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DIEZ, Ernst Skip to content (1878-1961)
Avusturyalı Türk ve İslâm sanatları tarihçisi.
Avusturya’nın Lölling şehrinde dünyaya geldi. Graz ve Viyana üniversitelerinde sanat tarihi-arkeoloji öğrenimi gördü. 1902’de ünlü sanat tarihçileri J. Strzygowski ile W. Gurlitt’in huzurunda verdiği imtihanla doktor oldu. Tezinin konusu, XVI. yüzyılda Busbeke’in İstanbul’da bir yahudi hekiminden satın alarak Viyana’da imparatorun kütüphanesine mal ettiği, çok değerli bir tıbbî bitkiler kitabı olan Dioskorides Pedanius’un (ö. m.s. I. yüzyıl) Peri hyles iatrikes (tıbbî malzemelere dair) adlı eserinin VI. yüzyıl başlarında istinsah edilmiş minyatürlü bir nüshası üzerine idi.
Diez, askerlik görevini tamamladıktan sonra inceleme ve araştırmalarda bulunmak üzere İstanbul ve Roma’ya gitti; 1903-1904 yıllarını bu iki sanat merkezinde geçirdi. 1905’te ülkesine döndüğünde Viyana Sanat ve Sanayi Müzesi’nde gönüllü asistan olarak görev aldı; burada 1907 yılına kadar çalıştıktan sonra 1908’de Berlin Müzesi’ne geçerek Friedländer, von Bode ve Sarre gibi ünlü arkeolog ve sanat tarihçilerinin yanında asistanlık yaptı. O yıllarda İslâm sanatları üzerinde çalışan, bu konuda eserler telif eden ve 1895’te Anadolu’da dolaşarak Selçuklu yapılarını inceleyen ünlü arkeolog F. Sarre’nin teşvikiyle Doğu ve İslâm sanatları üzerinde çalışmaya karar verdi. 1911’de Berlin’den ayrılarak Viyana’ya döndü ve üniversitede kürsü başkanı olan Graz’daki eski hocası Strzygowski’nin yanında asistan kaldı. Diez’in burada İslâm sanatına daha da yaklaşmak için eline bir fırsat geçti. Görünüşte İran ve Afganistan’da coğrafya, jeoloji ve etnografya konularında araştırma yapmak, gerçekte ise Afganistan’da bazı temaslarda bulunarak İngilizler’in Hindistan’daki nüfuzunu kırmaya çalışmakla görevlendirilen teğmen O. von Niedermayer’in yanına, dolaşacağı yerlerdeki İslâm eserlerini tesbit etmek ve incelemek üzere Diez’in de katılması uygun görüldü. Rusya üzerinden İran’a giderek 1913 yılı Şubatında Esterâbâd’da von Niedermayer ile buluşan Diez, bu görevi sayesinde özellikle Râdkân, Meşhed, Horasan, Kişmer, Fîrûzâbâd ve İsfahan bölgelerinde ilmî çalışmalar yaptı. Daha sonra Basra körfezine inerek kısa bir süre kaldığı Bahreyn adası üzerinden Hindistan’a geçti.
I. Dünya Savaşı’nın başlaması üzerine yurduna dönen Diez 1915’te yeniden askere alındı ve 1918’e kadar Avusturya ordusunda hizmet etti. Bu arada 1915 yılında İslâm sanatına dair ilk büyük kitabı, 1918’de de Horasan bölgesindeki Türk-İslâm eserleri üzerine kaleme aldığı eseri basıldı. Aynı yıl yine Viyana Üniversitesi’nde Strzygowski’nin önünde doçentlik imtihanını verdi; 1924 yılında da kadrosuz profesörlüğe yükseldi. Ancak Müşettâ Sarayı’nın hangi döneme ait olduğu hususunda hocası ile aralarında bir anlaşmazlık çıktı. Strzygowski, işlenmiş bütün cephe taşları Berlin’e götürülen bu sarayın İslâm’dan önceye ait olduğunu ileri sürüyor, Diez ise bir İslâm eseri olduğunda ısrar ediyordu. Bu anlaşmazlık Diez’in Viyana Üniversitesi’nden ayrılmasına yol açtı. 1926’da Bryan Mawr College’ın (Pennsylvannia) daveti üzerine Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ne giderek on üç yıl süreyle öğretim üyeliği yaptı. 1930-1931 yılları arasında da Uzakdoğu sanatlarını incelemek üzere Çin, Japonya, Hindistan ve Cava’ya gitti.
II. Dünya Savaşı’nın başlaması üzerine, Avusturya’nın Almanya’ya katılması sebebiyle Alman vatandaşı sayılan Diez yurduna dönmek zorunda kaldı ve tekrar Viyana Üniversitesi’nde görev aldı. 1943 yılında İstanbul Üniversitesi’nin davetiyle Edebiyat Fakültesi’nde Türk ve İslâm sanatları derslerini vermeye başladı. Fakat bir yıl sonra Türkiye ile Almanya arasında siyasî ilişkilerin kesilmesi ve arkasından ülkede yaşayan bütün Almanlar’ın Kırşehir ve Yozgat’ta göz altına alınmaları üzerine 1945 yılı sonuna kadar derslerine ara vermek zorunda kaldı. 1946’da İstanbul’da yayımlanan, çok kötü şartlar altında hazırladığı Türk Sanatı, Başlangıcından Günümüze Kadar adlı kitabındaki bazı hatalar bahane edilerek birkaç kişi tarafından günlük gazetelerde başlatılan bir kampanya sonucu üniversite senatosunca “ilmî yetersizlik” gerekçesiyle sözleşmesi uzatılmadığından 1950 yılı içinde Türkiye’den ayrılarak Viyana’ya döndü. İlerlemiş yaşına rağmen çalışmalarına devam eden ve Ankara’da 1959 sonbaharında toplanan I. Türk Sanatları Kongresi’ne de katılan Diez, bir beyin kanaması sonucunda 8 Temmuz 1961’de Viyana’da öldü. Ölümünden sonra İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi yayınları arasında hâtırasına bir anma kitabı çıkarılmış (Beiträge zur Kunstgeschichte Asiens-In Memoriam Ernst Diez , İstanbul 1963), doğumunun 100. yıl dönümünde de İstanbul’da Avusturya Başkonsolosluğu’nda bir toplantı düzenlenmiştir (21 Aralık 1978).
Diez çok yönlü bir sanat tarihçisi olduğundan Doğu sanatlarının her dalı üzerinde bilgiye sahipti ve Arap, Türk, İran, Afgan, Hint, Çin, Uzakdoğu sanatlarından başka Avrupa, Bizans sanatları hakkında da kalem yürütebiliyordu. Ayrıca sanat tarihini medeniyet tarihinin içinde onun bir parçası olarak gördüğünden ilgilendiği eserleri meydana getiren kişileri ve çevreyi de araştırmaktan hoşlanıyor, sanat tarihini sanat eserlerinin tarifinden ibaret bir çeşit katalog çalışması biçiminde değil felsefesini yaparak bir sentez halinde işlemeyi tercih ediyordu.
Eserleri. Diez’in İslâm sanatına dair ilk eseri Die Kunst der islamischen Völker ’dir (Berlin-Neubabelsberg 1915). Bu bol resimli kitabın 1917’de gözden geçirilmiş ikinci, 1925’te de üçüncü baskısı yapılmıştır. Eserde Doğu’nun İslâm’dan önceki sanatları hakkında bilgi verildikten sonra İslâm’ın devlet anlayışına ve İslâm ülkelerinde topluma dair bir özetle konuya girilir. Diez ilk İslâm dinî yapılarını, Emevî mimarisini, çöl kasır ve saraylarını, Abbâsî dönemi camilerini, erken İslâm mimarisinde cephe süslemeleriyle mimari plastiği tanıttıktan sonra İran’daki kule biçimi ve kubbeli türbelerden, medreselerden ve kubbeli camilerden bahseder. Kitabın daha sonraki ana bölümleri Anadolu’da Selçuklu ve Osmanlı dinî mimarilerine ayrılmış olup bunu Kahire’deki Eyyûbî ve Memlük dinî yapıları bölümü takip eder. Kitapta Hindistan’daki İslâm mimarisinden sonra dinî olmayan İslâm mimarisiyle minyatür ve sanayi sanatlarına da birer bölüm ayrılmıştır. Henüz İslâm sanatının çok az bilindiği ve eserlerinin sınırlı ölçüde tanındığı bu dönemde İslâm sanat tarihi hakkında genel ve eksiksiz bir kitap yazmak, hatasız sonuçlara ulaşmak imkânsızdı. Dolayısıyla Diez’in bu ilk İslâm sanatı el kitabı da gerek düzeni gerekse içindeki hükümler bakımından aksaklıklardan arınmış sayılmaz; fakat her şeye rağmen İslâm sanat tarihinin ilk sentezi olarak önemlidir.
Diez I. Dünya Savaşı’ndan önce İran’da, özellikle Horasan bölgesinde yaptığı incelemeler üzerine hazırladığı Churāsānische Baudenkmäler adlı büyük kitabını 1918’de yayımladı (Berlin). Bu eserde Râdkân, Cürcân (Kümbed-i Kābûs), Kişmer kule-türbeleri; Hüsrevcird, Kerât, Fîrûzâbâd minare ve kuleleri; Sengbest, Tûs, Şeyh Lokman, Hâce Rebî‘ ve Lenger yakınında Mahmud Luganî’deki kubbeli türbeler hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Ayrı bir bölümde karma tipte yapılar üzerinde durularak Hargird Camii ve Medresesi, Meşhed Musallâsı, Meşhed’de Mescid-i Şâh, Şeyh Câm Türbe ve Camii, Çadşam Camii ile Beşşâr Hankahı, son bölümde de Sences Ribâtı ile Cürcân-Meşhed hac yolu anlatılır. Türbelerden bazılarının en sona eklenen kitâbeleri, ünlü Arap epigrafisti Max van Berchem tarafından okunarak işlenmiştir. Horasan bölgesi ve İran’a dair araştırmalarının II. cildini ise beş yıl sonra bastırabildi: Persien. Islamische Baukunst in Churāsān (Darmstadt-Gotha 1923). Bu cilt, önceki ciltte tanıtılan yapıların sanat tarihi bakımından değerlendirilmesi yolunda bir çalışmaydı ve burada hocası Strzygowski’nin sanat tarihi araştırmaları için öngördüğü metoda uygun olarak Horasan mimari eserlerinin önemi ve sanat tarihindeki yerleri tesbit edilmişti. Ayrıca bu cildin içinde o vakte kadar sadece varlıkları bilinen, fakat etraflı surette mimarileri ve kitâbeleri henüz tanınmayan Gazneli Mahmud’un türbesi ve kulesiyle Gazneli Sultanı III. Mesud’un kulesi hakkında bir ek bölüm halinde etraflı bilgi verilmiştir. F. Oelmann bu kitabı oldukça sert biçimde tenkit etmiştir (Der Cicerone , XVII [1925], s. 1059-1060).
Diez’in Viyana Üniversitesi’nde, Strzygowski’nin en gözde öğrencilerinden olan H. Glück ile birlikte hazırladığı eski İstanbul’a dair Alt-Konstantinopel adlı küçük kitap (München-Pasing 1920), bugün çoğu birer belge değeri taşıyan Cornelius Gurlitt’in İstanbul hakkında yayımladığı büyük eserin resimleriyle bunların açıklamalarından meydana gelmiştir. Diez, 1914 yılı Şubatında İran’dan Hindistan’a geçerken Bahreyn adasında gördüğü İslâm sanatı bakımından önemli bir cami harabesini incelemiş ve çalışmasını bir süre sonra yayımlamıştır (“Eine schiitische Moschee-Ruine auf der Insel Bahrein”, JAK , II/2 [Beiträge zur Kunst des Islam-Festschrift für F. Sarre, 1925 ], s. 101-105, lv. 73-75). Diez’e göre 740 (1339-40) tarihli camide daha eski bir yapının oyma bezemelere sahip ahşap direk ve kirişlerinin kullanılmış olması, ahşap destekli cami mimarisinin buraya kadar geldiğini göstermektedir. Aynı yıl Glück ile birlikte Propylaën Kunstgeschichte dizisi için İslâm sanatları cildini yayımladı: Kunst des Islam (Berlin 1925). İyi basılmış bol resimli bu cilt, çeşitli ülkelerdeki İslâm sanatını bütün dalları ile tanıtır. Daha iyisi yapılmadığından eser sanat tarihiyle uğraşanlar için bir başvuru kitabı olarak kalmıştır.
Diez, Amerika’da bulunduğu yıllarda A. U. Pope’un İran sanatları hakkındaki altı ciltlik büyük kitabına, tarihî çerçeve bölümünün bir kısmını yazmak suretiyle katıldı (“The Principles and Types”, A. U. Pope, A Survey of Persian Art, Oxford 1939, II, 916-929); yine 1930’lu yıllarda İslâm sanatının felsefesine dair önemli makaleler yayımladı (AI , III [1936], s. 201-212; IV [1937], s. 185-189; V [1938], s. 201-212) ve Encyclopedie de l’Islam ’a, “Msc hattā’”, “Miḥrāb”, “Masd̲j̲id”, “Manāra”, “Minbar”, “Mukarnass”, “Kubba” maddelerini yazdı. Hint sanatı ile de yakından ilgilenen Diez’in Hindistan camileri hakkında güzel fotoğraflarla süslü bir makalesi basıldı (“Moscheen in Indien”, Atlantis , XIII [Zürich 1941], s. 425-445).
Sanat tarihinin yanı sıra medeniyet tarihi üzerinde de çalışan Diez, küçük boy bir kitapta İslâm inanç ve dünyasını tanıtmaya çalışmıştır (Glaube und Welt des Islam , Stuttgart 1941). Bu eser içinde İslâm dininin doğuşu, yayılışı, esasları, devlet anlayışı, mezhepleri, edebiyatı ve mimarisi özetlenmiştir. Fakat İslâmiyet’in bu çok değişik konuları hakkında yazdıkları bir dereceye kadar ihtiyatla karşılanmalıdır. Geniş okuyucu kitlesine hitap eden diğer bir çalışması ise Herodotos’tan Moltke’ye kadar çeşitli yazarların Asya medeniyeti ve sanatları hakkında verdikleri bilgilerin Almanca tercümelerinden oluşan bir antolojidir (So sahen sie Asien, Reiseberichte von Herodot bis Moltke , Wien 1942). İki yıl sonra İslâm sanatı dışındaki sanatlar üzerine de eserler veren Diez, İran’daki sanat hakkında bol resimli bir kitap yayımladı (Iranische Kunst , Wien 1944). Ancak Asya’nın bu bölgesindeki bütün mimari eserleri İran sanatı çerçevesi içinde incelediği için pek inandırıcı olamamıştır.
Diez’in Anadolu’daki Türk sanatına yaklaşması İstanbul Üniversitesi’nde görev alması ile mümkün oldu. 1944-1945 yıllarında çok zor günler yaşamasına ve gerekli başvuru malzemesinden yoksun olmasına rağmen bir kitap yazdı ve eser o yıllarda asistanı olan Oktay Aslanapa tarafından Türkçe’ye çevrilerek İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi yayınları arasında Türk Sanatı, Başlangıcından Günümüze Kadar başlığı ile yayımlandı (İstanbul 1946). Diez bu kitapta, o zamana kadar yerli ve yabancı hiç kimsenin girişmediği bir işi yaparak Türk sanatının bir sentezini ortaya koymaya gayret etmişti. Batı’da o dönemde henüz başlı başına bir Türk sanatının varlığından söz edilmediği düşünülecek olursa bu çalışmanın önemi daha iyi anlaşılır. Diez bu kitabı, birçok hususları henüz karanlıklar içinde olan Türk sanatı hakkında eksik ve yanıltıcı bilgiler içeren yetersiz malzeme ile hazırlamıştı; dolayısıyla bu çalışmada bazı yanlışlık ve eksiklikler oldu. Aynı kitap bir süre sonra pek çok ilâveyle hacmi genişletilmiş olarak Oktay Aslanapa tarafından tekrar yayımlandı (Türk Sanatı , İstanbul 1955). Diez’in İstanbul’daki çalışmalarının diğer bir ürünü de Oktay Aslanapa ve Mesut Koman’ın katkıları ile hazırlanan Karaman Devri Sanatı olup (İstanbul 1950) Diez bu eserin sonundaki bir bölümü yazmıştır (s. 195-213). Diez İstanbul’da yaşadığı yıllarda birkaç önemli makale yazdı. Bunlardan sanatta dış tesirlere dair “Endosmos’lar” (Felsefe Arkivi , II [İstanbul 1947], s. 220-238), “Josef Strzygowski” (a.g.e. , s. 1-12); Sivas’taki Gökmedrese’nin taçkapısında yer alan burçlar kabartması üzerine “The Zodiac Reliefs at the Portal of the Gök Medrese in Sivas” (Artibus Asiae , XII [Zürich 1949], s. 99-104); Gazne’de Sultan Mahmud ve Sultan III. Mesud kulelerinin dünya tasavvurunu vurgulayan zafer anıtları oldukları yolundaki görüşünü yansıtan “Die Siegestürme in Ghazna als Weltbilder” (KOr. , I [1950], s. 37-46) ilgi çekici makalelerdir. Aynı yıllarda Türk sanatına dair bazı düşünceleri de dört makale halinde bir dergide çıktı (“Türk Sanatı”, İstanbul Dergisi , sy. 56, 58, 60, 63 [1946]). Türk-İran mimarlık sanatında step kültürlerinin izlerini konu alan bir yazısı ise Almanca olarak basıldı (“Das Erbe der Steppe in der turco-iranischen Baukunst”, Zeki Velidi Togan Armağanı , İstanbul 1950, s. 331-338).
Diez yurduna döndükten sonra da yayınlarını sürdürdü ve genellikle Hindistan’daki İslâm sanatı üzerinde durmayı tercih etti. Öldüğü yıl satışa çıkan Ekber Şah hakkındaki küçük kitabı (Akbar, Gottsucher und Kaiser , Wien 1961), kültür tarihine olan merakının son belirtisi sayılabilir. Bu eserde Ekber Şah’ın şahsiyetini, hayatını, yaşama tarzını, sarayını, edebiyat ve kitap merakını, etrafındaki ressamları, yaptırdığı binaları, bahçeleri ve nihayet türbesini anlatmak suretiyle XVI. yüzyılda Güney Asya’daki bir İslâm medeniyetinin görüntüsünü Ekber’in tarihî varlığı etrafında tasvir eder. Ölümünden kısa bir süre önce önsözünü yazdığı son kitabında da (Die Sprache der Ruinen , Wien 1962) Yakındoğu’nun önemli eski merkezlerinde yapılan kazılarda meydana çıkan ve medeniyet tarihinin kilit taşları olan buluntuları güzel basılmış resimler eşliğinde anlatır.
Diez çok yönlü bir sanat tarihçisi olup ilim âlemine en büyük hizmetini çeşitli ülkelerdeki İslâm sanatlarını tanıtmakla yapmıştır. Bu arada Türk sanatını da bir sentez denemesi olarak işlemeye çalışmış ve bu yoldaki ilk eseri vermiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Beiträge zur Kunstgeschichte Asiens – In Memoriam Ernst Diez (haz. Oktay Aslanapa), İstanbul 1963, s. XI-XV.
Haldun Taner, “Avrupa Bilim Dünyasına Türk Sanat Tarihini İlk Tanıtanlardan Biri Olan Profesör Ernst Diez Dünyamızdan Ayrıldı”, Vatan , İstanbul 4 Ağustos 1961, y. 21, nr. 6860.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 286-288 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.