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DENY, Jean Skip to content (1879-1963)
Türk dili üzerindeki çalışmaları ile tanınan Fransız Türkologu.
24 Temmuz 1879’da Kiev’de doğdu. Rusya’ya öğretmen olarak yerleşmiş bir Fransız baba ile Leh asıllı bir annenin çocuğudur. Bütün çocukluğu Ukrayna’da geçti, babasının Odesa’da Fransızca öğretmeni olduğu Richelieu Fransız Lisesi’nde okudu. Orta öğreniminin son devresini, 1897’de gönderildiği Paris’te Louis-le-Grand Lisesi’nin felsefe bölümünde tamamladıktan sonra yüksek tahsilini Paris Hukuk Fakültesi ile Ecole des Langues Orientales Vivantes’ta aynı zamanda yaptı. Rusya’da iken öğrendiği Rusça ve Lehçe yanında bu mektepte devrin büyük şarkiyat üstatlarından İslâmî üç ana dili öğrendi. Arapça’yı Hartwig Derenbourg ile Octave Hudas’tan, Farsça’yı Clément Huart’dan, Türkçe’yi de Barbier de Meynard’dan görüp 1903’te Hukuk Fakültesi’nin yanı sıra burayı da çok parlak başarı ile bitirdi.
Fransız Dışişleri Bakanlığı’nda memuriyete geçen J. Deny, tercümanlıkla başlayarak 1904’ten 1908 Eylülü sonlarına kadar sırasıyla Osmanlı Devleti’nin Beyrut, Kudüs, Trablus, Şam ve Maraş gibi merkezlerindeki konsolosluklarda çeşitli kademelerde vazifelerde bulundu. Resmî meşgaleleri yanında filolojik çalışmalarını sürdürmekten geri kalmayan J. Deny 1908’de, Barbier de Meynard’ın ölümü üzerine Ecole des Langues Orientales Vivantes’ın boş kalan Türk Dili Kürsüsü’ne öğretim görevlisi tayin edildi. İki yıl sonunda da kürsünün profesörlüğüne yükseltildi. 1909’dan itibaren ilmî dergilerde küçük çaptaki ilk çalışmalarını yayımlamaya başlamışken I. Dünya Savaşı’nın çıkması üzerine askere alınıp 1915’te Fransız Doğu Ordusu’na tercüman olarak gönderildi. Dört yıl süren askerlik devresinde Çanakkale savaşlarına katılarak bir müddet Seddülbahir’de bulunduktan sonra Selânik, Florina ve Makedonya’da vazife gördü. 1917’de Atina’da Fransız elçiliği emrine verildi. Mütareke’de İstanbul’da görevlendirilmişken 1919 Mayısında terhis olunca Ecole des Langues Orientales Vivantes’taki kürsüsünün başına geçti.
1921’de, uzun yıllardan beri üzerinde çalıştığı ve kendisine bir hamlede şöhret kazandıran ilk eseri Grammaire de la langue turque (Dialecte Osmanli) ’yi ortaya koydu. Çoğu Türkçe üzerinde olan ilmî makale ve konferansları yanında genç Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kültür aktüalitesini takip eden yazılar da yazan J. Deny, Mısır Kralı I. Fuâd’ın davetiyle 1926-1930 yılları arasında Kahire’deki Türkçe arşiv vesikalarının tasnif ve tetkiki işini üzerine aldı. Buradaki çalışmalarının mahsulünü, ikinci büyük kitabı olan Sommaire des archives turques du Caire adlı eseriyle ilim âlemine sundu. Ayrıca Kahire’de saray kütüphanesinin müdürlüğünü de yapan J. Deny 1931’de tekrar Paris’teki kürsüsüne döndü. Bundan sonra Türk dili üzerindeki yayınları hız kazanırken 1934’ten itibaren Encyclopédie de l’Islam ’da Osmanlı idarî teşkilât ve müesseseleri başta olmak üzere çeşitli konularda yazıları çıkmaya başladı. Türkiye’deki dil inkılâbı hareketiyle de yakından ilgilenen, 1933’te bir ara ülkemize gelen J. Deny 1936’da III. Türk Dil Kurultayı’na davet edildi; kendisi ve inkılâpları hakkında çeşitli yazılar yazdığı Atatürk ile tanıştı. 1938’de Ecole des Langues Orientales Vivantes’ın müdürlüğüne getirildi. Kırk yılı dolduran bir öğretim hayatı sonunda 1948’de buradan emekli oldu. Az sonra Washington George Town Üniversitesi’ne davet edilerek bu üniversiteye bağlı Institute of Languages and Linguistics’te 1948-1951 yılları arasında Türk dili derslerini verdi.
Ecole des Langues Orientales Vivantes’taki hocalığı ve ilmî çalışmaları ile Fransa’da Türkoloji’nin gelişmesinde, Jean-Paul Roux, Edmond Saussey, Louis Bazin gibi Türkologlar’ın yetişmesinde büyük yardımı olan J. Deny, 1951’den itibaren Vosges’deki aile ocağı Gérardmer kasabasına çekilmiş, ilerleyen yaşına rağmen çalışmalarına orada devam etmiştir. Çeşitli vesilelerle Türkiye’yi ziyaret eden ve konferanslar veren J. Deny 1951’de İstanbul Şarkiyatçılar Kongresi’ne katılmış, 1957’de Türk Dil Kurumu şeref üyeliğine seçilmiş, kurum tarafından ayrıca adına 1958’de çeşitli Türkologlar’ın yazıları ile katıldığı Jean Deny Armağanı-Mélanges Jean Deny başlıklı araştırma kitabı yayımlanmıştır. 1951’de Fundamenta Turca ’nın hazırlık çalışmalarına dahil olan J. Deny, eserin 1959’da çıkan ilk cildinde “Modern Osmanlı ve Türkiye Türkçesi” bölümünü yazarak yıllar boyu süren çalışmalarının terkibî neticelerini ortaya koydu. İlmî faaliyetten tamamıyla el çekmeksizin seksen beş yaşında iken 5 Kasım 1963’te Gérardmer’de öldü. Ölümünün ardından şahsiyeti hakkında çeşitli ilmî dergilerde yazılar kaleme alındı (bk. bibl.).
J. Deny, Slavistik dil bilgisinin yanı sıra taşıdığı şarkiyatçı formasyonuna mukabil kendisine başından itibaren esas saha olarak Türkoloji’yi seçmiştir. Her şeyden önce dilci bir Türkolog olan J. Deny’nin çalışmaları daha çok Anadolu Türkçesi etrafında merkezleşmiştir. Son yayınlarına kadar bu sahadaki ilmî faaliyetini aksatmadan sürdürerek değişik hacimde ve ayrı ayrı konularda pek çok makale yazdığı gibi bazı aralıklarla, kendi araştırmalarının ve ilerleyen Türkoloji incelemelerinin vardığı sonuçları toplayan terkibî yazılar da ortaya koymuştur. Bu çalışmalarında Osmanlı ve Anadolu Türkçesi’ni, büyük Türk ve Altay dil ailesi içindeki yeri ve ortak yönleriyle göstermesini bilmiş, yeni incelemelere zemin hazırlayıcı görüşler getirmiştir. Anadolu Türk yazı dilinin, tarihi boyunca mahallî ağızları aşan bir bütün olarak geliştiğini mükemmel şekilde göstermiştir.
XIX. asrın büyük dil otoritesi Max Müller gibi, gramerine hayranlık duyduğu ve âhenkli, ifade kabiliyeti zengin ve renkli bir dil olarak değerlendirdiği Türkçe’nin incelenmesine ömrünün yarım yüzyılı aşkın bir kısmını adamış, samimi bir Türk dostu olan J. Deny’nin şahsiyetini daha 1920’li yıllarda Türk okuyucusuna tanıtmak yolunda M. Fuad Köprülü’nün şu ifadeleri tarihî bir mâna taşımaktadır: “İki sene evvel Osmanlı Grameri unvanıyla bin iki yüz sayfalık muazzam bir eser neşreden mösyö Deny ile Mütareke’nin felâketli günlerinde İstanbul’da görüşmüştüm. Henüz vazîfe-i askeriyyesini ifa etmekte olduğu o sırada bile Türkler’in samimi dostu ve milletimizin kabiliyyet-i siyâsîsine imanı olan bu genç âlim, bize karşı muhabbet ve itimadını en kara günlerimizde dahi izhardan çekinmemişti… Mösyö Jean Deny bugün Türk lisaniyatı hakkında en sâhib-i selâhiyyet birkaç mütehassıstan biridir. Yalnız Fransa’nın değil belki bütün cihanın en büyük lisaniyat üstatlarından Meillet’nin en değerli ve en parlak tilmizlerinden sayılır. Zikrettiğim grameri o kadar mühimdir ki ne lisanımızda, ne de sair Avrupa lisanlarında ona mukayese edilebilecek ikinci bir eser mevcut değildir” (“Târîh-i Edyân Kongresi’nde İslâm Tedkikatı-2”, Tevhîd-i Efkâr , 1923).
Etimoloji, onomasti, toponimi, folklorik inanç ve geleneklerin yanı sıra arşiv, epigrafi, nekroloji, biyografi konularında, ayrıca kitap tanıtma ve tahlilleri sahasında çeşitli yazılar kaleme almış olan J. Deny, Kahire’de başlayan arşiv çalışmalarının açtığı yoldan Osmanlı idarî teşkilât ve müesseseleri hakkında kuvvetli ve sonraki araştırmalar için birer öncü durumunda ansiklopedi maddeleri yazmıştır. Onun yazı faaliyeti içine Türk edebiyatı ile ilgili konular da girmektedir. Osmanlı siyasî ve askerî tarihi ise en az ilgi gösterdiği saha olarak kalmıştır.
Eserleri. J. Deny’nin, sayısı 150’yi aşkın yayınları içinde birkaç sayfalık küçük hacimli yazılar da bulunmakla beraber bunlar çok defa dikkat edilmemiş bir konuyu ortaya koymak, yeni bir noktaya işaret etmek gibi bir özellik gösterirler. Onun, mühim bir kısmı J. Eckmann tarafından tertip edilen bibliyografyada yer alan çalışmalarının başlıcaları şunlardır:
A) Türk Dili. 1. Grammaire de la langue turque (Dialecte Osmanli) (Paris 1921, XXX+1218 sayfa). Türkiye Türkçesi’nin bugüne kadar meydana getirilen en zengin ve en etraflı grameridir. Büyük emek mahsulü olan eser, geniş ölçüde yazılı metinlerden alınma malzemeye dayanmaktadır. Eski metinlere sık sık başvurulması esere kısmen tarihî gramer hüviyeti de vermiştir. Dağınık görünüşü ile metot ve terminoloji bakımından tenkide açık tarafları bulunmasına rağmen benzeri henüz ortaya konulmamış olan bu çalışma, Türk dilinin vazgeçilmez bir müracaat kitabı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Eserin başka bir yönü, Türkçe’nin diğer gramer kitaplarında ihmal edilmiş bulunan sentaks meselesine gereken ehemmiyeti vermiş olmasıdır. Ali Ulvi Elöve tarafından bazı düzeltmelerle birlikte notlar ilâvesiyle Türkçe’ye tercümesi yapılmıştır (Türk Dili Grameri [Osmanlı Lehçesi] , İstanbul 1941-1953; eser ve bu tercüme hakkında bk. A. Dilaçar, “Grammaire de la langue turque Tercümesi Münâsebetiyle”, TDl. , III/32 [Mayıs 1954], s. 462-465).
2. Principes de grammaire turque (“Turk” de Turquie) (Paris 1955). Eser, yeni baskısı için üzerinde yıllarca çalıştığı önceki kitabının çok genişletilmiş, yeni verilere göre düzenlenmiş ses bilgisi bölümüdür.
Türk diliyle ilgili makalelerinin belli başlıları ise şunlardır: “Structure de la langue turque” (Conférences de l’Institut de Linguistique de l’Université de Paris [Paris 1950], IX, 17-51). Türk ve Altay dillerinin diğer kolları ile yer yer karşılaştırmalı olarak Türkiye Türkçesi’nin yapısını ve temellerini terkibî bir sûrette açıklayan bu çalışma, J. Deny’nin 1949’da Sorbonne’da dilciler için yaptığı konuşmanın metnidir (geniş bir tahlili için bk. Mecdut Mansuroğlu, TDED , IV/4 [1952], s. 484-490). “Osmanli moderne et le Türk de Turquie” (Ph.TF , I, 182-239). Müellifin Türkiye Türkçesi üzerindeki bu en yeni yazısı, yıllar boyunca ilerleyen çalışmalarının terkibî neticelerini özlü bir şekilde veren, başlı başına bir müracaat kaynağı değerini taşır. “Langues turques” (A. Meillet – M. Cohen, Les Langues du Monde [Paris 1952], 2. bs., s. 319-330, 331-368). İlk baskısında (Paris 1924, s. 185-243) “Langues turques, langues mongoles et langues tongouzes” adını taşıyan yazının bu defa doğrudan doğruya Türkçe’ye ayrılmış yeni bir şekli olup Batılı dilcilerin bu sahada elde ettikleri neticeleri toplu bir şekilde verir. İlk baskıdan sonraki yıllarda Altayistler’ce yapılmış araştırmalardan bu baskıda lâyıkıyla istifade edilmemiş olduğu belirtilmiştir (A. Dilaçar, “Türkçe Hakkında Yeni Eserler”, TDl. , III/30 [Mart 1954], s. 359-360). “Türkçede ‘ler’ Edatının Menşei” (Üçüncü Türk Dil Kurultayı [İstanbul 1937], s. 291-295); “Rôle de l’harmonie vocalique dans la formation des mots turcs” (Atti del XIX. Congresso Internazionale degli Orientalisti [Roma 1938], s. 226-231); “Existe-t-il préfix en Turc?” (Bullettin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris , XXXIX/115 [1938], s. 51-65); “Paul Pelliot et les études altaїques” (Paul Pelliot [Paris 1946], s. 55-68); “70-72 chez les Turcs” (Mélanges Louis Massignon [Damas 1956], I, 395-416).
Onomasti ve toponimi ile ilgili olarak da şu çalışmaları özellikle kaydedilmeye değer: “Sarї Saltїq et le nom de la ville de Babadaghї”, Mélanges Emile Picot ([Paris 1913], II, 1-15); “Noms de tribus ayant immigré avec la conquête seltchoukide et ottomane, d’après la toponymie de l’Anatolie turque”, Premier congrès international de toponymie et d’anthroponymie. Actes et Mémoires (Paris 1939); “Le passé et le nom turcs d’Odessa” (JA , 249 [1961], s. 39-61).
B) Türk Edebiyatı. “Chansons des Janissaires turcs d’Alger (fin du XVIIIe siècle)” (Mélanges René Basset [Paris 1925], II, 35175). Mektebetü’l-vataniyye el-Cezâiriyye’deki yazma bir mecmuada bulunan yeniçeri saz şairlerine ait türkü ve destanları Fransızca tercümeleri ve zengin notlarla ilim âlemine sunan bu çalışma, Türk halk edebiyatı kadar Akdeniz’de Türk hâkimiyeti tarihi bakımından da önemli bir eserdir (geniş bir tanıtma ve tahlili için bk. Fuad Köprülü, “Jan Döni, Onsekizinci Asır Sonunda Cezayir-Türk Yeniçerilerinin Türküleri”, TM [1928], II, 512-518). “Futuwwet-name et romans de chevalerie turcs” (JA , XVI [1920], s. 182-183); “Zia Goek Alp” (RMM , LXI [1925], s. 1-42); “A propos d’un traité de morale turc en écriture ouigoure (Hibet al haqaїq d’Yögnâki)” (RMM , LX [1925], s. 189-234); “Les pérégrinations du Muezzin Evliyâ Tchelebi en Roumanie (XVIIe siècle)” (Mélanges Nicolas Iorga [Bucarest 1933], s. 201-215); “Histoire du Sage Hikar dans la version arméno-kiptchak” ([E. Tryjarski ile birlikte], RO , XXVII [1964], s. 7-61).
C) Arşiv Vesikaları, Osmanlı-Türk Tarihi, İdarî Teşkilât ve Müesseselerle İlgili Bazı Çalışmaları. Sommaire des Archives Turques du Caire (Le Caire 1930). Kahire’deki Türk arşiv vesikalarının envanterini kuran bu çalışma, içindeki zengin vesika malzemesi ve büyük bir vukufla yazılmış giriş kısmı ile Mısır’da Osmanlı idarî teşkilâtının tarihi hakkında birinci derecede bir kaynak durumundadır. “Les régistres de solde des Janissaires conservés à la Bibliothèque Nationale d’Alger” (Revue Africaine , LXI/302-303 [1920], s. 19-46; nr. 304-305 [1920], s. 212-260); L. Fekete’nin Einführung in die osmanisch-türkische Diplomatik der türkischen Botmässigkeit in Ungarn (Budapest 1926) adlı eserinin arşivci bakışla geniş bir tanıtma ve tahlili (JA , CCXVII [1930], s. 338-352); “Les pseudo-prophéties concernant les Turcs au XVIe siècle” (RMM , X [1936], s. 201-220); “Turquie: Histoire et historiens depuis cinquante ans” (Bibliothèque de la Revue Historique [Paris 1927], I, 438-454); “L’expansion des Turcs en Asie” (En Terre d’Islam [Paris 1939], s. 191-215; Orhan Şemhal tarafından Türkçe özeti: “Türkler’in Asya’da Yayılışı”, TDl. , seri II/1-2 [Son Kânun 1946], s. 56-59); “Journal de bord de l’Ihsâniye, frégate-amirale de la flotte égyptienne d’aprés deux registres turcs des Archives nationales de Caire” (JA , 252 [1964], s. 1-43); “La gouttière d’or (mīzāb) de la Kaaba et le Sultan Ottoman Ahmed Ier ” (WI , nouvelle serie, VI [1959], s. 1-12); “Un Soyurgal du timouride Šāhruḫ en écriture ouigoure” (JA , 245 [1957], s. 253-266); L’Arméno-Coman et les “Ephémérides” de Kamieniec (1604-1613) , (Wiesbaden 1957, 96 sayfa).
Encyclopédie de l’Islam ’daki belli başlı maddeleri de şunlardır: “Pasha”, “Passhalїk”, “Re’is ül-küttab”, “Rikāb”, “Riyala”, “Sandjak”, “Tīmār”, “Tughra”, “Wālide Sultan”, “Zeāmet”; “Bāb-i ʿĀlī” (EI2 ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Köprülüzâde Mehmed Fuad, “Avrupa’da Türklüğe Dair Neşriyat”, İkdam , nr. 9079, 26 Haziran 1922.
a.mlf., “Târîh-i Edyân Kongresinde İslâm Tedkikatı-2”, Tevhîd-i Efkâr , nr. 859, 15 Teşrînisâni 1923.
A. Faik Türkmen, “Türkçeye Çok Çalışmış Bir Fransız Türkologu”, Türk Dili-Belleten , nr. 29-30, Haziran 1938, s. 188-190 (yazıda J. Deny’nin hayatı hakkında verilen bilgilerin büyük bir kısmı yanlıştır).
T.D.K., “Onur ve Şeref Üyelerimiz 1: Jean Deny”, TDl. , VIII/90 (1959), s. 310-311.
Mecdut Mansuroğlu, “Türkolog ve İnsan Olarak Jean Deny”, Jean Deny Armağanı , Ankara 1958, s. 5-6.
J. Eckmann, “Jean Deny’nin Eserleri, 1909-1957”, a.e. , s. 7-18.
Jean-Paul Roux, “Jean Deny”, a.e. , s. 1-4.
a.mlf., “Hommage à Jean Deny”, Orbis , VIII, Philadelphia 1959, s. 558-569.
Necîb el-Akīkī, el-Müsteşriḳūn , Kahire 1964, I, 291-292; 2. bs. 1980, I, 258-259.
A. Dilaçar, “Yitirdiklerimiz: Jean Deny (1879-1963)”, TDl. , XII/147 (1963), s. 195-196.
Franz Babinger, “Jean Deny (1879-1963)”, ZDMG , CXIV (1964), s. 6-12.
A. N. Kononov, “Jan Deny (1879-1963)”, NAA , I (1964), s. 239-240.
E. Tryjarski, “Jean Deny (1879-1963)”, Prz.Or. , nr. 50 (1964), s. 147-150.
Louis Bazin, “Jean Deny et les études turques”, UAJ , XXXV (1964), s. 417-421.
a.mlf., “Fransız Türkolojisinin Tarihine Bir Bakış”, MÜTAD , IV (1989), s. 27-31.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 159-161 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.