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DÂVUD PAŞA KÜLLİYESİ Skip to content İstanbul’da Koca Dâvud Paşa tarafından XV. yüzyıl sonlarında yaptırılan külliye.
Cami, tabhâne, medrese, mektep, türbe ve çeşmeden meydana gelen külliye, Cerrahpaşa ile Kocamustafapaşa semtleri arasında aynı adla anılan mahallede bulunmaktadır. Kapısı üstündeki Arapça kitâbesine göre Sultan II. Bayezid’in vezirlerinden Koca (Derviş) Dâvud Paşa (ö. 904/1498) tarafından 890 (1485) yılında yaptırılmıştır. Nitekim Âşıkpaşazâde’nin Târih ’inde de “Âsâr-ı Dâvûd Paşa, İstanbul’da bir imaret ve bir ulu cami yaptı, önüne bir latif su dahi getirdi” kaydına rastlanmaktadır. 953 (1546) tarihli İstanbul Vakıfları Tahrir Defteri ’nde “nezd-i Dikilü Taş der Bâzâr-ı Zenân” şeklindeki yer tarifinde adı geçen Dikilitaş, şimdi yalnız kaidesi kalmış olan Cerrahpaşa’daki Arcadius sütunudur. Bâzâr-ı Zenân ise onun çevresinde kurulduğu bilinen Avratpazarı’dır. Bu vakfiye özetinden anlaşıldığına göre Dâvud Paşa’nın evkafı İstanbul dışında Rumeli’de Aydos, Varna, Edirne, Tatarpazarı, Üsküp ve Manastır’da, Anadolu’da ise Bursa, Yenişehir, Beypazarı ve İznik’te bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan Üsküp’teki çifte hamamı son yıllarda restore edilmiş olup mimarisi bakımından Türk sanatının türündeki eserleri arasında başta gelenlerdendir (bk. DÂVUD PAŞA HAMAMI ). Diğer vakıflarının durumları hakkında yeterli bilgi yoktur. İstanbul’daki hamamı ile hanı ise ortadan kalkmıştır.
Cami. Dâvud Paşa Camii, İstanbul’u tahrip eden yangın ve bilhassa zelzelelerde büyük ölçüde zarar görmüştür. 6 Cemâziyelâhir 1058’deki (28 Haziran 1648) zelzele ile ilgili olduğu sanılan bir belgede (TSMA, nr. D. 9567), “Câmi-i şerîf-i merhum Gāzî Dâvûd Paşa der İslâmbol. Câmi-i şerîf-i mezbûrede ve medrese ve imâret-i âmirelerinde zelzeleden harap olan mahalleri beyan olunur” denilerek camide “mihrap sofasının kubbe ve duvarı müceddeden yapılmağa muhtaç”, dışarıda (son cemaat yeri kastediliyor olacak) “kubbe ve kemerleri tamire muhtaç” olduğu bildirilmektedir. Ayrıca caminin büyük kubbesi, etraf duvarları ile kubbelerin ve sıvaların da tamiri gerektiğine işaret edilir.
Cami, İstanbul’u geniş ölçüde tahrip eden 1766 zelzelesinde bir defa daha zarar gördüğünden 1180’de (1766-67) Hassa Başmimarı Tâhir Ağa nezaretinde Hassa mimarlarından Abdullah ile İsmâil tarafından tamir edilmiştir (TSMA, nr. D. 8568). 13 Şâban 1196’da (24 Temmuz 1782) şehri baştan başa harap eden büyük yangında da Dâvud Paşa Camii ve çevresi yanmıştır. İstanbul’u sarsan her büyük zelzeleden zarar gören caminin, ayrıca Bursa’da çok büyük tahribat yapan 1 Cemâziyelevvel 1271 (20 Ocak 1855) zelzelesinde de son cemaat yerinin iki kubbesinin yıkıldığını Cevdet Paşa bildirir. 1894 depreminde ise son cemaat yeri bütünüyle çökmüştür. Cami 1945-1948 yıllarında Ekrem Hakkı Ayverdi tarafından tamir edildiği gibi 1960’ta Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü eliyle de tamir ettirilmiştir. Bu tamirlerde 1894 zelzelesinden beri yıkık olan son cemaat yeri kubbeleri ihya edilmiş, mihrabı yeniden yapılmıştır.
Dış cepheleri kesme taş kaplama olan Dâvud Paşa Camii, Osmanlı dönemi Türk mimarisinde “tabhâneli cami” veya “zâviyeli cami” denilen, esas ibadet mekânının iki yanında “âyende ve revende”ye mahsus odaları bulunan tipin örneklerindendir. Plan bakımından Serez’de 898’de (1492-93) Gedik Ahmed Paşazâde Mehmed Bey tarafından yaptırılan eserle çok yakın bir benzerliği vardır. Ayrıca İstanbul’da tamir edilmek üzere vaktiyle yıktırılan ve ancak 1991’den beri yeniden yapılmakta olan Şeyh Vefâ Camii’nin de aynı tipte olması ihtimal dahilindedir. Dâvud Paşa Camii’nin baklavalı başlıklı, altı granit sütuna dayanan sivri kemerler üstündeki beş bölümlü son cemaat yeri beş kubbe ile örtülüdür. 1855 ve 1894 depremlerinde yıkılan son cemaat yeri, uzun süre üstü kiremit kaplı bir çatı ile örtülmüş ve önü taş duvarlı, kapalı bir mekân halinde kalmıştır. Ancak son tamirlerde bu kısım eski haline dönüştürülmüştür. Taçkapı nişinin yarım kubbesiyle (kavsara) çift renkli geçmeli taşlardan olan kapı kemerinin arasına yerleştirilmiş dört beyitlik Arapça kitâbesi vardır. Ayvansarâyî’ye göre kitâbenin metni Kemalpaşazâde’nin, hattı ise o dönemin ünlü hattatı Şeyh Hamdullah’ındır. Kitâbe çok girift bir hatla yazılarak harflerin arasındaki satırlar ayrıca rûmîlerle bezenmiştir. Ancak İstanbul Kültür ve Sanat Ansiklopedisi ’nde ve İhsan Erzi’nin Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ baskısında bildirildiğine göre yazma bir Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ nüshasının derkenarın Nakîbüleşraf Esad Efendi’nin, “Târîh-i mezkûrede İbn Kemâl sabî-i bî-süvâr idi… hulâsa İbn Kemâl’in değildir vesselâm” şeklindeki kaydı, kitâbe metninin Kemalpaşazâde tarafından yazılmadığına işaret eder.
Cami içten 18,30 m. ölçüsünde kare bir mekândan ibarettir. Türk yapı sanatının oldukça büyük kubbelerinden biri olan kubbe yuvarlağına kareden geçiş, köşelerde çok zengin mukarnaslarla süslü tromplarla sağlanmıştır. Ancak Dâvud Paşa Camii İstanbul’u sarsan her büyük zelzelede hasar gördüğüne ve yapıda tehlikeli çatlaklar meydana geldiğine göre bu kadar geniş çaplı kubbenin baskısının yeterli derecede ustalıkla karşılanmadığı anlaşılır. Mihrap, kiliselerde olduğu gibi dışarı taşkın beş cepheli bir çıkıntının içindedir. Üstü bir yarım kubbe ile örtülü olan bu çıkıntı içindeki mukarnaslı mihrabın 1945-1946 tamirinde yeniden yapılmış olduğu belirtilmektedir.
Ana mekânın yanındaki tabhâne odalarının her biri birer kubbe ile örtülüdür. Bunlardan son cemaat yerine komşu olanların birer kapalı avlu gibi düşünüldüğü, yan cephelerinin kemerle eyvan gibi dışarı açılmasından anlaşılır. Gerçek misafir mekânları ocaklı, dolaplı kıble tarafı odalarıdır. Sağ taraftaki köşeye bitişik olan minare, kürsü ve pabuç kısımlarında XV. yüzyılın özelliği olan yayvan baklava şekillerini göstermesine karşılık bunların üstünde birdenbire incelen gövdesiyle geç bir döneme işaret eder. Bu minarenin 1766 zelzelesinden sonra şimdiki biçimi ve bilezikli şerefe çıkmaları ile yapıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Minarenin cami gövdesiyle birleşmesindeki güzel kemer de başka hiçbir yerde rastlanmayan değişik ve mimari çözüm olarak değerli bir unsurdur.
Caminin gösterişsiz bir minberi vardır. İçinde ise bugün görünürde bir süsleme yoktur. 1945-1946 yıllarındaki restorasyon çalışmaları sırasında duvarlardaki sıva ve badanaların bir kısmı döküldüğünde altlarından son derece değerli, kalem işi nakışlar ve bir yazı frizi meydana çıkmıştı. Ancak bu nâdir rastlanır, geç bir devirde murçlanarak tahrip edilmiş süslemenin tamamı açılmadığı gibi görüleni de anlaşılmaz sebeplerle korunmamıştır. Caminin şadırvanı, eski şadırvanın yerinde ve temeli üstünde son yıllarda yeni olarak yapılmıştır.
Medrese. Caminin, sol tarafında ve karşısında sokak aşırı olup bir cephesi düz duvar halinde bulunan medresesi klasik Osmanlı medreseleri tipinde, revaklı bir avlu etrafında sıralanan kubbeli on altı hücre ve ortada büyük kubbeli bir dershaneden meydana gelmiştir. Hücrelerin önlerindeki küçük kubbeli revakların on altı sütunu ve başlıkları, Bizans yapılarından toplanmış ve burada tekrar kullanılmış devşirme parçalardır. Bilhassa sütun başlıkları, sanat tarihçilerinin ilgisini çeken son derece değişik tipte eski Bizans başlıklarıydı. Fakat medrese son yıllarda barınak olarak kullanıldığından bunlar burada yaşayanlar tarafından tahrip edilmiş ve edilmektedir.
XVI. yüzyıla ait bir tahrir defterinde kadrosu belirtildiği gibi önceleri “kırklı”, sonraları ise “ellili” olan medresenin 1648 tarihindeki depremde büyük ölçüde zarar gördüğü, yukarıda işaret edilen belgeden öğrenilmektedir. Bu keşif raporuna göre, “dershane mahalli ile iki odası müceddeden yapılmağa muhtaç” olduktan başka “on dört odası da tamire muhtaç” ve “bahçe duvarı da müceddeden tamire muhtaçtır.”
20 Ağustos 1330 (2 Eylül 1914) tarihinde yazılan bir listede arkaları açık ve havadar, güneş alır, tek kişilik on altı odalı, çamaşırhane, gusulhane ve abdesthane, dershane ve şadırvanı ile iki kuyusunun olduğu, ancak “muhtâc-ı ta‘mîr ve fennî tâdile muhtaç bir halde bulunduğu” kayıtlıdır. İçinde on altı kişinin kalabileceği medresenin, 22 Kânunuevvel 1334’te (1918) büyük İstanbul yangınında evleri yananların işgalinde olduğuna da işaret edilmiştir. Halil Ethem’in bildirdiğine göre 1931-1932 yılı kışında medresenin iki kubbesi çökmüştü. O tarihlerden beri hiçbir şekilde ilgi görmeyen Dâvud Paşa Medresesi, İstanbul’da bu türden yapıların en eskilerinin başında gelmesine rağmen günümüzde de (1993) birtakım kişilerin işgalinde kalarak korkunç surette tahrip edilmektedir.
Mektep. Külliyeye ait sıbyan mektebi caminin avlu duvarı üstünde bulunuyordu. 1648 zelzelesinden sonra yapıldığı anlaşılan keşifte, “Vâkıf-ı müşârün ileyhin mektebi dahi tamire muhtaçtır” denilmektedir. Sonraları bu sıbyan mektebi tamamen yıktırılarak yerine bir okul yapılmıştır. Ancak 1923-1928 yılları arasında düzenlendiği anlaşılan sıbyan mekteplerine dair listede adına rastlanmadığına göre Dâvud Paşa Mektebi daha önceki bir tarihte ortadan kalkmış olmalıdır.
Mahkeme. Caminin kapısı üstünde bulunan mahkeme binası ise Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ in yazma nüshasındaki bir derkenardan öğrenildiğine göre, Saraçhanebaşı’nda Dülgerzâde Camii yanında iken 1071 Ramazanında (Mayıs 1661) IV. Mehmed’in emriyle Dâvud Paşa Camii yanına taşınarak orada yapılan yeni binasına yerleşmiştir. Bu kayıttan, mahkeme binasının Dâvud Paşa Külliyesi’nin esas manzumesine ait olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Türbe. Caminin kıble tarafında olan türbe de cami gibi temiz bir taş işçiliği göstermektedir. Sekiz köşeli bir plana göre kubbeli olarak yapılan türbenin girişinde iki sütuna dayanan bir sundurma saçağı vardır. Her cephede altlı üstlü ikişer pencere ile aydınlanan türbenin içi 7,36 m. çapındadır. Alt sıra pencereler bir silme ile çerçevelenmiş, ayrıca her biri Bursa kemerine sahip tahfif kemerleri bezenmiştir. Üst pencereler ise klasik sivri kemerlidir. Türbenin kemeri üstünde bulunan dört kartuş içindeki Arapça kitâbede Derviş Dâvud adı okunur. Paşanın ölüm tarihi kitâbenin dışına, kapı kemeri üstündeki lento taşına 905 (1499-1500) olarak yazılmış olup bunun sonradan yanlış olarak işlendiği tahmin edilmektedir.
Çeşme. Avlu kapısı dışındaki Dâvud Paşa Çeşmesi, bugün İstanbul’da mevcut kitâbeli en eski Türk çeşmesidir. Âşıkpaşazâde’nin Târih ’inde Dâvud Paşa tarafından getirildiği belirtilen “latif” suyun bu çeşmeden akıtılmış olduğuna ihtimal verilir. İki satırlık kitâbesinde sadece, “Sâhibü’l-hayrât / Merhum Dâvud Paşa – sene 890” (1485) yazısı okunan bu kesme taştan son derece sade görünümlü çeşme bir kırık sivri kemerden ibarettir. Kitâbede külliyenin kurucusu “merhum” olarak anıldığına göre çeşme paşanın ölümünden sonra onun adına yaptırılmış, fakat üzerine külliyenin inşa tarihi yazılmıştır.
Aşhane ve İmaret. Dâvud Paşa Külliyesi’nde tabhâne odalarında kalan misafirlerle caminin oldukça kalabalık hizmetlileri ve medresede barınan talebe için bir de aşhane-imaret yapılmış olduğu anlaşılıyor. Vakfiyede hizmetlileri gösterilen bu bina, 1648 zelzelesinde “mütevelli odası, imareti ve me’kelhânesi (yemekhane) ile” zarar görmüş olup keşif raporunda tamire muhtaç olduğu belirtilir. Aşhane-imaret bütünüyle yok olduğundan yeri dahi bilinmemektedir.
İstanbul’un fethinin hemen arkasından şehrin Türkleşmesinin işareti olarak yapılan ilk tesislerden olan Dâvud Paşa Külliyesi’nin bütün unsurlarının itina ile tamir edilerek korunması gerekirken bu hususta yeteri kadar hassas davranılmadığı bir gerçektir. İlk Osmanlı döneminde (XIV-XV. yüzyıllar) çok sayıda örneklerine Anadolu’da ve Rumeli’de rastlanan, fakat Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman devrinden itibaren artık unutulan “tabhâneli” camilerin değişik bir uygulanışı olan cami, mimarisi kadar içindeki kalem işi nakışlar bakımından da önemliydi. Bunların ve İstanbul’un ilk medreselerinden olan yapının ciddi şekilde korunmayışı ve restorasyon görmeyişi üzücüdür.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Ayvansarâyî, Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ , I, 104.
a.mlf., Mecmûa-i Tevârih (haz. Fahri Ç. Derin – Vahid Çabuk), İstanbul 1985, s. 292-293 (cami ile türbenin kitâbeleri).
a.mlf., Camilerimiz Ansiklopedisi: Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ (haz. İhsan Erzi), İstanbul 1987, I, 143-144.
Cevdet, Tezâkir , I, 33.
C. Gurlitt, Die Baukunst Konstantinopels , Berlin 1909-12, s. 61.
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Tanışık, İstanbul Çeşmeleri , I, 2.
Gökbilgin, Edirne ve Paşa Livâsı , s. 405 vd.
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a.mlf., “Davud Paşa Camii, Medresesi, Türbesi ve Mektebi”, İst.A , VIII, 4291-4296.
W. Müller-Wiener, Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls , Tübingen 1977, s. 395-397 (rs. 464’te Bizans başlığı).
Yüksel, Osmanlı Mi‘mârîsi V , s. 235-239, 240, 241, 242.
Fâtih Câmileri ve Diğer Târihî Eserler (haz. Fatih Müftülüğü), İstanbul 1991, s. 84-85.
A. Gabriel, “Les Mosquées de Constantinople”, Syria , VIII, Paris 1926, s. 366-367.
Zarif Ongun, “Hassa Mimarları”, Arkitekt , sy. 7-8, İstanbul 1938 (ayrıbasım 1939), s. 333-342.
Semavi Eyice, “İstanbul Minareleri”, Türk San‘atı Tarihi Araştırma ve İncelemeleri , İstanbul 1963, I, 42, rs. 16.
a.mlf., “İlk Osmanlı Devrinin Dinî-İçtimaî Bir Müessesesi: Zâviyeler ve Zâviyeli Câmiler”, İFM , XXIII (1963), s. 45.
Mustafa Cezar, “Osmanlı Devrinde İstanbul Yapılarında Tahribat Yapan Yangınlar ve Tabii Âfetler”, Türk San‘atı Tarihi Araştırma ve İncelemeleri , İstanbul 1963, I, 364.
Mübahat S. Kütükoğlu, “Dârü’l-hilâfeti’l-‘aliyye Medresesi ve Kuruluşu Arefesinde İstanbul Medreseleri”, İTED , VII/1-2 (1978), s. 166-167.
a.mlf., “1869’da Faal İstanbul Medreseleri”, TED , VII-VIII (1977), s. 311-312.
Turgut Kut, “İstanbul Sıbyan Mektepleriyle İlgili Bir Vesika”, JTS , II (1978), s. 55-84.
Nuriye Nirven, “Davud Paşa Çeşmesi”, İst.A , VIII, 4299.
İstanbul Kültür ve Sanat Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1983, III, 1525-1528.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 42-44 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.