Mustafa Efendi tarafından nakledilmiş olup 1007 yılı olaylarından bahsederken, “Evâil-i safer, sene-i mezbûrde mühendis-i rûzigâr Mimar Dâvud Ağa, maraz-ı tâûndan sekt vâki olup hâkidân-ı dünyâdan göçtü” ifadesiyle Dâvud Ağa’nın 1598 yılı Eylülünde İstanbul’da hüküm süren veba salgınında öldüğünü yazar. Eserini XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında yazan Hüseyin Ayvansarâyî ise Mehmed Ağa Camii’nden bahsederken bu eserin mimarı olan Dâvud’un “sû-i i‘tikad töhmetiyle Vefâ meydanında katlolunduğunu” bildirir (Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ , I, 197-198). Arkasından, caminin kitâbesini de yazmış olan şair Âsârî’nin onun ölümüne düşürdüğü tarihi verir: “Allahım cennet ede câyin ol Dâvûd mi‘mârın” (1008) (Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ in matbu nüshasında gösterilen 1028 tarihi baskı yanlışı olmalıdır). Dâvud Ağa’nın kabrinin nerede olduğu bilinmemektedir.
Dâvud Ağa, Osmanlı devri Türk mimarisinin Koca Sinan ile başlayıp gelişen klasik dönemini onun gelenekleriyle sürdüren bir mimardır. Hakkında birçok belge elde edilmiş olmakla beraber hayatının büyük bir kısmı bilinmediği gibi hangi tarihte nasıl öldüğü de tam olarak tesbit edilebilmiş değildir. Eserleri, onun Türk klasik üslûbunu bazı yeniliklerle sürdüren bir usta mimar olduğunu gösterir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA , Ahkâm-ı Mâliye Defteri , nr. 7534, s. 142, 218.
Selânikî, Târih , s. 193-201; a.e. (İpşirli), I, 244-245, 320; II, 457, 761.
Ayvansarâyî, Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ , I, 197-198.
Ahmed Refik [Altınay], Âlimler ve Sanatkârlar , İstanbul 1924, s. 59-80.
a.mlf., Türk Mimarları , İstanbul 1937, s. 26-33, 70, 124-144.
a.mlf., “Mimar Dâvud”, Tevhîd-i Efkâr , İstanbul 10, 17 Mart 1924.
a.mlf., “Mimar Dâvud”, DEFM , VIII/1 (1932), s. 1-16.
a.mlf., “İznik Çinileri”, a.e. , VIII/4 (1932), s. 40, nr. 9, s. 41, nr. 11.
a.mlf., “Büyük Mimar Sinanın Halefi: Davut Ağa”, Yedigün , II/51, İstanbul 1934, s. 6-7; II/52 (1934), s. 6, 24.
Saadi Nazım Nirven, İstanbul Suları , İstanbul 1946, s. 45-47.
L. Mayer, Islamic Architects and Their Works , Genève 1956, s. 59-60.
Kâzım Çeçen, İstanbul’un Vakıf Sularından Halkalı Suları , İstanbul 1991, s. 37, 38, 52 (ayrıca bk. sondaki renkli su yolu haritaları reprodüksiyonları).
Kemal Altan, “Mimar Davut”, Arkitekt , V/11-12, İstanbul 1935, s. 339-342.
İzzet Kumbaracılar, “Türk Mimarları”, a.e. , VIII/7 (1937), s. 193-195.
Zarif Orgun, “Hassa Mimarları”, a.e. , IX/7-8 (1938)’den ayrı basım 1939, s. 336.
Muzaffer Erdoğan, “Mimar Dâvud Ağa’nın Hayatı ve Eserleri”, TM , XII (1955), s. 179-204.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 24-26 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.