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DERVİŞ Skip to content Bir tarikata ve şeyhe bağlı olan mürid, sûfiyâne bir hayat yaşayan kişi.
Farsça bir kelime olmakla birlikte bütün müslüman milletlerin dillerine girmiş olan derviş, esas itibariyle “muhtaç, yoksul ve dilenci” anlamlarına gelirse de geniş bir coğrafyada uzun süre kullanılması sebebiyle değişik mânalar kazanmıştır. Kelime Eski Farsça’da (Avesta) drigôş, deryôş ve drigu ; Orta Farsça’da (Pehlevîce) driyôş ; Yeni Farsça’da derviş şeklinde kullanılmıştır.
Derviş kelimesinin hangi kökten geldiği kesin olarak bilinmediğinden bu konuda birçok görüş ileri sürülmüştür. Bir görüşe göre kelime “kapı önü” anlamına gelen der-pîş ten gelmiştir. Sık sık kapıların önlerinde göründükleri için dilencilere bu ad verilmiştir. Diğer bir görüşe göre “asılmak” anlamındaki der-âvîhten masdarının şimdiki zaman kökü olan der-âviz kelimesinden elde edilmiştir. Kapılara asıldıkları (âvîzende ez-der), kapıları tuttuklarından dilencilere derviş denilmiştir. Başka bir görüşe göre ise kelimenin aslı, “aramak ve dilenmek” anlamındaki der-yûzîden masdarının şimdiki zaman kökü olan der-yûz dür. Ancak dilencilikle ilgili olan yukarıdaki mânaları sûfîlere yakıştırmak istemeyenler, bu kelimeyi “inci gibi” anlamına gelen dür-vîş şeklinde telaffuz etmeyi tercih etmişlerdir (bk. Gıyâseddin, s. 364). Derviş kelimesinin köküyle ilgili görüşler birtakım yakıştırmalar ihtiva etmekle birlikte kelimenin eskiden beri “yoksul ve dilenci” anlamında kullanılmış olduğu kesindir. Bugün de kapı (der) ile ilgili bulunan deryûze ve deryûzegî kelimeleri Farsça’da “dilenci” ve “dilencilik” anlamında kullanılmaktadır.
Derviş ve dervişî kelimeleri, erken bir dönemden itibaren zâhidi ve zühdü, sûfîyi ve tasavvufu ifade etmek üzere Arapça’daki fakîr ve fakr kelimelerinin yerine kullanılmış, zamanla daha farklı ve daha geniş bir muhteva kazanmıştır. İlk zâhid ve sûfîlerin fakra ve fakire büyük değer verdikleri, Ebû Nasr es-Serrâc, Muhammed b. İbrâhim el-Kelâbâzî, Hâce Abdullah-ı Herevî, Ebû Tâlib el-Mekkî ve Abdülkerim el-Kuşeyrî gibi sûfî müelliflerin eserlerinde bu konuya bir bölüm ayırıp önemini ifade etmelerinden anlaşılmaktadır. Müstemlî’nin Şerḥ-i Taʿarruf ’u, Hücvîrî’nin Keşfü’l-maḥcûb ’u ve Herevî’nin Ṭabaḳātü’ṣ-ṣûfiyye ’si gibi ilk Farsça tasavvufî eserlerde derviş ve dervişî kelimeleri, fakir ve fakr karşılığı olarak kullanılmıştır. Ebû Şekûr-i Belhî (ö. 303/915), Ebû Ferec-i Büstî (ö. 360/970) gibi şairler genel olarak derviş kelimesini “yoksul” anlamında kullandıkları gibi IV. (X.) yüzyılda yazılmış ünlü coğrafya kitabı Ḥudûdü’l-ʿâlem ’de de kelime bu anlamda geçmektedir. Sa‘dî-yi Şîrâzî, zenginlik-fakirlik (tevângerî-dervişî) konusunda bir dervişle giriştiği tartışmayı anlatırken aynı hususa işaret etmiştir (Gülistân , s. 174-184).
Başlangıçta fakir gibi derviş kelimesi de hem yoksul kişi, hem de zengin bile olsa her yönden Allah’a muhtaç olduğunun şuuruna sahip sûfî anlamında kullanılıyor, sûfîler her iki anlamdaki dervişliğe büyük önem veriyorlardı (Herevî, s. 236, 513, 606). Bu dönemde dervişlik birinci anlamıyla yoksulluk ve gönül zenginliğini, ikinci anlamıyla fâni olmayı ifade ediyordu.
III. (IX.) yüzyılda mânevî ve ruhanî hayata yönelen müslümanlar arasında iki kuvvetli temayül belirdi. Bunlardan birinin merkezi Irak, diğerinin merkezi Horasan’dı. Hâris el-Muhâsibî, Serî es-Sakatî ve Cüneyd-i Bağdâdî gibi ünlülerin önderlik ettikleri Irak’taki harekete “tasavvuf”, mensuplarına da “sûfî” deniliyordu. Bunlar dindarlığın mânevî esaslarına hassasiyetle bağlı kalmakla beraber âdâb, erkân, hırka gibi dış görünüşe ve semâa da önem veriyor, bu özellikleriyle toplumda farklı bir zümre olarak görünüyorlardı. Bâyezîd-i Bistâmî ve Hamdûn el-Kassâr gibi ünlülerin önderlik ettikleri Horasan’daki harekete ise “melâmet”, mensuplarına da “Melâmî” veya “Melâmetî” adı veriliyordu. Bunlar halktan biri gibi görünmeyi tercih ettiklerinden kendilerini halktan farklı gösteren davranışlara, hırka ve semâ gibi mensuplarını teşhir eden şeylere kesinlikle karşı idiler. Bu husus iki derviş tipinin ortaya çıkmasına yol açtı. Irak sûfîlerinin dervişliği hem içte (bâtın) hem dışta (zâhir) iken Horasan Melâmîleri’nin dervişliği sadece içte idi. Bu iki derviş tipi her dönemde varlığını sürdürmüştür.
İlk dönemlerde güçlü bir ruhî cazibesi olan irfan ve ahlâk sahibi şeyhler etrafında toplanan dervişler mescidlerde, evlerde ve özellikle zâviyelerde mürşidlerinin sohbetinden faydalanma fırsatını buluyorlardı. Tayfûriyye, Muhâsibiyye, Cüneydiyye, Kassâriyye, Sehliyye ve Hakîmiyye gibi çeşitli adlar altında toplanan derviş zümreleri (Hücvîrî, s. 283-294) birtakım farklılıklar göstermekle beraber tasavvufun temel ilkelerinde birleşiyor, dervişlik zihniyetini birlikte geliştiriyorlardı. Daha çocukken babasıyla düzenli bir şekilde dervişlerin sohbetlerine katılan ünlü sûfî Ebû Saîd-i Ebü’l-Hayr (ö. 340/951), Esrârü’t-tevḥîd adlı eserinde dervişliğin esaslarını ve âdâbını ortaya koymuştu.
Dervişlik bir riyâzet ve mücahede faaliyetiyle başlar. Sıkı bir perhize (imsâk) girilen bu dönemde yeme, içme, konuşma ve uyuma en aza indirilir; ibadet, zikir ve tefekkür arttırılır; nefsin arzularına hâkim olmaya, ölçülü ve disiplinli yaşamaya, böylece ruhî bir erginlik ve mânevî olgunluğa ulaşmaya çalışılır. Çile hırkasını giyen derviş istediği gibi hareket edemez, zorluklara dayanmak mecburiyetindedir. Dervişin muradına ermesi için sabırlı ve tahammüllü olması şarttır.
Dervişlerin bir özelliği de gezgin olmalarıdır. Bütün tasavvufî eserlerde sefere çıkma ve seyahat etmenin önemi üzerinde durulmuş ve âdâbı anlatılmıştır. Tekke ve zâviyeler, mescidler, imarethâneler, harabe ve viraneler, hatta mağaralar gezgin dervişlerin konakladıkları ve geceledikleri yerlerdir. Bazı dervişler tasavvuf yoluna girdiklerinde, bazıları da olgunluk döneminde sefere çıkmışlar, bir kısmı ise sefere hiç ihtiyaç duymadıklarından bulundukları yeri terketmemişlerdir. Seferin amacı çile çekmek, nefsi zorluklara alıştırıp eğitmek, bilgili ve iyi hal sahibi kişilerle görüşüp kendilerinden faydalanmak, Allah’ın büyüklüğünü gösteren değişik şeyler görüp ibret almaktır. Esasen dervişlik maddî âlemden ruhî âleme doğru yapılan mânevî bir seferden ibarettir (bk. SEFER ; SÜLÛK ).
Genellikle kılık ve kıyafetlerine önem vermeyen dervişlerin üstleri başları toz toprak içinde, elbiseleri kirli, saç ve sakalları uzun ve bakımsızdır. İç yüzlerinin iyi olması için dış yüzlerinin çirkin görünmesi gerektiğine inanır, bazan da halkın tepkisini çeken bu tür görünümü gerçek kişiliklerini gizlemenin bir aracı sayarlar. Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî, bunları “hırka altındaki sultanlar” diye tanıtır (bk. Mesnevî , I, K).
III. (IX.) yüzyıldan itibaren dış tesirlerle İslâm’ın özü ile uyuşmayan birtakım inanç, düşünce ve davranışlara sahip bazı derviş toplulukları ortaya çıktı. Şeriat ulemâsının İbâhiyyeci saydıkları bu topluluklar gerçek sûfîler tarafından da dışlanmışlardır. Bu durum, biri Sünnîler’ce kabul edilen (bâ-şer‘, hakîkî), diğeri reddedilen (bî-şer‘, sûrî) iki derviş tipinin ortaya çıkmasına yol açmıştır. Sa‘dî-i Şîrâzî Gülistân ’da her iki tipi de çok güzel bir şekilde tasvir etmiştir.
Sünnîliğin kabul ettiği hakiki derviş yoksuldur. Bir hırka, bir lokma ile yetinir, kendi kendine yeterlidir. Miskinliğiyle övünür, ancak yoksulluğunu hiçbir zaman çıkar sağlamanın bir aracı olarak görmez. İbrâhim b. Edhem gibi el emeği ve alın teriyle geçinir. Gönlü zengin, eli açıktır. Zengin bile olsa servet gönlünde değil elindedir. Herkese yardım eder, uğradığı haksızlıklara tahammül gösterir, bütün insanları sever. Dövene karşı elsiz, sövene karşı dilsizdir. Yaratandan ötürü yaratılanı hoş görür. Yetmiş iki millete bir gözle bakar, günahkâr insanlardan yüz çevirmez, edepsizlerden bile edep öğrenmeyi bilir. Sa‘dî’nin deyimiyle derviş gönül ehlidir, Allah adamıdır. Çiğnendikçe daha iyi ürün veren toprağa benzer. Sevimli ve güler yüzlüdür, soğuk tabiatlı ve asık suratlı değildir. Herkesi anlamaya ve derdine deva bulmaya çalışır. Ermiş ve ergin bir insandır. Dervişin eli, gönlü ve bedeni boştur; elinde mal, gönlünde mal edinme arzusu bulunmaz, bedeniyle günaha girmez (Ahmed-i Câmî, s. 216). Aslında dervişlik çok zor bir yoldur. Bu zorluk hakkıyla bilinseydi kimse dervişliğe talip olmazdı. Yûnus Emre, “Sen derviş olamazsın” diye başlayan şiirinde bu hususu güzel bir şekilde dile getirmiştir. Bu tür fedakâr ve idealist dervişler, Anadolu ve Rumeli’nin fethinde ve İslâmlaştırılmasında önemli hizmetler ifa etmişlerdir (Barkan, II, 279-353).
VI. (XII.) ve daha sonraki yüzyıllarda ortaya çıkan Kādiriyye, Rifâiyye, Kübreviyye, Şâzeliyye gibi tarikatlar da kendilerine has bir derviş tipi oluşturmuşlardır. Bu tarikatlara giren müridler tarikat pîrine nisbetle anılırdı (Kādirî dervişleri, Rifâî dervişleri, Yesevî dervişleri gibi). Bununla beraber tarikatların yaygın olduğu çağlarda bile belli bir tarikata bağlı olmayan derviş zümreleri mevcuttu. Tarikat ve tekke dönemindeki dervişlerin kendilerine has bir hayat felsefeleri ve yaşama tarzları vardı. Bilhassa geç dönemlerde ellerinde teber, asâ, tesbih, keşkül, sırtlarında cübbe ve hırka kapı kapı dolaşıp dilenen, tef çalarak ilâhiler okuyan, keramet gösterileri yapan, gaybı bildiklerini iddia eden derviş zümreleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Vâhidî 929’da (1523) yazdığı Menâkıb-ı Hoca-i Cihân adlı eserinde Edhemî, Câmî, Şemsî, abdal gibi adlar alan acayip kıyafetli, garip davranışlı derviş zümrelerinden bahseder. “Kapılardan kovulmuş, toza toprağa belenmiş, insanların değer vermediği nice kimseler var ki, şu şey şöyle olacak diye yemin etseler Allah onları yalancı çıkarmaz” (Müslim, “Birr”, 138, “Cennet”, 48; Tirmizî, “Ḳıyâmet”, 15, “Menaḳıb”, 54; İbn Mâce, “Zühd”, 36) meâlindeki hadisle bu tip dervişlere işaret edildiği ileri sürülmüştür.
Sünnî ulemânın ve Sünnî sûfîlerin kıyasıya hücum ettikleri sahte (müddeî, sûrî) dervişler dilenerek geçinirler. Gerçek dervişlerin, nefislerinin benliğini kırmak için bir vasıta olarak ara sıra başvurdukları dilencilik bunlarda geçim yolu haline geldiğinden, “Gâvurun tembeli keşiş, müslümanın tembeli derviş” denilmiştir. Bunların içinde, dinin emir ve yasakları ile kendilerini bağlı kabul etmeyen veya dinî yükümlülüklerin kendilerinden düştüğünü iddia eden, son derece süflî bir hayat yaşayan, ahlâk esaslarına ve toplumun geleneklerine aykırı davranmada bir sakınca görmeyen, buna rağmen kendilerine ermiş süsü veren, birtakım göz boyamaları keramet gibi gösteren, gaybı bilme iddiasında olan, büyü yapan cahil dervişler de az değildir. Özellikle Hurûfîlik, Bektaşîlik gibi tarikatlara mensup bazı dervişler arasında bu tiplere çok rastlanır.
Mevlevîlik’te dedelik makamına gelen canlara derviş denir. Semâzenler de Batı’da “dönen dervişler” diye bilinir (Gölpınarlı, s. 367). Raks ve mûsikiye önem veren dervişler yanında bu gibi şeylerle hiç ilgilenmeyenler de vardır. Asalak olarak süflî ve derbeder bir hayat yaşayan kayıtsız ve lâubali dervişlerin hangi sosyal ve dinî şartların tesiriyle ortaya çıktığı hususunda çeşitli görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Bazıları bunların Hindistan’da “yogi”, “sado” ve “bhikku” gibi isimler verilen gezgin ve dilenci rahiplerin, bazıları Hıristiyanlık’taki keşişliğin ve ruhbanlığın tesiriyle ortaya çıktığını ileri sürerken gnostizmin veya eski Yunan’daki kelbîlerin (kinik) tesirinden söz edenler de vardır. Pek çok menkıbe, destan, fıkra, masal ve deyime konu olan dervişler, asırlar boyunca sosyal ve dinî hayatın önemli bir parçası olarak varlıklarını sürdürmüşlerdir. Bugün de İslâm ülkelerinde değişik derviş tiplerine rastlanmaktadır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 188-190 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.