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1/2 Müellif: NEBİ BOZKURT Bölüme Git
Kelimenin aslı Arapça tabl olup Türkçe’ye tabul, tavul, tavıl, davul; Batı dillerine Endülüs üzerinden atabal (et-tabl), Osmanlılar aracılığıyla da ta…
2/2 Müellif: NURİ ÖZCAN Bölüme Git
MÛSİKİ. Davul, tokmak ve ince bir çubukla vurularak çalınan, her iki yüzüne deri gerilmiş silindir şeklindeki bir tahta kasnaktan ibarettir. Genellikl…
Kelimenin aslı Arapça tabl olup Türkçe’ye tabul, tavul, tavıl, davul ; Batı dillerine Endülüs üzerinden atabal (et-tabl), Osmanlılar aracılığıyla da tabor ve tambor/tambour şekillerinde geçmiştir (geniş bilgi için bk. Webster’s Third , s. 136; Kluque, s. 768). Arapça tabl ise milâttan önce III. binyılda Akkadlar tarafından bu çalgıya verilen ve sözlük anlamı “çift” olan tāpalu/ṭabālu isminden gelmektedir (v. Soden, III, 1320, 1376). Bu durum, bir kasnağın iki tarafına deri gerilerek yapılan davulun tek taraflı olan deften daha sonra icat edildiğini gösterir (bk. DEF ).
Davul, dünyanın en eski müzik aletleri olan vurmalı sazlardan biridir. Tasvirî sanattaki ilk örneklerine Sumerler’e ait kabartmalar üzerinde rastlanmakta (m.ö. III. binyıl) ve elle çalındığı görülmektedir. Daha geç dönemlere ait bir Hitit kabartmasında da (m.ö. I. binyıl) iki kişi tarafından ve yine elle çalınırken resmedilmiştir. Buradan, davulun çok uzun bir süre elle çalındığı ve tokmağın sonradan ilâve edildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Elde somut kanıt bulunmamakla birlikte Şamanizm’deki kutsal şaman davulunun şamanın binek hayvanı, tokmağın da kamçısı olduğu yolundaki inanca ve kutsal geyik derisi gerilmiş davulun yine kutsal sayılan geyik ayağı ile çalınması hususuna dayanarak tokmağın daha yakın yıllarda ve Orta Asya’da eklenmiş olduğu düşünülebilir.
Mes‘ûdî’ye göre davul ve defin mûcidi, Kābil’in torunlarından Tubal b. Lamek b. Metuşelah’tır (Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb , IV, 220). Ebû Tâlib el-Mufaddal ise bu çalgıları ilk defa Lamek’in karısı veya câriyesi olan Sıla’nın (Tsilla) yaptığını söylemektedir (Kitâbü’l-Melâhî ve esmâʾihâ , s. 14). Bu rivayetlerin kaynağı ise yanlış ve eksik nakledilen Ahd-i Atîk’teki çenk ve boru çalanların atasının Kabil’in torunlarından Yubal b. Lamek olduğuna dair ifadedir (Tekvîn, 4/21). Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’te ve Kur’an’da davuldan bahsedilmemekte, buna karşılık bazı hadislerde “tabl” kelimesine rastlanmaktadır; ancak bunun davul anlamına gelip gelmediği tartışmalıdır. Abdullah b. Ömer’in bir davul sesi (savte tablin) duyduğunda kulaklarını tıkadığı, Hz. Peygamber’in de öyle yaptığı şeklindeki rivayet (İbn Mâce, “Nikâḥ”, 21) birkaç yerde geçmekte, fakat gerek senedi gerekse Ebû Dâvûd’un aynı hadisi “tabl” yerine “mizmâr” (kaval, düdük) şeklinde rivayet etmesi ve bu rivayeti de münker sayması (“Edeb”, 52) sebebiyle zayıf kabul edilmektedir. Ayrıca yine bir hadiste görülen ve çeşitli anlamları bulunan “kûbe” kelimesinin de davul yerine yazılmış olabileceği ileri sürülmüş ve bazı müellifler bir müzik aleti kabul ettikleri ve kadınsı erkeklerce çalındığını söyledikleri kûbe için “tablü’l-muhannes” tabirini kullanmışlardır (Ebû Dâvûd, “Eşribe”, 5, 7). Davulun hadislerde fazla zikredilmemesi, herhalde Araplar’da def kadar yaygın olmamasından ileri gelmektedir. Bununla birlikte dinî literatürde davul çalmanın ve dinlemenin şer‘î hükmünü ilgilendiren genel ve özel değerlendirmelere sıkça rastlanır. Özetle ifade etmek gerekirse müzik ve çalgı aletlerine karşı bilhassa ilk dönem İslâm âlimlerinin gösterdiği olumsuz ve yasakçı tavrın temelinde bu tür aletlerin içki, kumar ve fuhuş ortamında çalındığı, haramların işlenmesine, ibadetlerin ve diğer aslî görevlerin terk ve ihmal edilmesine yol açtığı, İslâm öncesi hayat tarzını hatırlattığı gibi kaygılar yatar. Ancak sonraki dönemlerde bu tavrın kısmen yumuşadığı ve konunun belli ayırımlar yapılarak ele alındığı görülmektedir. Nitekim Gazzâlî, içki meclislerinde çalınan birçok telli ve nefesli çalgı aletini câiz görmezken böyle bir kullanımın dışında tuttuğu davul ve benzeri çalgıların yasak olmadığını belirtir (İḥyâʾ , II, 271-273). Kur’an’da “boş söz” (lehvü’l-hadîs) kınanırken (bk. Lokmân 31/6) bu ifadenin dolaylı olarak davulu da kapsadığı görüşüne karşı (Taberî, XXI, 41) savaşta askerî harekâtı yönlendirme, askerleri cesaretlendirip düşmanı korkutma, nikâh ve benzeri merasimleri ilân etme gibi birçok meşrû kullanım alanı örnek gösterilerek davulun da def gibi kural olarak câiz olduğu savunulur (Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî, II, 1493-1494; Abdülganî en-Nablusî, s. 42). Dinî açıdan haram ve helâl vasfının eşyaya değil mükelleflerin fiillerine taalluk ettiği göz önünde bulundurulursa diğer müzik aletleri gibi davulun da hangi ortamda, ne amaçla kullanıldığı ve dinleyenin özel konumunun ayrı bir önem taşıdığı söylenebilir. Esasen davulun cevazı, hukuken mal sayılıp sayılmayacağı konusunda İslâm hukukçuları arasındaki görüş ayrılıkları da bu konudaki tecrübe, gözlem ve ölçü farklılığından kaynaklanmaktadır.
Davulun Avrupa gibi birçok yere Türkler tarafından götürülmesi ve bugün Anadolu’da -birbirinden ne kadar bağımsız ve farklı olursa olsun- her yöredeki halk danslarının hemen daima davul-zurna eşliğinde oynanması, hatta yağlı güreş gibi geleneksel spor karşılaşmalarının sürekli çalan davul-zurna sesleri arasında yapılması, bu aletin dünyada en fazla Türkler tarafından sevildiğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca adına ilk defa Orhon yazıtlarında köbürge şeklinde rastlanan davul, Türkler’de sadece bir müzik aleti değil devlet sahibi olmayı gösteren bir hâkimiyet sembolüdür.
Davul hükümdarlık alâmetleri arasında sayılır (İbn Haldûn, I, 662; Kalkaşendî, IV, 7-8). İbn Haldûn’un, Türkler’in bu konuya aşırı derecede önem verdikleri şeklindeki ifadesini tarihî rivayetler doğrulamaktadır. “Nevbet” denilen ve muayyen zamanlarda hükümdarın meskeni önünde davul çalmayı ifade eden merasimin Türkler’de oldukça uzun bir geçmişi vardır. Dîvânü lugāti’t-Türk ’te yer alan destanî bir rivayette, Zülkarneyn Semerkant’ı geçip Türk ülkesine yöneldiği zaman hükümdarın Balasagun’daki sarayı önünde 360 nevbet davulu çalındığı nakledilir (III, 413 vd.). Sayının yılın günleri kadar olması, muhtemelen Türk hükümdarının hükümranlığının devamını ifade etmek içindi. Kutadgu Bilig ’de yer alan “gök gürledi, nevbet davulunu vurdu” ifadesi (s. 18), bu geleneğin Yûsuf Has Hâcib zamanında da bulunduğunu göstermektedir.
Türkler’de hatun, vezir ve kumandanların mevki ve yetkilerine göre davul sahibi oldukları anlaşılmaktadır. Meselâ Kutadgu Bilig ’de, “Hükümdar Ay-Toldı’yı taltif etti; ona karşı dili ile medihte ve eli ile ihsanda bulundu. Ona vezirlik, unvan ve mühür ile tuğ, davul ve zırh verdi” (s. 86) denilmektedir. Anadolu Türkleri’nin resmî hükümdarı durumunda olan Selçuklu Sultanı III. Alâeddin Keykubad’ın Karacahisar’ın fethinden sonra Osman Gazi’ye gönderdiği bayrak ve tuğ yanında bir davulun da bulunması bu geleneğin devamıdır. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’e kadar Osmanlı hükümdarları nevbet davulu çaldığında Selçuklu sultanına hürmeten ayağa kalkarlardı; bu âdet Fâtih tarafından kaldırılmıştır (Uzunçarşılı, s. 273-274). İlhanlılar’da savaşa giderken hiyerarşiye uygun olarak hakanın, büyük hatunun, hatun ve vezirlerin sefer davulları sırayla çalınır, sonra yola çıkılırdı. İbn Battûta, Ebû Said Bahadır Han zamanında (1317-1335) şahit olduğu böyle bir merasimi nakletmektedir. Bunun yanında bayram merasimlerinde çalınan, ayrıca emîrlere verilen ve yetki ifade eden davullardan da söz etmektedir. Makrîzî, Eyyûbî ve Memlük hükümdarlarının sefere çıkışlarda, merasimlerde, savaş öncesinde davul çaldırdıklarına ve davulun bu devletlerde yüksek makam ve yetki sembolü olduğuna dair birçok bilgi vermektedir.
Davulun hükümranlık alâmeti olması geleneği, değişik bir şekilde bazı Afrika kabilelerinde de bulunmaktadır. Yukarı Nil bölgesinde, kabilenin resmî davulu reisin evinin önündeki veya köydeki kutsal kabul edilen ağacın altına asılır ve kabile fertleri tarafından ona büyük hürmet gösterilir (ERE , V, 92). Bu âdet, III. yüzyılın başlarında Hun hükümdarlarının otağları önünde beş sancakla birlikte bir davul bulunması (Ögel, VIII, 25) geleneğine oldukça benzemektedir. Davulun bütün dünya milletlerinin kültürlerinde, bazan birbirine yakınlık gösteren hasta tedavisi, kötü ruhların kovulması, neşe ve hüznün belirtilmesi, orduların coşturulması ve haberleşme gibi konularda özel bir yere sahip olduğu görülür. Eskiden tellâlların, önemli bir haberi insanların dikkatini çekmek açısından davul eşliğinde duyurmaları âdetti. İbn Cübeyr, hilâlin görünmesinin Mekke’de emîrin huzurunda çalınan davullarla ilân edilişi hakkında bilgi vermektedir (er-Riḥle , s. 108).
Eski Türkler’de davulun def kadar küçük olanından “hâkānî” denilen en büyük tiplerine kadar (köhürge-i hâssa, tûğ-ı hâkānî) pek çok çeşitleri vardı ve büyük davullar için genel olarak tablhâne tabiri kullanılıyordu. Eskiden Harput ve Urfa civarında yaklaşık 1 m. çapında davulların yapıldığı bilinmektedir (Ögel, VIII, 203). Küçük tipteki davulların en tanınmışı tabl-i bâz dır (“kuş davulu” anlamına gelen ve bugün davlumbaz şeklinde söylenen kelimeyi “davulcu” anlamındaki tabl-bâz ile karıştırmamak gerekir). Atın eğer kaşına asılan ve doğanla yapılan av sırasında av kuşlarını ürkütüp havaya kaldırmak için çalınan bu küçük davulun savaş sırasında da düşman atlarını ürkütmek maksadıyla kullanıldığı, Dede Korkut hikâyelerinde geçen “tavlumbaz urup atları ürküttü” ifadesinden anlaşılmaktadır (s. 263).
Evliya Çelebi, IV. Murad’ın huzurundan geçen çalgıcıları sayarken “esnâf-ı mehterân-ı kûsciyân, esnâf-ı davulciyân, ehl-i hevâ-yı kudûm u kûs ve tabl-bâz u dünbelekciyân” gibi ifadelerle dönemindeki davul ve diğer vurmalı sazlar hakkında dolaylı olarak bilgi vermektedir. Davul ve kös, yüksek sesleri ve coşturucu güçleri dolayısıyla savaşta âdeta bir silâh gibi değer kazanmıştır. Osmanlı ordusu, mehter takımının vurduğu “kûs-i rihlet” denilen ritimle yola çıkar, savaşa başlamadan önce çalınan “tabl-ı saf” ile nizama girerdi. “Tabl-ı cengî” veya “kûs-i gazâ” askere yön verir, davulların susması ise tuğ ve sancakların tehlikede olduğunu gösterirdi. Gün boyu süren savaşlarda o günkü çarpışmaların bittiği “tabl-ı âsâyiş”, kalenin fethedildiği veya zaferin kazanıldığı “tabl-ı beşâret” yahut “kûs-ı müjde” vuruşlarıyla duyurulurdu. Avrupalılar’ı özellikle davul ve kösleriyle korkutan mehter takımı, II. Viyana Kuşatması’ndan (1683) sonra “alla turca” denilen marş ritminde bir müzik türünün doğmasına sebep olmuş ve Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven gibi birçok ünlü besteci “Türk Marşı” adıyla çeşitli orkestra parçaları bestelemiştir. Bu müzik türünde ritmi, bugünkü marşlarda da görüldüğü gibi orkestra enstrümanları arasına o günlerde dahil edilen davul belirler. Senfonik müzikte davul tek tokmakla vurulduğunda top sesini, çift tokmakla ve tremolo tarzıyla (titremeli) vurulduğunda da gök gürültüsünü tam bir başarıyla taklit eder.
Savaşlarda davul çalma olayı çok eski bir gelenek olup bu çalgının heyecan ve cesaret veren sesinden orduyu savaşa teşvik için faydalanılmıştır. Dede Korkut hikâyelerinde “gümbür gümbür” ve “güpür güpür” davullar vurarak düşmanın üzerine yürümekten söz edilir. Cengiz yasasına göre hareket edildiği belirtilen Bâbürnâme ’de, bir öküzün ön ayak kemiğiyle işaret verilince tuğlara kımız serpildiği ve arkasından savaş davullarının çalındığı anlatılır (s. 155). Araplar’da savaş sırasında orduyu hücuma teşvik için daha çok def çalınmakla beraber Vâkıdî’nin, Uhud Gazvesi’nde Ebû Süfyân’ın karısı Hind yönetimindeki müşrik kadınlarının ellerinde deflerle birlikte “el-ekbâr ya‘nî et-tubûl” bulunduğu yolundaki ifadesi (el-Meġāzî , I, 208, 225) ilk nazarda davulun da kullanıldığını akla getirmektedir. Ancak burada tablın çoğulu olan tubûl kelimesinin “ekbâr”ı açıklamak için yazılması ve özellikle bu çalgının kadınların ellerinde bulunduğunun söylenmesi, söz konusu tablın davul değil büyük def olduğunu göstermektedir.
Davulun savaşlarda sağladığı bir diğer yarar da yere çakılan iki kazığın üstüne yatay vaziyette ve dengeli biçimde konularak derisinin üzerine serpiştirilen kum ve buğday gibi küçük şeylerin titremesinden düşmanın lağım kazıp kazmadığının anlaşılmasıydı (Danişmend, II, 84).
Davul zaman bildirmede de kullanılmıştır. Evliya Çelebi XVII. yüzyılda kervansaray, han, bekâr odaları, sur ve şehir kapılarının belirli saatlerde “derbend davulu”nun çalınmasıyla kapatıldığını yazmaktadır. Ramazanlarda sahur vaktinde halkın davulla kaldırılması ise halen sürdürülen bir gelenektir. Cirit, çevgân ve bugün de olduğu gibi yağlı güreş müsabakaları daima davul-zurna eşliğinde yapılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Dîvânü lugāti’t-Türk Tercümesi , III, 165, 413 vd.
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “kvb” md.
Clauson, Dictionary , s. 439.
Steingass, Dictionary , s. 809.
F. Kluque, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache , Berlin 1975, s. 768.
Webster’s Third , s. 136.
Müsned , I, 274, 289, 350; II, 158, 165, 168.
İbn Mâce, “Nikâḥ”, 21.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Eşribe”, 5, 7, “Edeb”, 52.
Vâkıdî, el-Meġāzî , I, 208, 225.
Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb (Abdülhamîd) , IV, 220.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân (Bulak) , XXI, 41.
Yûsuf Has Hâcib, Kutadgu Bilig II: Çeviri (trc. Reşid Rahmeti Arat), Ankara 1988, s. 18, 86.
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ (Beyrut) , II, 271-273.
İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye , IV, 207.
Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî, Aḥkâmü’l-Ḳurʾân , II, 1493-1494.
İbn Cübeyr, er-Riḥle , Beyrut 1400/1980, s. 108, 109.
İbn Battûta, er-Riḥle , Beyrut, ts., s. 231-232, 340, 398, 446-447.
İbn Haldûn, Mukaddime (trc. Süleyman Uludağ), İstanbul 1982, I, 662.
Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ , IV, 7-8.
Makrîzî, es-Sülûk , bk. Fihrist “ṭablḫâne”, “kûsât”.
Dede Korkut Kitabı (nşr. Muharrem Ergin), Ankara 1958, s. 63, 112, 120, 132, 263, 270, 285.
Ebû Tâlib el-Mufaddal, Kitâbü’l-Melâhî ve esmâʾihâ , Kahire 1985, s. 14.
Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Heysemî, Keffü’r-raʿâʿ , Beyrut 1986, s. 98-104.
Bâbür, Babur-nama (trc. Annette Beveridge), Lahor 1987, s. 155, 337, 369, 628.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , I, 632-644.
Abdülganî en-Nablusî, Îżâḥu’d-delâlât fî semâʾi’l-âlât , Dımaşk 1981.
H. G. Farmer, Turkish Instruments of Music in the Seventeenth Century: As Described in the Siyāḥat nāma of Ewliyā Ch elebī , Glasgow 1937, s. 17-18.
a.mlf., “Davul”, İA , III, 498-501.
a.mlf., “Tabl-hâne”, a.e. , XI, 604-610.
Danişmend, Kronoloji , I, 4; II, 84.
Uzunçarşılı, Saray Teşkilâtı , s. 273-274.
Mahmut Ragıp Kösemihal, Türk Askeri Muzıkaları Tarihi , İstanbul 1955, I, 40.
a.mlf., “Mehterhane ve Davul-Zurnalı Halk Oyunları”, TFA , V/106 (1958), s. 1697-1699.
A. Parrot, Sumer , München 1962, s. 233.
v. Soden, AHW , III, 1320, 1376.
Metin And, Osmanlı Şenliklerinde Türk Sanatları , Ankara 1982, s. 165-173.
Bahaeddin Ögel, Türk Kültür Tarihine Giriş , Ankara 1987, VIII, 1-238.
Talât Tekin, Orhon Yazıtları , Ankara 1988, s. 149.
A. Muhibbe Darga, Hitit Sanatı , İstanbul 1992, s. 251, 341, 342.
A. de Lamartine, Aşiretten Devlete: Türkiye Tarihi (trc. Mehmet Reşat Uzmen), İstanbul, ts., I, 61.
M. Tayyib Gökbilgin, “Osman I.”, İA , IX, 442.
A. E. Crawley, “Drums and Cymbals”, ERE , V, 89-93.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 53-55 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
MÛSİKİ. Davul, tokmak ve ince bir çubukla vurularak çalınan, her iki yüzüne deri gerilmiş silindir şeklindeki bir tahta kasnaktan ibarettir. Genellikle tokmak tarafında kalın, çubuk tarafında daha incesi tercih edilmek üzere keçi veya dana derisi kullanılır. Bazı yerlerde, titreşimli değişik bir ses elde etmek için tokmak yüzüne deriye dokunacak şekilde bir ip gerilmektedir. Davul kasnağı için çam, köknar, ıhlamur, kavak ve daha çok da ceviz veya gürgen ağaçları kullanılır. Kasnağın üzerine, urganla çapraz olarak karşılıklı bağlanmış iki çember geçirilir ve urganlar belirli oranlarda gerilerek kenarları çemberle kasnak arasına sıkıştırılmış olan derilerin ses düzeni sağlanır. Kasnak ipleri genellikle ketenden yapılır; nâdiren kayış veya örme kıl ip kullanıldığı da görülmektedir.
Kayışla sol omuza asılarak çalınan davulda kasnak sol baldıra yaslanmakta ve üst kısmından, parmaklarının arasında çubuk bulunan sol elin aya tümseğiyle desteklenerek sabitleştirilmektedir; tokmağı kullanan sağ el ise tamamen serbesttir. Yekpâre ağaç olan tokmağın ucu 6 rakamı gibi kıvrılarak topuz yapar ve bu kısma güdük denir. Tokmak, güdüğü ağacın düğümlü ve yumrulu yerine gelecek şekilde daha çok yabani armuttan veya yabani gül ağacının kökünden yapılır. Anadolu’nun bazı bölgelerinde meçik, çöven ve zompak gibi adlarla da anılan tokmağın ortalama boyu 40 cm. kadardır ve vuruşlarına da çöven denir. Tokmağın yardımcısı ve tamamlayıcısı durumunda olan çubuk ise sol elin baş ve işaret parmaklarının ucu ile davula dayanmış şekilde tutulur ve diğer parmakların yardımıyla vurularak tokmağın karşısında ritmin devamını sağlar. Genellikle çıbık , bazı yörelerde çildirgi, çılbır, çırpı veya zıpçık denilen çubuk, esneklik de göz önüne alınarak ardıç veya kızılcık gibi sert ağaçların dallarından kesilir ve uzunluğu tokmağınkinden 1-2 cm. kadar kısa olur.
Kasnak ve çap olarak iki ölçüsü bulunan davulun boyutları geçmişten günümüze bazı değişikliklere uğramıştır. 1526, 1650, 1711, 1732, 1821 yıllarındaki mehterhâneler ve çeşitli minyatürler incelendiğinde davulun kasnak genişliğinin çapından daha fazla olduğu anlaşılmakta, XIX. yüzyıldan itibaren ise kasnağın daraldığı, çapın genişlediği görülmektedir. Bugünkü ortalama ölçüler çap için 50, kasnak genişliği için 30 cm. civarındadır. Güney Anadolu’daki Türkmen oymakları arasında biri büyük, diğeri küçük olmak üzere iki çeşit davul kullanılır ve bunlardan büyük olanına kaba davul , küçüğüne de cura davul veya davulbaz adları verilir. Kars bölgesinde ise normal davuldan daha küçük bir davul türü bulunmakta ve yere yatık olarak konulup elle çalınmaktadır; bu durumda çalınan davul konuşur gibi okuyuşlarda (resitatif) hafif bir sesle nüansları yürütür.
Mahmud Ragıp Kösemihal, Asya Şamanlığı’nda şaman davulunun bir adının da bar olduğunu söylemektedir. Buna göre bazı Doğu Anadolu illerinde davul-zurna eşliğinde oynanan halay çeşitlerinin genel adı olan barın ve ayrıca Erzurum’daki davulcunun hem çalıp hem oynadığı davul barında geçen bar kelimesinin aslında davul anlamını taşıdığı anlaşılmaktadır. Öte yandan davulcunun halay halkası ortasında davulunu döve döve ve aynen bir şaman gibi tek başına oynaması Anadolu’da çok rağbet görmüş bir gelenektir; bu geleneğin de önce Asya’dan çıktığı ve Selçuklular’a kadar uzandığı rivayet edilir. Yine Kösemihal, İspanyol seyyahı Klavio’nun XV. yüzyıl başlarında bir Erzurum köyünün meydanında davullarını döverek dolaşan tekke dervişlerini gördüğünü nakleder (Türk Halk Oyunları Kataloğu , s. 142).
Eski ramazanlarda halkı sahura kaldıran davulcular ve dinî bayramlarda davul çalarak dolaşan mahalle bekçileri çeşitli mâniler okurlardı. “Ramazan (bayram veya davulcu) mânileri” adı verilen bu mânilerde ara ritim vuruşu, yani kupleler arası vuruş 2 + 2 + 3 olmak üzere yedi veya dokuz derbelidir.
Davul başta Ömer Hayyâm, Şeyh Sa‘dî, Nâbî ve Nedîm olmak üzere birçok şaire, bazı mûsikişinaslara ve ressamlara konu olmuştur. Türk mûsikisi bestekârlarından Ali Rifat Çağatay’ın “Davul Havası” adlı eseriyle XVI. yüzyıl İtalyan ressamlarından Vittore Capaccia’nın halen Venedik Akademisi’nde bulunan “Tambure di Turco” adlı ünlü tablosu bunlar arasında sayılabilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , I, 622, 644.
H. G. Farmer, Turkish Instruments of Music in the Seventeenth Century: As Described in the Siyāḥat nāma of Ewliyā Ch elebī , Glasgow 1937, s. 17-18.
a.mlf., “Davul”, İA , III, 498-501.
a.mlf., “Tabl-hâne”, a.e. , XI, 604-610.
A. Adnan Saygın [Saygun], Rize, Artvin ve Kars Havâlisi Türkü, Saz ve Oyunları Hakkında Bazı Malûmat , İstanbul 1937, s. 58-61.
Ali Rıza Yalgın, Cenupta Türkmen Çalgıları , Adana 1940.
Mahmut Ragıp Kösemihal, Türk Askerî Muzıkaları Tarihi , İstanbul 1955, s. 1-40.
a.mlf., Musiki Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1961, s. 60.
a.mlf., Türk Vurmalı Çalgıları , Ankara 1975, s. 8-16, 28-44, 59.
a.mlf., Türk Halk Oyunları Kataloğu , Ankara 1991, s. 69, 142-145, 200-201.
a.mlf., “Halk İnanışlarında Davul”, TFA , II/39 (1952), s. 613-615.
a.mlf., “Davul-Zurna Hakkında”, a.e. , IV/78 (1956), s. 1241-1242.
a.mlf., “Mehterhane ve Davul-Zurnalı Halk Oyunları”, a.e. , V/106 (1958), s. 1697-1699.
Şenel Önaldı, Türk Halk Musikisi Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1979, s. 24, 339.
Bahaeddin Ögel, Türk Kültür Tarihine Giriş , Ankara 1987, VIII, 1-238.
Veysel Arseven, “Türk Halk Çalgıları”, TFA , VI/142 (1961), s. 2393.
Yılmaz Elmas, “Ramazan Davulu”, a.e. , VIII/163 (1963), s. 2970-2972.
Hedwig Usbeck, “Türklerde Musiki Aletleri -10-”, MM , sy. 245 (1969), s. 27-28; sy. 246 (1969), s. 27.
E. Ruhi Üngör, a.e. (Türk Davulu özel sayısı), sy. 321, tür.yer.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 55-56 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.