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DİLENCİLİK Skip to content
1/2 Müellif: ALİ TOKSARI Bölüme Git
Arapça’da s-e-l kökünden suâl, tese’ül ve mes’ele “sorma, isteme, dilenme” anlamına gelir. Dilenciliği ifade etmek üzere bu kökten gelen kelimelerin y…
2/2 Müellif: SÜLEYMAN ULUDAĞ Bölüme Git
TASAVVUF. Dilencilik bir meslek, dilenmek de bir geçim yolu olarak kabul edilmemekle beraber başlangıçtan beri İslâm toplumunda çeşitli sebeplerle dil…
Arapça’da s-e-l kökünden suâl, tese’ül ve mes’ele “sorma, isteme, dilenme” anlamına gelir. Dilenciliği ifade etmek üzere bu kökten gelen kelimelerin yaygın kullanımının yanı sıra III. (IX.) yüzyıldan itibaren küdye ve tekdie kelimelerine de rastlanmakta, dilenci karşılığında mükeddî kelimesinin kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Özellikle meselâ Câhiz’e ait Kitâbü Ḥiyeli’l-mükeddîn adlı eserin adında da görüldüğü üzere edep literatüründe rastlanan bu kelimenin aslı, muhtemelen Farsça’da “dilenci” anlamına gelen gedâ kelimesidir. Klasik Arapça’nın daha sonraki dönemlerinde “etrafta dolanmak, dilenmek” anlamında derveze fiili, dilenci karşılığında ise mütederviz kelimesi yer yer kullanılmıştır. Bu kelimenin de Farsça asıllı olduğu bilinmektedir. Ayrıca İslâm Ortaçağı’nda dilenci, dolandırıcı, şarlatan ve hilebazların topluca kastedildiği benû sâsân tabirine de rastlanmaktadır ki bu tabir toplumun en düşük tabakasını oluşturan, kısmen Fars kökenli serseri dilenciler güruhunu ifade etmek üzere kullanılmıştır.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de, diğer anlamları dışında özellikle dilencilikle ilgili olarak üç âyette “isteyen, dilenen” anlamında sâil , bir âyette bunun çoğulu (sâilîn) geçmektedir; ayrıca bir âyette de fiil kalıbında kullanılmıştır (lâ yes’elûn = dilenmezler). Bu âyetlerin ikisinde, ihtiyacından dolayı isteyenin ve yoksulun zenginlerin mallarında belli bir hakkı olduğu bildirilmekte (ez-Zâriyât 51/19; el-Meâric 70/25), birinde de Hz. Peygamber’e hitaben, “İsteyeni azarlama” buyurulmaktadır (ed-Duhâ 93/10). İyi bir müminin başlıca dinî ve ahlâkî niteliklerinin sıralandığı diğer bir âyette ise (el-Bakara 2/177) bu müminin malından verdiği kimseler arasında ihtiyacından dolayı isteyenler de sayılmaktadır. Böylece Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in, ihtiyacını arzederek yardım isteyen bir kimsenin boş çevrilmesini uygun görmediği anlaşılmaktadır. Fakat öte yandan Bakara sûresinin 273. âyetinde dilencilik insan haysiyetiyle bağdaşmayan bir tutum olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Burada mal yardımı yapılmaya ehil kimselerden söz edilirken, “Durumlarını bilmeyen, müstağni davranmalarından dolayı onları zengin zanneder. Sen onları görünüşlerinden tanırsın; onlar insanlardan ısrarla yardım dilenmezler” denilmektedir. Fahreddin er-Râzî, özellikle son cümleye dayanarak âyette ısrarlı olmaksızın ve yüzsüzlük etmeden dilenenlerin kınanmadığı görüşünde olanların bulunduğunu hatırlatarak kendisinin ise bu görüşe katılmadığını belirtmiştir. Zira âyetin başında geçen, “Durumlarını bilmeyen, müstağni davranmalarından dolayı onları zengin zanneder” ifadesi dilenciliğin onur kırıcı bir davranış olduğunu açıkça göstermekte ve dolaylı olarak dilencileri kınamaktadır (Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , VII, 88).
Hadis kaynaklarında dilencilikle ilgili açıklamalar geniş yer tutar. Hatta birçok hadis kitabında bu konuya dair özel bablar ayrılmıştır. Hz. Peygamber, prensip olarak en temiz kazancın el emeği ve alın teriyle sağlanan kazanç olduğunu vurgulamıştır (bk. Wensinck, Miftâḥu künûzi’s-sünne , “suʾâl” md.). Resûl-i Ekrem’in, yeni müslüman olan bazı kimselerden Allah’ın birliğine inanıp O’na ibadet etmeleri ve namaz kılmaları yanında dilencilik yapmayacaklarına dair söz alması (bk. Müslim, “Zekât”, 108; İbn Mâce, “Cihâd”, 41; Ebû Dâvûd, “Zekât”, 27), İslâm’ın dilencilik karşısındaki tavrını göstermesi bakımından ilgi çekicidir.
Kur’an’da olduğu gibi hadislerde de şerefini koruyan yoksullarla fakirliği istismar eden ve dilenmeyi bir kazanç yolu sayanlar arasındaki ahlâkî farka dikkat çekilmiştir. Bu hadislerin birinde, “Yoksul (miskin) bir iki hurma veya birkaç lokma ile baştan savılan kişi değildir; asıl yoksul müstağni davranan (müteaffif) kimsedir. İsterseniz, «Onlar insanlardan ısrarla istemezler» âyetini okuyunuz” (Müslim, “Zekât”, 102) denilerek dilenmenin İslâm ahlâkında başlıca bir fazilet olan malî iffet anlayışıyla bağdaşmadığı ortaya konmuştur. Elinin emeğiyle geçinme imkânı varken dilenenlerin, özellikle bu şekilde mal biriktirmek için avuç açıp isteyenlerin aslında cehennem ateşi talep ettiklerini (Müslim, “Zekât”, 105); bunların, dünyada yüzsüzlük ederek dilenmelerine karşılık âhirette yüz etleri soyulmuş olarak Allah’ın huzuruna çıkacaklarını ifade eden (Buhârî, “Zekât”, 52; Müslim, “Zekât”, 103, 104) hadisler dilenciliğin uhrevî cezasının ağırlığını göstermektedir. Âyet ve hadislerde, başkasından yardım istemenin hem onur kırıcı hem de uhrevî cezalar gerektiren bir tutum olarak gösterilmesi sahâbîleri derinden etkilemiştir. Nitekim, “Onlardan birinin kamçısı yere düşse herhangi bir kimseden kamçısını kendisine vermesini bile istemez” anlamındaki rivayet, sahâbîlerin dilencilik karşısındaki duyarlılıklarını ifade etmek üzere çeşitli kaynaklarda ve değişik ifadelerle nakledilmiştir (meselâ bk. Müslim, “Zekât”, 108; Ebû Dâvûd, “Zekât”, 27).
İslâm âlimleri dilenciliğin prensip olarak câiz görülmemesinin sebeplerini şöyle sıralamışlardır: 1. Allah Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de insanlar da dahil olmak üzere bütün canlıların rızıklarını vereceğini vaad etmiştir (meselâ bk. Hûd 11/6). Bundan dolayı ihtiyaç sahibi olan insan bunu önce Allah’a arzetmelidir. Şu halde başkalarına el açmak, Allah’ın bütün canlılara verdiği rızık garantisine güvenmeme anlamı taşır. Kölenin dilenmesi nasıl efendisine hakaret ise kullarının başkalarına el açması da Allah’a karşı saygısızlıktır. 2. Bir müslüman kendisini sadece Allah karşısında küçük görebilir. Bu durum kulluk anlamına geldiği için zillet değil izzettir. Dilenci ise sabırsızlık göstererek ihtiyacını Allah’tan başkasına arzettiği için kendisini küçük düşürmüştür. Böyle davranmakla da kendisine haksızlık etmiş sayılır. 3 . Dilenciye yardım eden kişi her zaman samimi olmayabilir. Başka bir ifadeyle insan bazan vermediği takdirde kendisine yapılacak tarizlerden utandığı, bazan da gösterişten (riya) hoşlandığı için dilenciye yardım yapma durumunda kalabilir. Bu şekilde gerçekleşen dilencilik ise vereni psikolojik baskı altında tutma anlamı taşıdığından bir bakıma zulüm ve eziyet olur.
Tarih boyunca her ülkede zenginlerin yanında fakirler ve yoksullar da bulunmuştur. Kur’an ve Sünnet’in ruhuna uygun olan davranış, ülkedeki fakirlerin tesbit edilerek ihtiyaçlarının devletin sosyal kuruluşları tarafından karşılanmasıdır. Eğer devletin bu tür kuruluşları yoksa veya bunlar yetersiz kalıyorsa o takdirde zengin olan kişilerin fakirlerin ihtiyaçlarını karşılaması gerekir. İslâm âlimlerine göre bir kişi çalışamayacak derecede güçsüz düşmüş ve herhangi bir şekilde zaruri ihtiyaçları karşılanmamışsa onun dilenmesi câizdir. Buna göre İslâm’da dilencilik kazanç yolu değil zaruret haliyle sınırlı bir ruhsattır. İslâm âlimleri bu ruhsatın verilmesinde aşağıdaki şartları aramışlardır: 1. Başkalarına el açan kişinin gerçekten zaruret içinde olması gerekir. Bu durumdaki bir kimse, bir süre beklemekle ihtiyacını karşılama imkânına sahipse ve bundan dolayı ağır zarar görmeyecekse beklemeyi tercih ederek dilencilik yapmamalıdır. Dilenmeyi mubah kılan zaruret halinin tesbiti çeşitli dönem ve yerlerdeki ekonomik şartlara göre değişmektedir. Meselâ bir günlük (sabah akşam) yiyeceğe sahip bulunan müslümanın dilenmeye hakkı olmadığı vurgulanmıştır. Buna göre sabit gelirli kimseler ücret veya maaşlarını alabilecekleri, ticaret veya zanaatla uğraşanlar da malî imkânlarına kavuşacakları zamana kadar ödünç vb. bir yolla asgarî geçimlerini sağlayamayacak durumda bulunuyorlarsa dilenebilirler. Dilenme, ihtiyaç sahibinin içinde bulunduğu zaruret haliyle orantılı ve onunla sınırlı olmalıdır. Zaruret hali ortadan kalkınca başkalarına el açmaktan vazgeçmek gerekir. 2. Dilenen kişi şahsiyetini korumalıdır. Uygun gördüğü varlıklı kişiye ihtiyacını anlatmakla yetinmeli, ondan açıkça bir şey istememelidir. Eğer istemek mecburiyetinde kalırsa ısrar etmemeli ve kendisini küçük düşürücü davranışlardan kaçınmalıdır. 3. Kendisinden yardım istenen kişinin seçiminde isabetli hareket edilmelidir. Yardımına başvurulacak kimsenin fakirin halinden anlayan, malında yoksulun da hakkı bulunduğunun şuurunda olan, dilenciyi azarlamayan, yaptığı iyiliği başa kakmayan (bk. el-Bakara 2/264), ayrıca alçak gönüllü, güler yüzlü ve hoşgörülü bir kişi olması arzu edilir. Âlimler, gönül rızâsı ile vermeyen kişiden sadaka almayı câiz görmemişler ve bu şekilde alınan şeyin mümkünse aynının, değilse bedelinin geri verilmesi gerektiğini söylemişlerdir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “sʾel” md.
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “sʾel” md.
Miftâḥu künûzi’s-sünne , “suʾâl” md.
Müsned , I, 164, 167; II, 15, 88, 248, 257, 300, 395, 418, 495; V, 172, 181.
Buhârî, “Zekât”, 18, 50, 52, 53, “Müsâḳāt”, 13.
Müslim, “Zekât”, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108.
İbn Mâce, “Zekât”, 15, “Cihâd”, 41, 42.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Zekât”, 27.
Nesâî, “Zekât”, 85.
Ebû Ubeyd, el-Emvâl , s. 490.
Mâverdî, Edebü’d-dünyâ ve’d-dîn , İstanbul 1985, s. 191-200.
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ , IV, 197-203, 216.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , Beyrut 1410/1990, VII, 88.
İbn Teymiyye, Mecmûʿatü’r-resâʾil , I, 20-24.
Hüseyin b. Abdüssamed el-Hârisî, Nûrü’l-ḥaḳīḳa ve nûrü’l-ḥadîḳa (nşr. M. Cevâd el-Celâlî), Kum 1403/1983, s. 235-240.
Ali el-Kārî, Mirḳātü’l-mefâtîḥ , Beyrut 1412/1992, II, 456.
Şah Veliyyullah ed-Dihlevî, Ḥüccetullāhi’l-bâliġa (nşr. Seyyid Sâbık), Kahire, ts. (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-hadîse), II, 512-514.
Tecrid Tercemesi , V, 89-96.
Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , V, 73-74.
Ch. Pellat, “Mukaddī”, EI2 (İng.) , VII, 493-495.
C. E. Bosworth, “Banū Sāsān”, EIr. , III, 721.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 298-300 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
TASAVVUF. Dilencilik bir meslek, dilenmek de bir geçim yolu olarak kabul edilmemekle beraber başlangıçtan beri İslâm toplumunda çeşitli sebeplerle dilenenler ve bu yolla geçimlerini sağlayan zümreler görülmüştür. Bunların başında bazı mutasavvıflar ve dervişler gelir. Dünyayı terkeden, var olan mal ve servetlerini elden çıkardıktan sonra fakir bir hayat yaşayan bazı sûfîler geçinebilmek için zaman zaman dilenmek zorunda kalırlardı. İlk sûfîlerden Ebü’l-Hüseyin en-Nûrî’nin dilendiği, Ebû Saîd el-Harrâz’ın “şey’en lillâh” deyip halka avuç açtığı bilinmektedir (Ebû Tâlib el-Mekkî, II, 206; Gazzâlî, IV, 216). Büyük sûfîler de müridlerin kibrini kırmak ve mütevazi olmalarını sağlamak maksadıyla onları dilendirir, melâmet ehli ise kınanmak için hem dilenir hem de çevrelerinde toplananlara dilencilik yapmalarını emrederlerdi. Bu yüzden Bağdatlı bir sûfî, nefsine dilencilik zilletini tattırmadan ağzına bir lokma koymazdı (Serrâc, s. 253).
Çalışıp kazanmayı terkederek bütün zamanı ibadete ayırmanın ve rızık konusunda Allah’a tevekkül etmenin dinî bir tavır olduğuna inanan dervişler geçim sıkıntısı çekince dilenmek zorunda kaldıklarından (Ebû Tâlib el-Mekkî, I, 29; II, 192) Cüneyd-i Bağdâdî gibi ünlü sûfîler sadakalarını dervişlere veren servet sahiplerini övmüşlerdir (Serrâc, s. 466). Şeyhler, tasavvuf yoluna girmek isteyenleri odun taşıtmak, abdesthane temizletmek ve dilencilik yaptırmak suretiyle dener, çile çektirir ve bu şekilde benliklerini kırarlardı.
Tekkeler kurulduktan sonra dervişlerin eline “keşkül-i fukarâ” denilen bir çanak verilir, bunu alan derviş “şey’en lillâh” diyerek topladığı sadakaları ve erzakı tekkeye getirirdi; böylece vakıfların yanı sıra bu yoldan da bazı tekke sakinlerinin gıda ihtiyacı karşılanırdı. Bununla beraber sûfîlerin çoğunda bir zaruret hali olmadan dilenmeme, dilenmek zorunda kalınca da bunu ihtiyaç haliyle sınırlı tutma yönünde kuvvetli bir temayül mevcuttur. Bişr el-Hâfî üç çeşit derviş bulunduğunu söyler. Bazıları ne dilenir ne de verileni alır; bazıları dilenmez, ancak verilince alır; bazıları da zaruret halinde ihtiyacı kadar dilenir (Ebû Tâlib el-Mekkî, II, 195; Sülemî, s. 47). Sûfîlikte aslolan, Allah’tan başka hiç kimseden hiçbir şey beklememek ve istememektir. Bundan dolayı Râbia el-Adeviyye gibi sûfîler, belli bir mertebede Allah’tan kendi zâtından başkasını istemeyi uygun bulmamışlardır. Bununla beraber mecburiyet karşısında dilenenlerin davranışlarını düzenleyen birtakım kurallar da konulmuştur. Buna göre ihtiyaç içinde bulunan fakir önce sabreder, dilenmez, mecbur olunca sadece zaruri ihtiyacını karşılayacak kadar dilenir; helâl yoldan kazananlardan yardım ister; dilenmeyi âdet ve meslek haline getirmez; kendisine yardım edeni övmez, vermeyeni de yermez; verilenin ihtiyaçtan fazla olan kısmını tasadduk eder (Ebû Tâlib el-Mekkî, II, 195; Gazzâlî, IV, 206).
İlk sûfîler arasında yaygın olmayan dilencilik sonraki asırlarda yaygınlaşmış ve birtakım dilenci derviş zümreleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Uzun saçlı, sakallı, yırtık ve yamalı cübbeli, derbeder görünümlü dervişler dualar ve ilâhiler okuyarak, bazan halkın keramet saydığı acayip hareketler yaparak özellikle üç aylarda ve hasat zamanlarında dolaşır ve bu yoldan geçimlerini sağlamaya çalışırlardı. Esasen sözlükte derviş kelimesi “dilenci” anlamına gelir (Dihhudâ, XIII, 520).
Bazı medrese öğrencileriyle hocalarının bilhassa üç aylarda ve hasat mevsimlerinde halkı irşad amacıyla dolaşıp vaaz ve nasihat etmelerini, buna karşılık halkın onlara aynî veya nakdî hediyeler vermesini dilencilik şeklinde yorumlamak isabetli değildir. Zira İslâmî bilgi ve kültürün halk arasında yayılmasında önemli payı olan bu uygulamanın istismarı neticesinde ortaya çıkan ve dilenciliğe varan tutum ve davranışlara karşı bizzat ulemâ ve vâizler de mücadele etmişlerdir (bk. CER ).
İslâm’da dilenmek hoş karşılanmamakla beraber Kur’ân-ı Kerîm varlıklı kişileri isteyene yardımda bulunmaya teşvik eder (bk. el-Bakara 2/177; ez-Zâriyât 51/19; el-Meâric 70/25; ed-Duhâ 93/10; Fahreddin er-Râzî, V, 42; XXVIII, 205-220; XXXII, 219). At üstünde bile gelse dilencinin elinin boş çevrilmemesini tavsiye eden bir hadis de rivayet edilir (el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “Ṣadaḳa”, 3; Ebû Dâvûd, “Zekat”, 33).
İslâm âleminde çaresiz kaldıklarından dilenenler olduğu gibi dilenciliği meslek edinenler de mevcuttur. Yollarda, kavşaklarda, cami kapılarında avuç açıp dilenenler arasında, bu yoldan kazandıkları paralarla büyük servet sahibi olanlar bulunduğu gibi sakat insanları ve özellikle çocukları dilenmeye zorlayanlar, hatta sırf dilencilik yaptırmak için çocukları sakat hale getirenler de vardır. Geçinmek için yüzsuyu dökerek zaruret ölçüsünde dilenenlerle para kazanmak için dilenenlerin eşit tutulamayacağı açıktır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “Ṣadaḳa”, 3.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Zekât”, 33.
İbn Abdürabbih, el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd , III, 38-40; VI, 204-217.
Serrâc, el-Lümaʿ , s. 253, 255, 466.
Ebû Tâlib el-Mekkî, Ḳūtü’l-ḳulûb , Kahire 1310, I, 29, 31; II, 192-208.
Sülemî, Ṭabaḳāt , s. 47.
a.mlf., Tasavvufun Ana İlkeleri: Sülemî’nin Risaleleri (nşr. ve trc. Süleyman Ateş), Ankara 1401/1981, Arapça kısmı, s. 187-207.
a.mlf., Uṣûlü’l-Melâmiyye ve ġalaṭâtü’ṣ-ṣûfiyye , Kahire 1985, s. 177-178.
Hücvîrî, Keşfü’l-maḥcûb , s. 467-470.
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ , IV, 203, 206, 210, 216.
Attâr, Teẕkiretü’l-evliyâʾ , Leiden, ts., II, 339.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , V, 42; XXVIII, 205-220; XXXII, 219.
Sühreverdî, ʿAvârifü’l-maʿârif , Beyrut 1966, s. 153.
Nevevî, Şerḥu Müslim , VII, 124-138.
İbn Teymiyye, Mecmûʿatü’r-resâʾil , I, 38.
Hatîb et-Tebrîzî, Mişkâtü’l-Meṣâbîḥ (nşr. M. Nâsırüddin el-Elbânî), Dımaşk 1380/1961, I, 578-584.
Ahmed Refik [Altınay], Onuncu Asr-ı Hicrîde İstanbul Hayatı (haz. Abdullah Uysal), Ankara 1987, 28 Rebîülevvel 982, 17 Ağustos 1575 tarihli ferman.
Muhammed b. Müflih el-Makdisî, el-Âdâbü’ş-şerʿiyye ve’l-mineḥu’l-merʿiyye , Kahire 1987, III, 280-282.
Dihhudâ, Luġatnâme , XIII, 520.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 300 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.