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DELÂİLÜ’n-NÜBÜVVE Skip to content Peygamberlik müessesesini, özellikle Hz. Muhammed’in peygamberliğini ispatlamak amacıyla yazılan eserlerin ortak adı.
“Bilinmeyen şeyin öğrenilmesini sağlayan bilgi, kılavuz” anlamındaki delîl in çoğulu olan delâil ile “peygamberlik” anlamındaki nübüvvet kelimesinden oluşan delâilü’n-nübüvve, terim olarak bir peygamberin bizzat gösterdiği veya peygamberliğine alâmet olmak üzere kendisi dışında meydana gelen tabiat üstü olayları konu edinen, peygamberin getirdiği ilkeleri ilmî tahlillere tâbi tutarak bunların ilâhî kaynaklı olduğunu, dolayısıyla o peygamberin de hak peygamber olduğunu ispatlamayı amaçlayan eserleri ifade eder. Peygamberlerin gerçekleştirdiği tabiat üstü olaylar, benzerlerini meydana getirme açısından muhataplarını âciz bıraktıkları için mûcize, nübüvveti kanıtladıkları için de delil-delâil diye adlandırılır. Peygamber olacak kişinin doğumu sırasında veya nübüvvetle görevlendirilmesi esnasında meydana gelen hârikulâde olaylar nübüvvetin delillerinden sayılmakla birlikte mûcize olarak isimlendirilmez. Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî’ye göre bu iki türe giren olayların tamamına “işaretler ve alâmetler” anlamında a‘lâm denilir. Bunlara ayrıca “deliller” mânasında olmak üzere âyât ve şevâhid adı da verilir (Aʿlâmü’n-nübüvve , s. 193). Ebü’l-Hasan el-Eş‘arî ise a‘lâm terimini mûcize ile birlikte ve daha geniş bir anlamda kullanır (Maḳālât , s. 438). İslâm âlimleri, mutlak olarak nübüvvet müessesesini ve özellikle Hz. Peygamber’in nübüvvetini ispatlamak amacıyla yazdıkları bu tür eserlere a‘lâmü’n-nübüvve yanında delâilü’n-nübüvve adını vermek suretiyle hem bizzat peygamberlerce gösterilen mûcizeleri, hem de kendileri dışında meydana gelen hârikulâde olayları delâil kapsamına almışlardır. Nitekim İbn Teymiyye, delâilü’n-nübüvve ve a‘lâmü’n-nübüvve tabirlerinden her birinin diğerinin yerinde kullanılabileceğine işaret etmektedir (en-Nübüvvât , s. 268). Nübüvvetin ispat edilmesi amacıyla yazılan eserler bu iki isim dışında çeşitli adlarla da anılmıştır. “Peygamberliğin kanıtlanması” anlamında kullanılan isbâtü’n-nübüvve, isbâtü’r-risâle, tesbîtü delâili’n-nübüvve ile “nübüvvetin delilleri” anlamındaki hucecü’n-nübüvve, âyâtü’n-nübüvve, şevâhidü’n-nübüvve, alâmâtü’n-nübüvve, meâricü’n-nübüvve, emârâtü’n-nübüvve ve el-hasâisü’n-nebeviyye bunların başlıcalarıdır. Beşâirü’n-nübüvve tabiri ise genel olarak “Hz. Muhammed’in nübüvvetini doğrulayan belgeler”, özel olarak da “önceki kutsal kitaplarda onun peygamberliğini müjdeleyen metinler” anlamında kullanılır (bk. BEŞÂİRÜ’n-NÜBÜVVE ).
Taşköprizâde, metafiziğin bölümleri içinde mûcizelerin peygamberliğe delil oluşu keyfiyetini, mûcizelerle sihir vb. hârikulâde olaylar arasındaki farkları incelemeyi konu edinen “emârâtü’n-nübüvve” adlı müstakil bir ilim dalının bulunduğunu belirtmekteyse de (Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde , I, 321) Kâtib Çelebi onun bu görüşünü isabetli bulmaz ve sadece peygamberlik müessesesi ile Hz. Muhammed’in nübüvvetini ispatlamak için müstakil eserlerin yazılmasının, bu konunun kelâm ilminden ayrı bir ilim dalı olarak kabul edilmesini gerektirmeyeceğini belirtir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 161). Nübüvvet meselesinin kelâm ilmine ait üç temel konudan birini teşkil etmesi Kâtib Çelebi’nin haklılığını ortaya koymaktadır.
Hz. Peygamber’in nübüvvetle görevlendirilmesinden sonra vahye inanmayan çeşitli zümrelerin ortaya çıktığı, bunların arasında yer alan bazı şairlerin şiirlerinde peygamberlik müessesesini tenkit ettikleri bilinmektedir. İslâmiyet’in Arap yarımadasını aşarak hızla yayılmasının ardından Mecûsîlik ve Maniheizm gibi eski dinlere, materyalizme veya sadece Tanrı’nın varlığını kabul edip vahyi inkâr eden felsefî akımlara, ayrıca İslâm dinine mensup olduğu iddiasında bulunan aşırı fırkalara bağlı değişik zümreler bu tenkitlere fikrî boyutlar ekleyerek bunları devam ettirmiş, nihayet nübüvvet müessesesi aleyhinde yazılan eserlerle konu İslâm dini için önemsenecek bir problem haline gelmişti. İlk olarak hicrî II. (VIII.) yüzyılın ikinci yarısında başlayıp III. (IX.) ve IV. (X.) yüzyıllarda etkisini sürdürdüğü kabul edilen zındıklık ve ilhâd hareketleri çerçevesinde İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘, Abdülkerîm b. Ebü’l-Avcâ, Beşşâr b. Bürd, Ebû Îsâ el-Verrâk, İbnü’r-Râvendî, Ebû Bekir Muhammed b. Zekeriyyâ er-Râzî gibi âlimlerin nübüvveti felsefî açıdan eleştirenlerin başında geldiği zikredilir (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 216; Kādî Abdülcebbâr, I, 106, 129; Abdurrahman Bedevî, Min Târîḫi’l-ilḥâd fi’l-İslâm , s. 37). İslâm âlimleri, söz konusu kişilerce ileri sürülen iddialara ve yazılan eserlere erken devirlerden itibaren hem umumi kelâm kitapları içinde, hem de değişik adlarla müstakil eserlerde cevaplar vermişlerdir. Bunun sonucu olarak genellikle delâlilü’n-nübüvve veya a‘lâmü’n-nübüvve diye bilinen telif türü teşekkül etmiştir. Abdülhalîm Mahmûd, bu tür eserlerin telifini sadece nübüvvet probleminin dinin temel konularından biri olarak telakki edilmesine bağlıyorsa da (Delâʾilü’n-nübüvve , s. 14) vahyi inkâr etmek suretiyle peygamberlik müessesesini hiçe sayan akım ve eserlerin etkilerini göz ardı etmek mümkün değildir. Nitekim Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî’nin, Aʿlâmü’n-nübüvve adlı eserini vahyi inkâr eden filozof Ebû Bekir er-Râzî’ye reddiye olarak yazdığı bilindiği gibi Kādî Abdülcebbâr da aynı konuya dair Tes̱bîtü delâʾili’n-nübüvve ’sini Hz. Muhammed’in peygamberliğini ispatlamanın yanı sıra onun peygamber olmadığını öne sürenleri reddetmek maksadıyla kaleme aldığını kendisi kaydetmektedir (a.g.e. , I, 5, 51). Son devir âlimlerinden M. Zâhid Kevserî de bu görüşü teyit etmektedir (Tebyînü keẕibi’l-müfterî , Mukaddime, s. 18).
Yapılan tesbitlere göre elde mevcut kaynaklar içinde delâilü’n-nübüvve konusuna ilk olarak yer veren İbn İshak olmuştur (es-Sîre , s. 257). İlk müstakil eserleri ise İs̱bâtü’l-ʿilm ʿale’n-nübüvve ve İs̱bâtü’r-rusül adlarıyla Mu‘tezile’den Dırâr b. Amr yazmış, onu el-Ḥücce ve’r-rusül adlı eseriyle Ebû Bekir el-Esam takip etmiştir. Bişr b. Mu‘temir’in el-Ḥücce fî is̱bâti’n-nübüvve ’si, Ebü’l-Hasan el-Medâînî’nin Âyâtü’n-nebî ’si, Ebü’l-Hüzeyl el-Allâf’ın ʿAlâmâtü ṣıdḳı’r-Resûl ’ü, diğer Mu‘tezile âlimlerince yazılan fakat günümüze kadar ulaşmayan eserlerdendir (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 113, 185, 204, 214, 215). Câhiz’in Ḥucecü’n-nübüvve adlı eseriyle (Kahire, ts.) Kādî Abdülcebbâr’ın Tes̱bîtü delâʾili’n-nübüvve ’si (Beyrut, ts.) ve el-Muġnî ’nin XV. cildini teşkil eden “en-Nübüvvât ve’l-muʿcizât”ı ise (Kahire 1965) Mu‘tezile âlimlerine ait olan ve günümüze intikal eden başlıca delâilü’n-nübüvve eserleridir. İslâm filozoflarından Kindî’nin Risâle fî tes̱bîti’r-rusül , İbn Sînâ’nın Risâle fî is̱bâti’n-nübüvvât adlarıyla birer risâle yazdıkları da bilinmektedir (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 318; Serkîs, Muʿcem , I, 129).
Selef âlimlerinden İmam Şâfiî’nin İs̱bâtü’n-nübüvve adıyla bir eser kaleme aldığı nakledilir (Sübkî, V, 146). Buhârî de el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’indeki “Kitâbü’l-Menâḳıb”ın “ʿAlâmâtü’n-nübüvve fi’l-İslâm” adını taşıyan hacimli babında (nr. 25) konuyla ilgili olarak elliden fazla rivayet kaydetmiştir. Daha sonra ise Ebû İshak el-Cûzcânî’nin Emârâtü’n-nübüvve ’si zikredilebilir. Bilindiğine göre delâilü’n-nübüvve adını kullanan ilk Selef âlimi Ebû Zür‘a er-Râzî’dir. Dâvûd ez-Zâhirî’nin Aʿlâmü’n-nebî ’si, Ebû Dâvûd es-Sicistânî’nin Delâʾilü’n-nübüvve ’si, İbn Kuteybe’nin Aʿlâmü’n-nübüvve ’si (Delâʾilü’n-nübüvve ), İbn Ebü’d-Dünyâ, Ca‘fer b. Muhammed el-Firyâbî, İbn Hibbân, Taberânî ve Ebû Zer el-Herevî’nin Delâʾilü’n-nübüvve ’leri, Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin ed-Dürrü’s̱-s̱emîn fî ḫaṣâʾiṣi’n-nebiyyi’l-emîn ’i, Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye’nin en-Nübüvvât ’ı ve Süyûtî’nin el-Ḫaṣâʾiṣü’l-kübrâ ’sı Selef âlimlerinin bu konuya dair eserlerinden bazılarıdır.
Eş‘ariyye’den peygamberliğin ispatlanmasına ilişkin ilk eser, Ebü’l-Hasan el-Eş‘arî’nin Delâʾilü’n-nübüvve ’sidir (İbn Asâkir, s. 136). Eş‘arî’den sonra onun mezhebine mensup âlimler aynı konuda farklı adlar taşıyan eserler telif etmişlerdir. Bâkıllânî’nin el-Beyân ’ı (Beyrut 1958), Ebû Ca‘fer el-Hemedânî’nin el-İklîl fî delâʾili’n-nübüvve ’si (Abdurrahman Bedevî, Meẕâhibü’l-İslâmiyyîn , I, 661), Abdülkāhir el-Bağdâdî’nin Delâʾilü’n-nübüvve ’si (Uṣûlü’d-dîn , s. 158), Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin en-Nübüvvât ’ı (Beyrut 1986) ve Molla Miskîn’in Meʿâricü’n-nübüvve ’si bunlardan bazılarıdır.
Mâtürîdiyye’nin kurucusu olan Ebû Mansûr el-Mâtürîdî’nin bu konuda müstakil bir eser yazdığı bilinmiyorsa da Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd ’inde nübüvvetin ispatlanması konusuna ayrıntılı sayılabilecek bir şekilde bilgi vermiştir (s. 176-210). Ca‘fer b. Muhammed el-Müstağfirî’nin Delâʾilü’n-nübüvve ’si, Alâeddin Moğultay b. Kılıç’ın Aʿlâmü’n-nübüvve ’si (Selâhaddin el-Müneccid, s. 188), Nûh b. Mustafa’nın Eşrefü’l-maḳāle fî maʿne’n-nübüvve ’si (Süleymaniye Ktp., Bağdatlı Vehbi Efendi, nr. 789), İbn Kemal’in Risâle fî taḥḳīḳi’l-muʿcize ’si ve Ahmed Midhat Efendi’nin Beşâir-i Sıdk-ı Nübüvvet-i Muhammediyye ’si (İstanbul 1312), Mâtürîdî âlimlerince yazılan delâilü’n-nübüvve eserleri arasında sayılabilir. Molla Câmî’nin çeşitli tarihlerde basılan Şevâhidü’n-nübüvve ’si ile İmâm-ı Rabbânî’nin İs̱bâtü’n-nübüvve ’si ise (Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , I, 23) bu hususta sûfîlerce yazılan eserlere ait örneklerdir.
Şiî âlimleri, imâmet fikrini temellendirme gayesiyle de olsa nübüvveti ispatlamak için çeşitli eserler yazmışlardır. Hâdî-İlelhak Yahyâ b. Hüseyin’in İs̱bâtü’n-nübüvve ’si (Ahmed Mahmûd Subhî, s. 144), Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî’nin Aʿlâmü’n-nübüvve ’si, İbn Bâbeveyh el-Kummî’nin Câmiʿu ḥuceci’l-enbiyâʾ sı, İbn Nevbaht’ın el-İḥticâc li-nübüvveti’n-nebî ’si (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 352; Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , I, 430; II, 263), Nevbahtî’nin Tes̱bîtü’r-risâle ’si (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 225) ve Ebû Ya‘kūb es-Sicistânî’nin İs̱bâtü’n-nübüvve ’si (Mecdû, s. 183), Şîa’nın çeşitli fırkalarına mensup âlimlerin bu türdeki eserlerinden bazılarıdır.
Delâilü’n-nübüvve türündeki eserleri, muhtevalarına ve peygamberliği ispat ediş metotlarına göre iki ana gruba ayırmak mümkündür. 1. Sadece nakle dayanarak nübüvveti mûcizeler ve diğer hârikulâde olaylarla ispatlamaya çalışan eserler. Daha çok Selefiyye’ye bağlı hadisçiler tarafından kaleme alınan bu grubun en meşhur eserleri, Ebû Nuaym el-İsfahânî ile Beyhakī’nin Delâʾilü’n-nübüvve adını taşıyan kitaplarıdır. Bu tür eserlerde nübüvvet ve özellikle Hz. Muhammed’in nübüvveti, Kur’an’ın yanı sıra daha ziyade çeşitli rivayetlerle nakledilen hârikulâde olaylara dayanılarak ispat edilmeye çalışılmış, buna karşılık mûcize vb. olayların nübüvvete delil oluş keyfiyeti üzerinde hemen hemen hiç durulmamıştır. Hz. Muhammed gibi ümmî bir insanın ünlü Arap ediplerince bile benzeri getirilemeyen fesahat ve belâgat mûcizesi niteliğindeki Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i getirmesi, onun cansız varlıklarla konuşması, az miktardaki yiyecek ve içeceği çoğaltması, hastaları iyileştirmesi, geçmiş milletlerle ilgili olarak Ehl-i kitap arasında tartışma konusu olan meselelere ayrıntılı açıklamalar getirmesi, geleceğe dair verdiği haberlerin gerçekleşmesi, geçmiş ilâhî kitaplarda peygamberliğinin müjdelenmesi ve dualarının kabul edilmesi gibi hususlar bu eserlerin başlıca konularını teşkil eder. 2. Peygamberlik müessesesini aklî temellere dayandırarak ispatlamaya çalışan eserler. Bu tür eserler bir taraftan mûcizeye aklî bir temel bulmaya çalışırken diğer taraftan vahiy dışındaki bilgi kaynaklarının (akıl ve duyular) bütün varlık ve olayları kuşatacak bir mükemmellikten yoksun olduğunu, bu sebeple de zihinlerde doğan ve hayatta karşılaşılan problemlerin çözülebilmesi için evrensel bir kaynağa ihtiyaç duyulduğunu ispata çalışmışlardır. Söz konusu eserlerde peygamberlerin getirdiği öğretilerin evrenin yaratılış ve işleyişini mantıkî ve tutarlı yorumlara kavuşturduğu vurgulanmış, bu öğretilerin içerdiği ilkelerin gerek fert gerekse toplumun her türlü ihtiyacına cevap verecek nitelikte olduğu kanıtlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu tür eserlerin müellifleri peygamberlik müessesesine epistemolojik, ontolojjik ve etik açıdan felsefî yaklaşımlar yapmaya çalışmışlardır. Câhiz’in Ḥucecü’n-nübüvve ’si, Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî’nin Aʿlâmü’n-nübüvve ’si, Bâkıllânî’nin el-Beyân ’ı, Kādî Abdülcebbâr’ın Tes̱bîtü delâʾili’n-nübüvve ’si, Mâverdî’nin Aʿlâmü’n-nübüvve ’si, Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin en-Nübüvvât ’ı, Muhammed Rüşdî Abîd’in en-Nübüvve fî ḍavʾi’l-ʿilm ve’l-ʿaḳl ’ı (Bağdat 1986), bu gruba dahil olan eserlerin bazı örneklerini oluşturur.
Doğrudan doğruya delâilü’n-nübüvve konusuna ayrılan eserlerin dışında beşâirü’n-nübüvveye dair eserlerle Hıristiyanlık ve Yahudiliğe karşı yazılan reddiyeler de bu tür içinde değerlendirilebilir. Ali b. Rabben et-Taberî’nin er-Red ʿale’n-naṣârâ ’sı ile (Beyrut 1959) Kurtubî’nin el-İʿlâm bimâ fî dîni’n-naṣârâ mine’l-fesâd ve’l-evhâm ’ı (Kahire 1980) bunlara ait örnekler arasında zikredilebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Buhârî, “Menâḳıb”, 25.
İbn İshak, es-Sîre , s. 257.
Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübüvve , Tahran 1977, s. 193.
Eş‘arî, Maḳālât (Ritter) , s. 438-439.
Mâtürîdî, Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 176-210.
Makdisî, el-Bedʾ ve’t-târîḫ , V, 25-26, 34-62.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist , s. 113, 129, 185, 204, 211, 214-216, 221, 225, 318, 359.
Kādî Abdülcebbâr, Tes̱bîtü delâʾili’n-nübüvve (nşr. Abdülkerîm Osman), Beyrut, ts., I, 5, 51, 86-87, 106, 129; II, 313, 377, 509, 511.
Bağdâdî, Uṣûlü’d-dîn , s. 158.
İbn Asâkir, Tebyînü keẕibi’l-müfterî , s. 136; a.e. , M. Zâhid Kevserî’nin girişi, s. 18.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, en-Nübüvvât (nşr. Ahmed Hicâzî es-Sekkā), Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 171.
İbn Teymiyye, en-Nübüvvât , Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 268, 284, 286.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XIII, 297, 401, 402; XVI, 128, 284; XVII, 212, 256, 514, 560.
Sübkî, Ṭabaḳāt , V, 146.
Taşköprizâde, Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde , I, 321.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 161, 352, 387, 760.
İsmâil b. Abdürresûl el-Mecdû, el-Fehrese , Tahran 1344 hş./1966, s. 183.
Serkîs, Muʿcem , I, 129.
Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , I, 23, 263, 352, 430, 477; II, 263, 508, 691.
Yûsuf en-Nebhânî, Ḥüccetullāh ʿale’l-ʿâlemîn , Diyarbakır, ts. (el-Mektebetü’l-İslâmiyye), s. 4, 67.
Abdurrahman Bedevî, Min Târîḫi’l-ilḥâd fi’l-İslâm , Beyrut, ts., s. 31-37.
a.mlf., Meẕâhibü’l-İslâmiyyîn , Beyrut 1971, I, 661.
Selâhaddin el-Müneccid, Muʿcem mâ üllife ʿan Resûlillâh , Beyrut 1402/1982, s. 62, 64, 188.
Abdülhalîm Mahmûd, Delâʾilü’n-nübüvve , Kahire 1404/1984, s. 14-15, 55, 73, 227, 281, 343.
Ahmed Mahmûd Subhî, ez-Zeydiyye , Kahire 1404/1984, s. 144.
Yusuf Şevki Yavuz, “A‘lâmü’n-nübüvve”, DİA , II, 337-338.
Ahmet Saim Kılavuz, “A‘lâmü’n-nübüvve”, a.e. , II, 339.
Mehmet Aydın, “Beşâirü’n-nübüvve”, a.e. , V, 549-550.
M. Orhan Okay, “Beşâir-i Sıdk-ı Nübüvvet-i Muhammediyye”, a.e. , V, 548-549.
İlyas Çelebi, “el-Beyân”, a.e. , VI, 25-26.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 115-117 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.