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DEVİRSEL İBADET MODELLERİ OLARAK SEMAH- SEMÂ UYGULAMALARININ TARİHSEL KÖKENLERİ Skip to content Yıl 2018, Sayı: 87, 23 – 48, 14.09.2018
Cenk Güray
Öz Devirsel ya da döngüsel algı insanın Tanrı ve evren ile ilişkisini açıklamak ve yaşamına aktarmak için kullandığı en eski düşünce sistemlerinden biridir. Tarım toplumlarıyla beraber keşfedilen doğanın periyodik bir biçimde aktifleşip ürün vermesi ve sonrasında uykuya çekilmesi fikri, bu düşünce sisteminin “tarımsal devir” olarak da adlandırılabilecek ilk katmanını var etmiştir. İnsanın aynı sistemi, evrendeki döngüsel yörüngeyi takip eden tüm gök cisimlerinden ve bu döngüsel etkinin kendi beden-ruh dünyasına yansıyan etkilerinden takibi, bu sistemin “kozmolojik devir” olarak da adlandırılabilecek ikinci katmanını var etmiştir. Söz konusu sistemin üçüncü ve son katmanı ise evrendeki “tarımsal ve kozmolojik” ayrıntılara haiz olan tüm döngüsel sistemi var eden Tanrısal bilgiye ulaşabilme ve bu bilgiyi içselleştirebilme yolculuğudur. Devirsel algının bu katmanına ise “irfâni devir” ismini vermek mümkün olabilir. İnsanlık tarihi açısından dini müzik ve dans ise, tüm bu düşünsel katmanları insanın bilincine “zaman ve mekân” algısı değişiklikleriyle aktarabilen bir model olarak kullanılagelmiştir. Anadolu ve çevre bölgelerin en önemli ibadet uygulamalarından olan “semah-semâ” gelenekleri, söz konusu devirsel algının olgunlaşma vadeden bir “inançsal model” olarak insan yaşamına sirâyet edebilmesinin en önemli örnekleri arasındadır. Bir anlamda semah ve semâ ibadetleri Tanrısal ve insani zaman algılarını bütünleştiren “zamanın döngüselliği” fikrini insan zihninde somutlaştırmış ve böylelikle insan yaşamını öncesi ve sonrası ile anlamlı kılan bir inançsal fikrin de inşa edilmesini sağlamıştır. Bu çalışma insanın evren-Tanrı algısında zaman içinde yaşanan değişimleri semah- semâ geleneklerinin tarihsel hafızası aracılığıyla tartışmaya gayret edecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler Semah, semâ, devirsel ibadet, edvar, döngüsel zaman
Kaynakça Arısoy, Mithat. (1998). “Seydî’nin El-Matlâ Adlı Eseri Üzerine Bir Çalışma”. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul. Armstrong, Karen. (1999). Tanrı’nın Tarihi. Çev. Hamide Koyukan, Kudret Emiroğlu ve Oktay Özel. Ankara: Ayraç Yayınları. Aşkar, Mustafa.(2006). Tasavvuf Tarihi Literatürü. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık. Ayverdi, İlhan. (2005). Misalli Büyük Türkçe Sözlük. İstanbul: Kubbealtı Neşriyatı. Barkan, Ömer Lutfi. (1993). Kolonizatör Türk Dervişleri. İstanbul: Hamle Yayınları. Bayladı, Derman. (2008). Pythagoras: Bir Gizem Peygamberi. İstanbul: Say Bogh, Birgitte. (2007). “The Phrygian Background of Kybele” [Kibele’nin Frigya’daki Temelleri]. Nvmen 54, 304-339. Boyd M. J. (1960). “Review: The Cult of Ceres at Rome (İnceleme: Roma’da Ceres Kültü) Reviewed Work: Le Culte de Cérès à Rome des origines à la fin de la République by Henri le Bonniec” İnceleyen: M. J. Boyd. The Classical Review New Series, 10/2, 147-151. Burkert, Walter. (1999). İlkçağ Gizem Tapıları. Ankara: İmge Yayınları. Çelik, Mehmet. (1995). Süryani Tarihi-I. Ankara: Ayraç Yayınları. Dürüşken, Çiğdem ve Eyüp Çoraklı. (2017). “Antik Çağ’da Hermeneia”, Cogito 89 (Hermeneutik), 59-77. Demirci, Kürşad. (2013). Eski Mezopotamya Dinlerine Giriş: Tanrılar, Ritüel, Tapınak. İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları. Demirli, Ekrem. (2009). İslam Metafiziğinde Tanrı ve İnsan. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları. —. (2013). İbn’ül Arabi Metafiziği. İstanbul: Sufi Kitap. Einstein, Albert. (2015). İzafiyet Teorisi. İstanbul: Say Yayınları. Eliade, Mircae. (1994). Ebedi Dönüş Mitosu. Ankara: İmge Yayınları. —. (2003). Dinsel İnançlar ve Düşünceler Tarihi, Çev. Ali Berktay. İstanbul. Kabalcı Yayınları. Elvan Çelebi. (1995). Menâkıbu’l-Kudsiyye Fî Menâsıbi’l-Ünsiyye, Haz. İsmail E.Erünsal ve Ahmet Yaşar Ocak. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları. Gölpınarlı, Abdülbaki. (2016). Tarih Boyunca İslam Mezhepleri ve Şiilik. İstanbul: Kapı Yayınları. Güray, Cenk ve Erdem Şimşek. (2011). “Alevilik ve Etkileşim İçine Girdiği Kültürel Yapılar Açısından Pervâne Kavramının İrdelenmesi”, Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Velî Araştırma Dergisi 60, 159-180. Güray, Cenk. (2012). “Anadolu’daki İnanç ve Müzik İlişkisinin Semâ-Semah Kavramları Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi”. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara. —. (2017). Bin Yılın Mirası-Makamı Var Eden Döngü “Edvâr Geleneği” (2. Baskı). İstanbul: Pan Yayıncılık. Gürsoy, Şahin ve Recep Kılıç. (2009). Türkiye Aleviliği. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. Herakleitos. (2005). Kırık Taşlar. Çev. Erdal Alova. İstanbul: Bordo-Siyah Dünya Klasikleri-Felsefe. Iannone, Pablo A. (2001). Dictionary of World Philoshopy [Dünya Felsefe Sözlüğü]. UK: Routledge Publishing. İbn-i Sina. (2010). Kitabü’ş-Şifa, Semâ ve Alem. Çev. Harun Kuşlu ve Muhittin Macit. İstanbul: Litera Yayınları. Jukovsky, V.A. (1887). “İran’da Ehl-i Hakk Tarikatı”. Rus Oryantalistlere Göre Ehl-i Haklar (2013). Haz. Namıq Musalı. İstanbul: Önsöz Yayıncılık, 99-141. Kanar, Mustafa. (2008). Kanar Osmanlı Türkçesi Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Say Yayınları. Karamağaralı, Beyhan.(1993). “İçiçe Daire Motiflerinin Mahiyeti Hakkında”. Sanat Tarihinde İkonografik Araştırmalar-Güner İnal’a Armağan, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Armağan Serisi 5. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi, 257-258. Karamustafa, Ahmet. (2010). “Hacı Bektaş Veli ve Anadolu’da Müslümanlık”. Uluslararası Hacı Bektaş Veli Sempozyumu Bildirileri. Der. Pınar Ecevitoğlu, Ali Murat İrat ve Ayhan Yalçınkaya. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, 42-48. —. (2017). Tasavvufun Oluşumu. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. Kaygusuz, İsmail'e (2014). Anadolu’dan Batı Avrupa’ya Aykırı İnanç ve Düşünce Geleneği-Hıristiyanlığın Heterodoks Akımları ve Alevilikteki Kurumsal Kayıtları. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları (Arkeopera). Kerenyi, Carl. (2012). Eleusis: Anne Kızım Arketip İmgesi. İstanbul: Pinhan Yayınları. Kılıç, Mahmud Erol. (2010). Hermesler Hermesi: İslâm Kaynakları Işığında Hermes ve Hermetik Düşünce. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları. Kramer, Samuel Noah. (2016). Sümerlerin Kurnaz Tanrısı Enki. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları. Kur’ân-ı Kerim Açıklamalı Meali (Kur’an Yolu). (2003). Haz. Hayrettin Karaman, Ali Özek, İbrahim Kafi Dönmez, Mustafa Çağrıcı, Sadettin Gümüş ve Ali Turgut. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, Ankara. Kurnaz, Cemal. (1995). “Felek (Edebiyat)”. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, c. 12, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay., s.306-307. Kutluer, İlhan. (1992). “İslâm Literatüründe Burç”. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, c. 6, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay., s.422-424. Kutsal Kitap: Eski ve Yeni Antlaşma (Tevrat, Zebur, İncil). (2009). İstanbul: Kitab-ı Mukaddes Şirketi. Lewisohn, Leonard. (1997). “The Sacred Music of İslâm: Sama‘ in the Persian Sufi Tradition [İslam’ın Kutsal Müziği: İran Sufi Geleneğinde Sema]”, The British Journal of Ethnomusicology, cilt 6, 1-33. LSJ.(2011). The Online Liddell-Scott-Jones Greek-English Lexicon (Elektronik Liddell-Scott-Jones Yunanca-İngilizce Sözlük). Erişim Tarihi 08.08.2018. http:// stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/lsj/#eid=1&context=lsj. Malinowski, Bronislaw. (1990). Büyü, Bilim ve Din. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları. Melikoff, Irene. (2006). Hacı Bektaş: Efsaneden Gerçeğe. İstanbul: Cumhuriyet Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar.(2015). “Türk ve Türkiye Tarihinde İslâm’ı Çalışmak Yahut ‘Arı Kovanına Çomak Sokmak’”. Kızılbaşlık Alevilik Bektaşilik-Tarih, Kimlik, İnanç, Ritüel. Der. Yalçın Çakmak ve İmran Gürtaş. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 55-70. Omarkhali, Khanna. (2014). Kürdistan’da Dini Azınlıklar. Çev. İbrahim Bingöl. İstanbul: Avesta Yayınları. Özbudun, Sibel. (2004). Hermes’ten İdris’e Bir Dinsel Geleneğin Dönüşüm Dinamikleri. Ankara: Ütopya Yayınları. Özdemir, Nazife. (2010). “Hz. Ali ve Yaz-Kış Yaprağını Dökmeyen Kutsal Ağaç”, Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi 56, 103-108. Roller, Lynn E. (1999). In the Search of God the Mother-The Cult of Anatolian Cybele [Ana Tanrıçanın İzinde-Anadolu’da Kibele Kültü]. USA: University of California Press. —. (2004). Ana Tanrıçanın İzinde-Anadolu’da Kibele Kültü. İstanbul: Homer Kitabevi. Schimmel, Anne Marie. (1975). Mystical Dimensions of İslâm [İslam’ın Mistik Yönü]. USA: The University of North Carolina Press. Seyyid Burhaneddîn Muhakkık-ı Tirmizi. (2014). Maarif. Çev. Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı. İstanbul: İnkılap Kitabevi. Su, Süreyya. (2009). Hurafeler ve Mitler-Halk İslâmında Semkretizm. İstanbul:
THE HISTORICAL ROOTS OF SEMAH PRACTICES AS MODELS OF CYCLIC WORSHIP Yıl 2018, Sayı: 87, 23 – 48, 14.09.2018
Cenk Güray
Öz Cyclic perception is an ancient system of thinking for human beings to explain the God-human relationship and to transfer the principles of this relationship to human life. The first layer of this system, named as “agricultural cycle” symbolizing the first agricultural communities, was built on the idea that the nature was periodically becoming active to grow up the agricultural products and then getting passive again. The second layer of this system, named as “cosmological cycle”, was generated on the idea that the cyclic characters of all the cosmic elements of the universe and the reflections of these characters to human body and soul was being followed and perceived by the human mind. The final layer of the system concentrated on reaching and internalizing the “divine wisdom” that has created and controlled all the cyclic system of the universe including the agricultural and the cosmological cycles. This final layer of the system can be named as “the cycle of wisdom”. Throughout the history, religious music and dance has always been utilized as a model to transfer all of these fictive layers to the human consciousness considering the necessary variations of “time and place”. “Semah and sema” traditions that are among the prominent worship rituals of Anatolia and the neighboring geographies appear as the application examples reflecting this cyclic perception to human life as a model of faith. In a way, semah and sema traditions help to unite the celestial and humanely perceptions of time by constructing the idea of “cyclic time” in human mind and thus building an idea of faith attributing meaning to the periods of life, before life and after life. This study aims to discuss the changes that have had occurred in the human perception of “God and universe” throughout the history, in the light of the collective memories possessed by the semah and sema traditions
Anahtar Kelimeler Semah, sema, cyclic worship, theory of cycles, cyclic time
Kaynakça Arısoy, Mithat. (1998). “Seydî’nin El-Matlâ Adlı Eseri Üzerine Bir Çalışma”. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul. Armstrong, Karen. (1999). Tanrı’nın Tarihi. Çev. Hamide Koyukan, Kudret Emiroğlu ve Oktay Özel. Ankara: Ayraç Yayınları. Aşkar, Mustafa.(2006). Tasavvuf Tarihi Literatürü. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık. Ayverdi, İlhan. (2005). Misalli Büyük Türkçe Sözlük. İstanbul: Kubbealtı Neşriyatı. Barkan, Ömer Lutfi. (1993). Kolonizatör Türk Dervişleri. İstanbul: Hamle Yayınları. Bayladı, Derman. (2008). Pythagoras: Bir Gizem Peygamberi. İstanbul: Say Bogh, Birgitte. (2007). “The Phrygian Background of Kybele” [Kibele’nin Frigya’daki Temelleri]. Nvmen 54, 304-339. Boyd M. J. (1960). “Review: The Cult of Ceres at Rome (İnceleme: Roma’da Ceres Kültü) Reviewed Work: Le Culte de Cérès à Rome des origines à la fin de la République by Henri le Bonniec” İnceleyen: M. J. Boyd. The Classical Review New Series, 10/2, 147-151. Burkert, Walter. (1999). İlkçağ Gizem Tapıları. Ankara: İmge Yayınları. Çelik, Mehmet. (1995). Süryani Tarihi-I. Ankara: Ayraç Yayınları. Dürüşken, Çiğdem ve Eyüp Çoraklı. (2017). “Antik Çağ’da Hermeneia”, Cogito 89 (Hermeneutik), 59-77. Demirci, Kürşad. (2013). Eski Mezopotamya Dinlerine Giriş: Tanrılar, Ritüel, Tapınak. İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları. Demirli, Ekrem. (2009). İslam Metafiziğinde Tanrı ve İnsan. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları. —. (2013). İbn’ül Arabi Metafiziği. İstanbul: Sufi Kitap. Einstein, Albert. (2015). İzafiyet Teorisi. İstanbul: Say Yayınları. Eliade, Mircae. (1994). Ebedi Dönüş Mitosu. Ankara: İmge Yayınları. —. (2003). Dinsel İnançlar ve Düşünceler Tarihi, Çev. Ali Berktay. İstanbul. Kabalcı Yayınları. Elvan Çelebi. (1995). Menâkıbu’l-Kudsiyye Fî Menâsıbi’l-Ünsiyye, Haz. İsmail E.Erünsal ve Ahmet Yaşar Ocak. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları. Gölpınarlı, Abdülbaki. (2016). Tarih Boyunca İslam Mezhepleri ve Şiilik. İstanbul: Kapı Yayınları. Güray, Cenk ve Erdem Şimşek. (2011). “Alevilik ve Etkileşim İçine Girdiği Kültürel Yapılar Açısından Pervâne Kavramının İrdelenmesi”, Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Velî Araştırma Dergisi 60, 159-180. Güray, Cenk. (2012). “Anadolu’daki İnanç ve Müzik İlişkisinin Semâ-Semah Kavramları Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi”. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara. —. (2017). Bin Yılın Mirası-Makamı Var Eden Döngü “Edvâr Geleneği” (2. Baskı). İstanbul: Pan Yayıncılık. Gürsoy, Şahin ve Recep Kılıç. (2009). Türkiye Aleviliği. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. Herakleitos. (2005). Kırık Taşlar. Çev. Erdal Alova. İstanbul: Bordo-Siyah Dünya Klasikleri-Felsefe. Iannone, Pablo A. (2001). Dictionary of World Philoshopy [Dünya Felsefe Sözlüğü]. UK: Routledge Publishing. İbn-i Sina. (2010). Kitabü’ş-Şifa, Semâ ve Alem. Çev. Harun Kuşlu ve Muhittin Macit. İstanbul: Litera Yayınları. Jukovsky, V.A. (1887). “İran’da Ehl-i Hakk Tarikatı”. Rus Oryantalistlere Göre Ehl-i Haklar (2013). Haz. Namıq Musalı. İstanbul: Önsöz Yayıncılık, 99-141. Kanar, Mustafa. (2008). Kanar Osmanlı Türkçesi Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Say Yayınları. Karamağaralı, Beyhan.(1993). “İçiçe Daire Motiflerinin Mahiyeti Hakkında”. Sanat Tarihinde İkonografik Araştırmalar-Güner İnal’a Armağan, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Armağan Serisi 5. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi, 257-258. Karamustafa, Ahmet. (2010). “Hacı Bektaş Veli ve Anadolu’da Müslümanlık”. Uluslararası Hacı Bektaş Veli Sempozyumu Bildirileri. Der. Pınar Ecevitoğlu, Ali Murat İrat ve Ayhan Yalçınkaya. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, 42-48. —. (2017). Tasavvufun Oluşumu. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. Kaygusuz, İsmail'e (2014). Anadolu’dan Batı Avrupa’ya Aykırı İnanç ve Düşünce Geleneği-Hıristiyanlığın Heterodoks Akımları ve Alevilikteki Kurumsal Kayıtları. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları (Arkeopera). Kerenyi, Carl. (2012). Eleusis: Anne Kızım Arketip İmgesi. İstanbul: Pinhan Yayınları. Kılıç, Mahmud Erol. (2010). Hermesler Hermesi: İslâm Kaynakları Işığında Hermes ve Hermetik Düşünce. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları. Kramer, Samuel Noah. (2016). Sümerlerin Kurnaz Tanrısı Enki. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları. Kur’ân-ı Kerim Açıklamalı Meali (Kur’an Yolu). (2003). Haz. Hayrettin Karaman, Ali Özek, İbrahim Kafi Dönmez, Mustafa Çağrıcı, Sadettin Gümüş ve Ali Turgut. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, Ankara. Kurnaz, Cemal. (1995). “Felek (Edebiyat)”. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, c. 12, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay., s.306-307. Kutluer, İlhan. (1992). “İslâm Literatüründe Burç”. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, c. 6, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay., s.422-424. Kutsal Kitap: Eski ve Yeni Antlaşma (Tevrat, Zebur, İncil). (2009). İstanbul: Kitab-ı Mukaddes Şirketi. Lewisohn, Leonard. (1997). “The Sacred Music of İslâm: Sama‘ in the Persian Sufi Tradition [İslam’ın Kutsal Müziği: İran Sufi Geleneğinde Sema]”, The British Journal of Ethnomusicology, cilt 6, 1-33. LSJ.(2011). The Online Liddell-Scott-Jones Greek-English Lexicon (Elektronik Liddell-Scott-Jones Yunanca-İngilizce Sözlük). Erişim Tarihi 08.08.2018. http:// stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/lsj/#eid=1&context=lsj. Malinowski, Bronislaw. (1990). Büyü, Bilim ve Din. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları. Melikoff, Irene. (2006). Hacı Bektaş: Efsaneden Gerçeğe. İstanbul: Cumhuriyet Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar.(2015). “Türk ve Türkiye Tarihinde İslâm’ı Çalışmak Yahut ‘Arı Kovanına Çomak Sokmak’”. Kızılbaşlık Alevilik Bektaşilik-Tarih, Kimlik, İnanç, Ritüel. Der. Yalçın Çakmak ve İmran Gürtaş. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 55-70. Omarkhali, Khanna. (2014). Kürdistan’da Dini Azınlıklar. Çev. İbrahim Bingöl. İstanbul: Avesta Yayınları. Özbudun, Sibel. (2004). Hermes’ten İdris’e Bir Dinsel Geleneğin Dönüşüm Dinamikleri. Ankara: Ütopya Yayınları. Özdemir, Nazife. (2010). “Hz. Ali ve Yaz-Kış Yaprağını Dökmeyen Kutsal Ağaç”, Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi 56, 103-108. Roller, Lynn E. (1999). In the Search of God the Mother-The Cult of Anatolian Cybele [Ana Tanrıçanın İzinde-Anadolu’da Kibele Kültü]. USA: University of California Press. —. (2004). Ana Tanrıçanın İzinde-Anadolu’da Kibele Kültü. İstanbul: Homer Kitabevi. Schimmel, Anne Marie. (1975). Mystical Dimensions of İslâm [İslam’ın Mistik Yönü]. USA: The University of North Carolina Press. Seyyid Burhaneddîn Muhakkık-ı Tirmizi. (2014). Maarif. Çev. Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı. İstanbul: İnkılap Kitabevi. Su, Süreyya. (2009). Hurafeler ve Mitler-Halk İslâmında Semkretizm. İstanbul: Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi Yazarlar Cenk Güray Hacettepe Üniversitesi Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarı Müzik Bilimleri Bölümü Müzik Teorileri Anabilim Dalı
Yayımlanma Tarihi 14 Eylül 2018 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Sayı: 87
Kaynak Göster ISNAD Güray, Cenk. “DEVİRSEL İBADET MODELLERİ OLARAK SEMAH- SEMÂ UYGULAMALARININ TARİHSEL KÖKENLERİ”. Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi 87 (Eylül 2018), 23-48.
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