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DEHRİYYE Skip to content Âlemin ezelî olduğunu ve bir yaratıcısının bulunmadığını savunan materyalist felsefe akımı.
“Mutlak zaman” anlamına gelen dehr kelimesine nisbeti sebebiyle bu isimle anılan ve İslâm dünyasında genel olarak ateist ve materyalist düşünce akımlarını temsil eden dehriyye, belirgin şahsiyetlerin oluşturduğu bir felsefî akımı ifade etmesi yanında çeşitli felsefe akımlarındaki inkârcı tezlerin de ortak adıdır. İslâm dünyasındaki Meşşâiyye ve İşrâkıyye ile kıyaslanabilecek bir dehriyye akımının teşekkül etmemiş olması, bu akımın sistematik felsefe tarihi açısından ele alınmasını zorlaştırmaktadır. İbnü’r-Râvendî gibi belirgin tarihî şahsiyetlerin söz konusu akımın öncüleri arasında sayılmasına rağmen İslâm dünyasındaki ilhâd hareketleri ve bunlara gösterilen şiddetli tepkiler, dehriyye teriminin anlamını yer yer genişletmiş ve hatta belirsizleştirmiştir. Ayrıca inkâra yol açabileceği endişesiyle esasen materyalist olmayan felsefî kabuller de dehriyye adı altında değerlendirilmiştir. Özellikle kelâm kitaplarında, kendisini ötekilerden veya benzerlerinden ayırt etmeye yarayan birtakım niteliklere sahip bir dehriyye tanımından ziyade bir fikri veya şahsı dehrî saymaya yetecek telakkiler söz konusu edilmektedir.
İslâm’dan önce bazı Câhiliye Arapları arasında dehriyye anlamında materyalist bir dünya görüşünün mevcut olduğu Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de, “Dediler ki hayat ancak yaşadığımızdan ibarettir. Ölürüz ve yaşarız, bizi ancak zaman (dehr) helâk eder” (el-Câsiye 45/24) meâlindeki âyetten anlaşılmaktadır. Âyette geçen “dehr”in “dehrî”ye dönüşmesi ise sonraki bir gelişmedir. Ancak dehrî olarak nitelendirilen felsefî düşüncelerin ana hatları itibariyle bu âyette belirtilen dünya görüşüne uygun düşmesi, dehrî ve dehriyye terimlerinin doğmasında etkili olmuştur. Nitekim Zemahşerî söz konusu âyeti açıklarken kâinatta olup biten bütün olayları dehrin gücüne bağlayanların dünyadakinden başka bir hayata inanmadıklarını, âhireti reddettiklerini, dehri her şeyin sebebi saydıkları için şiirlerinde sık sık zamandan şikâyet ettiklerini belirtir ve bundan dolayı Hz. Peygamber’in, “Dehre sövmeyiniz, çünkü dehr Allah’tır (veya Allah dehrdir)” dediğini (Müsned , V, 299, 311; Buhârî, “Edeb”, 101; Müslim, “Elfâẓ”, 4) hatırlatır (el-Keşşâf, III, 512-513). Bütün kaynaklarda hadisin son kısmı, “Sizin dehre nisbet ettiğiniz olayların asıl fâili ve yaratıcısı Allah’tır; bu sebeple zamana sövmekle Allah’a hakaret etmiş olursunuz” şeklinde açıklanmıştır. Şehristânî de söz konusu inanç sahiplerinin varlık veren bir tabiat, yok eden bir dehr anlayışına sahip olduklarını kaydetmektedir. Daha sonra dehrîler denilen bu zümre hayatı dünya hayatından ibaret görmekle duyulur nesnelerin tabiatlarına takılıp kalmışlardır. Bu tabiatların birleşip dağılmasıyla ölümün ve hayatın vuku bulduğuna inanmaktadırlar. Dehr ise tabiatlardaki oluş ve bozuluşun (nesnelerin fizikî, kimyevî ve biyolojik özellikleri) gerçek fâilidir. Şehristânî’nin “Muattılatü’l-Arab” (Allah’ı inkâr eden Araplar) başlığı altında incelediği dehriyye, Allah ve âhiret inancına sahip olmayan, duyulur nesnelerden akledilir âleme gerekli sıçramayı yapamamış ve metafiziğe kesin olarak sırtını dönmüş materyalistler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bunlar Şehristânî’nin “tabîiyyûn-dehriyyûn” (natüralist-materyalistler) nitelemesiyle kaba sansüalist materyalizmi temsil ederler. Müellifin “el-felâsifetü’d-dehriyye” (materyalist filozoflar) adıyla zikrettiği akım ise metafizik âlemi kabul etmekle birlikte şeriatı kabul etmeyen ve bir ölçüde metafizikçi filozofların da (el-felâsifetü’l-ilâhiyyûn) dahil edildiği akımdır (el-Milel , II, 3-5, 235). Halbuki Gazzâlî daha önce dehriyyûn, tabîiyyûn ve ilâhiyyûn akımlarını kesin biçimde birbirinden ayırmış ve sadece birincileri ateist-materyalist olarak tanımlamıştı (el-Münḳıẕ mine’ḍ-ḍalâl , s. 37-41). Gazzâlî’nin gözünde dehrîler tabiatçı filozoflardan, peygamberleri inkâr yanında peygamber gönderen Allah’ı da inkâr etmeleri bakımından ayrılırlar; bu sebeple onların kâfir sayılmaları daha tabiidir (Fayṣalü’t-tefriḳa , s. 46-47).
Gazzâlî’nin tasnifindeki netliğe karşılık, birçok kelâm kitabında yer alan bilgilerdeki nisbî müphemlikler dolayısıyla dehrîlerle tam olarak kimlerin kastedildiği yeterince açıklığa kavuşmuş değildir. Allah’ın inkâr edilmesi, yeniden dirilişin reddi, âlemin ezelîliği inancı, tabiatın bir fâil olarak kabul edilmesi gibi telakkiler, belirgin bir felsefî akıma nisbet edilemeyen, fakat, “Bizi helâk eden (fâil) dehrden başkası değildir” diyen eski Araplar da dahil olmak üzere çeşitli düşünce akımlarının belli yönlerden iştirak ettiği fikirler olarak ele alınmakta ve bu telakkiler genel bir felsefî-kozmolojik tavra işaret etmektedir. Meselâ Mâtürîdî, dehrîlerin âlemin kıdemine olan inançlarını öne çıkarır ve onlara “ashâbü’t-tabâi‘” adını verir. Tabiatın ezelden beri varlığına olan inanç, Allah’ın bir fâil olarak inkârı anlamına geldiği için tabiat kavramı reddedilir ve oluş-bozuluş süreci hem fiil hem hal anlamında Allah’ın yaratmasına bağlanır. Bu sebeple Sünnî kelâmda tabiat kavramına karşı takınılan olumsuz tavır, tabiatı fâil olarak tanımlayan telakkilere karşı tepkiyi gösterir. Mâtürîdî, ayrıca cismanî özellikteki atomların ezelden beri var olduğuna inanıp arazları inkâr eden ve araz kavramını yalnızca determinist-mekanik bir harekete indirgeyen Demokritos atomculuğunu da dehriyye içinde değerlendirir. Yine Mâtürîdî’ye göre âlemin ilk maddesini (tıynet, heyûlâ) eni, boyu, derinliği olmayan ezelî bir imkân (kuvve) olarak tanımlayan, oluş ve bozuluşu yalnızca arazlarda gören Aristocu felsefe de dehriyye kapsamındadır. Burada gözetilen ölçü, Allah’ın varlığını kabul veya inkâr olmayıp heyûlânın ezelîliği fikridir.
Aynı düşünür, Sümeniyye denilen ve herhalde Budist telakkiler taşıyan bir fırkayı da değişmeyi ezelî bir hudûsa bağladığı ve Tanrı fikrine yer vermediği için dehriyye kapsamında değerlendirmektedir (Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 141-147, 152-153). Hârizmî de dehrin kıdemine inanan dehrîleri, hem Allah’ı inkâr eden muattıla ile hem de putperest, tenâsühçü, ezelî dehr ve âlem anlayışına sahip Sümeniyye ile birlikte anmıştır (Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm , s. 25). Ancak bu son eserde, iki ezelî prensip kabul eden ve zındıklar olarak anılan kesimin dehriyye ile münasebeti belirsizdir.
Zındıklar (zenâdıka) hareketinin dehriyye ile münasebetinin gösterilmesi, Fars-Hint kültürünün bu akımın doğuşundaki rolünün tesbiti bakımından önemlidir. Çünkü kaynaklarda zındıklarla ilhâd hareketleri arasındaki paralelliklere daima işaret edilmektedir. İslâm dünyasının klasik çağdaki en ünlü ateist ve materyalisti olan İbnü’r-Râvendî’nin hocaları arasında zikredilen İbn Tâlût, Nu‘mân b. Ebü’l-Avcâ’ ve özellikle Ebû Îsâ el-Verrâk gibi isimler ünlü zındıklardır. Yine Beşşâr b. Bürd ve Ebân b. Abdülhamîd el-Lâhikī gibi ediplerin Maniheist oldukları yahut o eğilimi taşıdıkları, bunların gözleriyle görmediklerine inanmayan (sansüalist), cin ve melekleri inkâr eden kimseler olarak nitelendirildiği bilinmektedir. Fars kültürü ve edebiyatının üstünlüğü teziyle başlatılan Şuûbiyye hareketinin de içinde bulunduğu zındıklar, cüretlerini Kur’an’ın i‘câzı fikrini sarsma girişimlerine kadar götürmüşlerdir. Nitekim ünlü edip ve mütercim İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘ için de Kur’an’a nazîre yazdığı yolunda ithamlar söz konusu olmuştur. Bir tercüme şaheseri olarak kabul edilen Kelîle ve Dimne ’nin “Bâbü Berzeveyh” başlığını taşıyan girişi, ister bizzat İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘ telif etmiş olsun isterse orijinalinden tercüme etmiş bulunsun, dinleri eleştiren cüretli pasajlar ihtiva etmektedir. İslâm dünyasındaki materyalist akımın öncüsü kabul edilen İbnü’r-Râvendî’nin dinleri, peygamberleri ve mûcizeleri inkâra kadar varan tenkitleri de İslâm öncesi İran literatürünün etkisine bağlanmaktadır. İbnü’r-Râvendî ez-Zümürrüd adlı eserinde akıl karşısında naklin gereksizliğini, aklın üstünlüğünü, İslâm’ın akla aykırı, mûcizelerin uydurma, bilimin nübüvvet fikrine zıt olduğunu, ibadetlerin saçmalıktan başka bir şey ifade etmediğini ileri sürmüş, ancak bu fikirlerini Hint kültürünün temsilcisi olan Brahmanlar’a söyletmiştir. Halbuki dinler tarihçisi Hasan b. Mûsâ en-Nevbahtî’nin de el-Ârâʾ ve’d-diyânât ’ta belirttiği üzere Brahmanlar tam aksi inançlara sahiptirler (bk. Firaḳu’ş-Şîʿa , s. 23-24). İbnü’r-Râvendî’nin Brahmanlar’la ilgili bu yakıştırması yüzünden kelâm literatüründe Berâhime nübüvveti inkâr eden bir zümre olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Önceden bir Mu‘tezilî olan, daha sonra Şiîliğe meyleden İbnü’r-Râvendî, ünlü mülhid Ebû Îsâ el-Verrâk ile karşılaştıktan sonra uydurma Brahmanlar’ın ağzından ateizmin sistemli bir propagandasını başlatmıştır (bk. Abdurrahman Bedevî, s. 35-44, 50-54, 71-74, 97-98, 115-119, 128-131, 153, 186). İbnü’r-Râvendî’ye reddiyesiyle tanınan Mu‘tezile kelâmcısı Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Hayyât, onun Kitâbü’t-Tâc adlı eserinde cisimlerin yaratılmışlığını inkâr ettiğini, âlemde Allah’a delâlet eden bir şey olmadığına, âlem ve içindekilerin kadîm olup bir yaratıcı ve yöneticisinin bulunmadığına inandığını belirtmektedir. İbnü’r-Râvendî’nin dehrîliğini eseriyle tescil eden Hayyât, Ebü’l-Hüzeyl el-Allâf, Câhiz, İbrâhim en-Nazzâm gibi Mu‘tezilîler’in de dehriyyeninkine benzer fikirler taşıdıklarını iddia etmesi yüzünden İbnü’r-Râvendî’ye ateş püskürür ve adı geçen Mu‘tezile düşünürlerinin gerçek tevhid ehli olduklarını ısrarla kaydeder (el-İntiṣâr , s. 11-12, 19-21).
Nübüvvet meselesinde İbnü’r-Râvendî’nin izinden gittiği söylenen Ebû Bekir er-Râzî, mutlak zaman anlamındaki dehri Tanrı, nefis, madde ve halâ (boşluk) ile birlikte beş ezelî prensipten biri kabul etmesine rağmen kendisini dehrî saymamaktadır. Râzî’ye göre âlem hâdistir ve bu hudûs söz konusu beş ezelî prensip sayesinde gerçekleşmektedir. Açıkçası bu beş prensip kozmos ötesi bir mahiyet arzeder. Böyle bir açıklama biçimi Râzî’ye göre dehrîlere karşı yeterli olabilecek yegâne ispat şeklidir. Çünkü ona göre âlemin hudûsü tek illetle açıklanamaz. Râzî’nin dehrîlere karşı kendisine minnet duyulmasını isteyen tavrı, hemşerisi olan İsmâilî kelâmcısı Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî tarafından reddedilmiştir (Aʿlâmü’n-nübüvve , s. 14, 20-21).
İbnü’r-Râvendî’nin yukarıda anılan zorlama ithamlarına karşılık Câhiz’in dehrîler hakkındaki değerlendirmeleri Hayyât’ı haklı çıkarmaktadır. Özellikle dehrîliğin Grek materyalizmiyle ilgisine işaret etmesi bakımından Câhiz’in verdiği bilgiler önemlidir. Üstelik Câhiz bu bilgileri, İbnü’r-Râvendî’nin dehrîlik ithamına mâruz kalmış olan İbrâhim en-Nazzâm’dan nakletmiştir. Buna göre dehrîler kâinatın nihaî prensibinin dört unsur veya keyfiyet olduğunu ileri sürmektedirler. Dehrîliği daha çok Yunanlılar’a ait bir felsefe olarak gören Câhiz, onların saf aklî seviyelerinin bu kadar yüksek olmasına rağmen dehrî olmalarını veya yıldızlara tapmalarını çevre ve taklidin etkisine bağlar; dolayısıyla dehrîliği araştırıcı aklın değil taklitçiliğin ürünü sayar (Kitâbü’l-Ḥayevân , V, 40, 46, 327). Câhiz’e göre dehrîler Allah’ın varlığını, mûcizeleri, şeytan, cin ve melekleri inkâr ederler. Onlara göre Hz. Süleyman’ın cinlere de şâmil olan hükümranlığı uydurmadır (a.g.e. , II, 139; IV, 85, 90). Daha çok Maniheist karakterli dehrîliğin bir özelliği olan cin ve melekleri inkâr, duyu ötesi varlıkları yok sayan kaba sansüalizmin bir ifadesidir.
Câhiz’in çevre ve taklit faktörüne bağladığı dehrîlik inancını İhvân-ı Safâ da ahlâkî zaafa bağlamaktadır. Onlara göre dehrîler bu iddialarını akılları kıt olduğu için değil psikolojik zaaflarından ötürü ileri sürmüşlerdir; duyulur âleme düşkünlükleri objektif ve aklî davranmalarını engellemiştir. Aristo’nun sistemleştirdiği dört sebepten (fâil, sûrî, maddî, gāî) fâil sebebi inkâr etmeleri öteki sebeplerin temellendirilmesinde hataya düşmelerine yol açmış, yaratıcıyı inkârları yüzünden de Ezeliyye olarak anılmışlardır (Resâʾil , III, 455-456). Dehrîlerin Ezeliyye şeklinde anılmasına Abdülkāhir el-Bağdâdî de işaret etmektedir. Bağdâdî’nin verdiği bilgiye göre bunlar, âlemin, içindeki değişmeleriyle birlikte şimdi nasıl ise ezelden beri öyle olduğu fikrini benimsemişlerdir. Dehrîlerdeki farklılıklar, arazlar yani kâinattaki değişme meselesinde kendini gösterir. Bir kısmı ezelî atomları kabul, arazları inkâr eder; bir kısmı atomları inkâr, ezelî bir maddeyi kabul eder (ashâbü’l-heyûlâ); bir kısmı arazları ezelden beri hâdis kabul eder (ezeliyyetü’d-dehriyye); bir kısmı da cisimlerde ezelden beri gizli olan arazların belli tabii şartlarda zuhur ettiğini ileri sürer (Uṣûlü’d-dîn , s. 52-55). Böylece Demokritos, Aristo ve İbrâhim en-Nazzâm gibi düşünürlerin fikirleri, ezel fikriyle olan ilişkileri yüzünden dehriyye adı altında ele alınmış olmaktadır. Âlemin ezelîliğini yahut Allah’tan başka ezelî prensiplerin mevcudiyeti fikrini kabul veya ima eden her türlü yaklaşım dehrîliğe bağlanmış, yahut Seneviyye’de olduğu gibi dehrîlikle yan yana anılmıştır. Çok yaygın olan bu tavır İbn Hazm’da da görülür. İbn Hazm, “Âlem ya ezelîdir ya muhdestir” şeklindeki şıklardan ilkini kabul edenlerin hepsini dehrî saymıştır. Grek atomculuğu, Aristoculuk, Râzî’nin beş ezelî prensibi -ki müellife göre Mecûsîler’den mülhemdir-, Mazdekîler, yıldızlara tapan Harran Sâbiîleri, hep birlikte dehrî sayılmanın asgarî müştereki olan âlemin ezelîliği fikrine katılmaları sebebiyle dehrîdirler. Ancak İbn Hazm, tam anlamıyla dehrîlerin fâil sebebi inkâr etmek suretiyle birden çok ezelî prensibin varlığına inananlardan ayrıldıklarını da söyler (el-Faṣl , I, 47-50, 71-73, 86-89, 90-91). Aynı düşünür, Muammer b. Abbâd’ın, nesnelere ait özelliklerin (meânî) sonsuz olduğu görüşüyle Eş‘arîler’in sürekli yaratılışa dair fikirlerinin âlemin ezelîliği kanaatine götürmesi bakımından dehriyyenin doktriniyle paralellik taşıdığını belirtmiştir (a.g.e. , V, 60, 82). İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin, Nevbahtî’ye ait el-Ârâʾ ve’d-diyânât adlı esere dayanarak verdiği basmakalıp bilgiler kendi hamâsî değerlendirmelerinin içinde iyice belirsizleşmektedir. Müellife göre şeytan, bedîhî bir hakikat olan yaratıcının varlığını çok az insana inkâr ettirebilince tabiatı yaratıcı diye telkin etmiş ve neticede dehrîlik doğmuştur. Yunan filozoflarının bir kısmı bu fikirlere kapılmış, bir kısmı da -Aristo gibi- âlemi ezelî bir illetli varlık kabul ederek onlara yaklaşmıştır (Telbîsü İblîs , s. 41-45). Ünlü mutasavvıf Abdülkerîm el-Cîlî ise dehrîliği, tapınma duygusunun yanlış bir yönlendirmesi veya Allah’ın herhangi bir tezahüründe takılıp kalması olarak görür. Putperestliğin doğuşundan sonra putlara tapmaktansa tabiatları aslî prensip kabul etmenin daha mantıklı olacağını düşünenlerin (tabîiyyûn) yanı sıra sahip olduğu ilâhî fıtrat yüzünden dehre tapanlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Halbuki Cîlî’ye göre sıcaklık, soğukluk, yaşlık ve kuruluk gibi tabiatlara tapanlar gerçekte Allah’ın hayat, ilim, kudret ve irade sıfatlarının oluşlar âlemindeki tezahürlerine tapmaktadırlar. Dehrîler de dehre hüviyeti açısından tapar (el-İnsânü’l-kâmil , II, 120-126).
Gazzâlî’nin işaret ettiği ayırıma rağmen natüralistler ve materyalistler, modern düşünür Cemâleddîn-i Efgānî tarafından da aynı kategoride değerlendirilmiştir. Efgānî, er-Red ʿale’d-dehriyyîn adlı eserinde “neycirî” (natüralist) olarak andığı dehrîleri Demokritos ve Epikuros materyalizmine dayandırmakta, Ortaçağ İslâm dünyasında Mazdekîler’in ve Bâtınîler’in de neycirî olduğunu söylemektedir. Ona göre gerek kozmolojik materyalizme inanmaları, gerekse mülkiyet ortaklığını benimsemeleri açısından modern komünist, sosyalist ve nihilist akımlar da Mazdekî karakterli dehrîlikle aynı çerçevededir (s. 133, 155-160). Osmanlı Türkiyesi’nde 1789 yılında yayımlanmış bir fermanda Fransız devrimindeki dehrî felsefenin reddedilmesi veya devrimin felsefesinden etkilenen Jön Türkler’in dehrîlikle itham edilmesi, bu terimin İslâm’ın modern çağında daha kapsamlı bir anlamda varlığını devam ettirdiğini göstermektedir (Berkes, s. 316, 351; EI2 [İng.] , II, 97).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Tehânevî, Keşşâf , “dehr”, “dehriyye” md.leri.
Müsned , V, 299, 311.
Buhârî, “Edeb”, 101.
Müslim, “Elfâẓ”, 4.
Câhiz, Kitâbü’l-Ḥayevân , II, 139; IV, 85-90; V, 40-46, 327.
Hayyât, el-İntiṣâr , s. 11-12, 19-21, 33, 104, 141.
Nevbahtî, Fıraḳu’ş-Şîʿa , Giriş, s. 23-24.
Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübüvve (nşr. Salâh es-Sâvî – Gulâm Rızâ A‘vânî), Tahran 1397/1977, s. 14, 20-21, 47-48.
Mâtürîdî, Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 141-147, 152, 153.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 401.
Hârizmî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm , Kahire 1342 → Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye), s. 25.
İhvân-ı Safâ, Resâʾil , Beyrut 1376-77/1957, III, 455-460.
Bağdâdî, Uṣûlü’d-dîn , Beyrut 1981, s. 52-70.
İbn Hazm, el-Faṣl (Umeyre) , I, 47-50, 71-73, 86-89, 90-91; V, 60, 82.
Cüveynî, el-İrşâd (Muhammed) , s. 25.
Gazzâlî, Fayṣalü’t-tefriḳa , Dımaşk 1407/1986, s. 46-47.
a.mlf., el-Münḳıẕ mine’ḍ-ḍalâl , Beyrut 1408/1987, s. 37-41.
Zemahşerî, el-Keşşâf (Kahire) , III, 512-513.
Şehristânî, el-Milel (Kîlânî) , II, 35, 235.
İbnü’l-Cevzî, Telbîsü İblîs , s. 41-45.
Cemâleddîn-i Efgānî, er-Red ʿale’d-dehriyyîn (İng. trc. Nikkie R. Keddie – H. Algar, An Islamic Response to Imperialism içinde), London 1983, s. 130-174.
Abdülkerîm el-Cîlî, el-İnsânü’l-kâmil , Kahire 1970, II, 120-126.
Niyazi Berkes, Türkiye’de Çağdaşlaşma , İstanbul 1978, s. 316, 351.
Abdurrahman Bedevî, Min Târîḫi’l-ilḥâd fi’l-İslâm , Beyrut 1980, s. 27-54, 71-74, 97-98, 108, 115-131, 153, 186.
W. Montgomery Watt, “Dahr”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 94-95.
I. Goldziher – [A. M. Goichon], “Dahriyya”, a.e. , II, 95-97.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 107-109 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.