DİN EĞİTİMİNDE DİNİ DÜŞÜNCENİN GELİŞTİRİLMESİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 79 – 94, 30.06.2024

Mehmet Su

https://doi.org/10.30627/cuilah.1446238

Öz

Religious education has many aims such as transferring religious culture, providing information about religious beliefs, strengthening loyalties, and developing the habit of worship. In addition to these aims, religious education is also expected to develop religious thought. However, the extent to which this is realised is often overlooked. In this study, firstly, the developmental, philosophical and pedagogical foundations that help us understand religious thought are discussed. In addition to this theoretical background of religious thought, the study also includes two case studies that can serve as examples for practitioners. One of these examples is based on a cultural, historical approach, where a problem is first researched in a group and then discussed collaboratively in the classroom. The other model is shaped on the basis of the “Philosophy for Children (P4C)” curriculum and is based on students examining a topic in the classroom environment on the basis of a religious text (parable/story). Based on the data provided by the literature examined in the study and the aforementioned examples, it was concluded that religious education approaches that encourage critical, multi-faceted thinking and in which students interact collaboratively can develop religious thought. The study was prepared as a case study in qualitative design and document analysis technique was used as a data collection tool.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Religious Education, Religious Thinking, Philosophy for Children, Dialogue, Inquiry.

Kaynakça

• Akkocaoğlu Çayır, Nihan – Akkoyunlu, Buket. “Çocuklar İçin Felsefe Eğitimi Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma”. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry 7/2 (21 Nisan 2016), 97. https://doi.org/10.17569/tojqi.91449
• Anderson, Shayne. “Critical Thinking in Religious Education”. Religious Educator: Perspectives on the Restored Gospel 18/3 (01 Eylül 2017), 69-81.
• Boyatzis, Chris J. “Spiritual development during childhood and adolescence”. The Oxford handbook of psychology and spirituality. 151-164. Oxford library of psychology. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press, 2012.
• Bunge, Marcia J. The Child in Christian Thought. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2001.
• Busch, Justin T. A. vd. “The Coexistence of Natural and Supernatural Explanations within and across Domains and Development”. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 35/1 (2017), 4-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12164
• Büttner, Gerhard. “How Theologizing with Children can Work”. British Journal of Religious Education 29/2 (01 Mart 2007), 127-139.
• Cavalletti, Sofia. The Religious Potential of the Child: The Description of an Experience with Children from Ages Three to Six. New York: Paulist Pr, 1983.
• Davoodi, Telli – Lombrozo, Tania. “Explaining the Existential: Scientific and Religious Explanations Play Different Functional Roles”. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 151/5 (2022), 1199-1218. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001129
• Elkind, David. “The Origins of Religion in the Child”. Review of Religious Research 12/1 (1970), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.2307/3510932
• Fidan, Nurettin. Okulda Öğrenme ve Öğretme. İstanbul: Pegem Akademi, 2012.
• Fowler, James. Faith Development in Early Childhood. Kansas City, MO: Sheed & Ward, 1989.
• Goldman, Ronald. Religious Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence. London: Routledge, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003260684
• Gottlieb, Eli. “Development of Religious Thinking”. Religious Education 101/2 (01 Temmuz 2006), 242-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344080600640269
• Hannam, Patricia. “P4C and Religious Education in England”. Philosophy for Children Through the SecondaryCurriculum. 2012, 127-145.
• Harman, Ömer Faruk. “Süleyman”. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 38/56-60, 2010. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/suleyman
• Hashim, Rosnani. “P4C in the Context of Muslim Education”. History, Theory and Practices of Philosophy for Children: International Perspectives. ed. Saeed Naji – Rosnani Hashim. Routledge, 2017.
• Hoge, R. – Petrillo, Gregory H. “Development of Religious Thinking in Adolescence: A Test of Goldman’s Theories”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 17/2 (1978), 139-154. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386157
• Homayoonfard, Anita – Sajjadi, Seyyed Mahdi. “A Study on Common Factors between Critical Thinking and Religious Education”. Management Science Letters 2/6 (01 Ekim 2012), 2199-2204. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2012.05.027
• Hyde, Kenneth Edwin. Religion in Childhood and Adolescence: A Comprehensive Review of the Research. Birmingham, Ala: Religious Education Pr, First Edition, 1990.
• Ilechukwu, Leonard Chidi. “Introducing Critical Thinking in Religious Education Classroom”. Journal of Education and Practice, 5/9 (2014), 13-17.
• Jawoniyi, Oduntan. “Religious Education, Critical Thinking, Rational Autonomy, and the Child’s Right to an Open Future”. Religion & Education 42/1 (02 Ocak 2015), 34-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/15507394.2013.859960
• Kur’an Yolu Türkçe Meal ve Tefsir (5 Cilt Takım). Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı, 2020.
• Legare, Cristine H. vd. “The Coexistence of Natural and Supernatural Explanations Across Cultures and Development”. Child Development 83/3 (2012), 779-793. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01743.x
• Lipman, Matthew vd. Philosophy in the Classroom. Published for the Institute for the Advancement of Philosophy for Children, Montclair State College, 1977.
• Lipman, Matthew. Thinking in Education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2. Basım, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511840272
• Matthews, Gareth B. Philosophy and the Young Child. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980. Mullin, Amy. “Children, Autonomy, and Care”. Journal of Social Philosophy 38/4 (2007), 536-553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9833.2007.00397.x
• Nurasyiah, Candra Wijaya. “The Influence of Learnıng Strategıes and Logıcal Thınkıng Skılls on the Learnıng Outcomes of Islamıc Relıgıous Educatıon and Ethics”. International Journal of Islamic Education, Research and Multiculturalism (IJIERM) 3/3 (2021), 197-215.
• Oruç, Cemil. “Din Eğitimi Açısından Çocuk Teolojisi ve İlahiyat Fakülteleri İçin Bir Öneri”. In., Din Eğitiminde Kalite, İstanbul: Dem, 2014, pp.125-152.
• Oruç, Cemil – Köylü, Mustafa. Çocukluk Dönemi Din Eğitimi. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları, 2017.
• Oser, Fritz. “The Development of Religious Judgement”. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 1991, 15-25.
• Pritchard, Michael. “Philosophy for Children”. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ed. Edward N. Zalta. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, Summer 2022., 2022. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2022/entries/children/
• Richert, Rebekah vd. “The role of religious context in children’s differentiation between God’s mind and human minds”. The British journal of developmental psychology 35 (26 Ekim 2016), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12160
• Sahin, Abdullah. “Exploring the Religious Life-World and Attitude toward Islam among British Muslim Adolescents”. Religion, Education and Adolescence. University of Wales Press: Religion, education and adolescence, (2005), 164-186.
• Schweitzer, Friedrich. “Adolescents as Theologians: A New Approach in Christian Education and Youth Ministry”. Religious Education 109/2 (2014), 184-200.
• Siegel, Harvey (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Education. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Su, Mehmet. “Çocuklar İçin Felsefe (P4C)” Eğitiminin Dini Düşünce Gelişimine Etkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. (Doktora Tezi: İnönü Üniversitesi), 2022.
• Su, Mehmet. “Gençlik Teolojisi ve Din Eğitimine Yansımaları”. Artuklu Akademi 10/2 (30 Aralık 2023), 269-284. https://doi.org/10.34247/artukluakademi.1351331
• Şeker, Zeynep Cin. “Türkçe Derslerinde Metinlerle Eleştirel Düşünme Becerisinin Geliştirilmesi Bağlamında İşlevsel bir Yaklaşım Önerisi: Çocuklar için Felsefe (P4C)”. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Eğitimi Dergisi 8/1 (30 Haziran 2022), 98-122. https://doi.org/10.47615/issej.1094455
• Taberi, Muhammed b Cerir. Taberi Tefsiri – Camiul Beyan An Tevili Ayıl Kuran (4 Cilt Takım). çev. Muhammed Ersöz vd. Beka Yayınları, 2024.
• Taş, Işıl. Çocuklar için Felsefe Eğitimi Programı`nın 48-72 Aylık Çocukların Zihin Kuramı ve Yaratıcılıklarına Etkisi. (Doktora Tezi: Çukurova Üniversitesi, Konya), 2018. https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/handle/20.500.12812/127717
• Taşdelen, Vefa. “Din Eğitimi ve Bireysel Otonomi: Felsefî Perspektif”. Çocuk ve Medeniyet Dergisi 6/12 (20 Aralık 2021). https://doi.org/10.47646/CMD.2021.259
• Vermeer, Paul. “Meta-Concepts, Thinking Skills and Religious Education”. British Journal of Religious Education 34/3 (Eylül 2012), 333-347.
• Woolley, Jacqueline – Phelps, Katrina. “The Development of Children’s Beliefs about Prayer”. Journal of Cognition and Culture 1/2 (01 Ocak 2001), 139-166.

DİN EĞİTİMİNDE DİNİ DÜŞÜNCENİN GELİŞTİRİLMESİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 79 – 94, 30.06.2024

Mehmet Su

https://doi.org/10.30627/cuilah.1446238

Öz

Din eğitiminin dini kültürü aktarmak, inançlar hakkında bilgi sağlamak, dini bağlılıkları güçlendirmek, ibadet alışkanlığı kazandırmak gibi birçok amacından söz edilebilir. Din eğitiminin bu amaçlarından bağımsız olarak dini düşünceyi de geliştirmesi beklenmektedir. Ancak bunun ne kadar gerçekleştirildiği çoğunlukla göz ardı edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada ilk olarak dini düşünceyi anlamamıza yardım eden gelişimsel, felsefi ve pedagojik temeller ele alınmıştır. Araştırmada ayrıca dini düşüncenin bu teorik arka planı ile birlikte uygulayıcılara örnek oluşturabilecek iki örnek uygulamaya da yer verilmiştir. Bu örneklerden biri kültürel, tarihsel bir yaklaşıma dayalı olarak bir problemin önce grup halinde araştırılması, daha sonra ise iş birliğine dayalı olarak sınıfta tartışılmasını içermektedir. Diğer model ise, “Çocuklar için Felsefe (P4C)” öğretim programı temelinde şekillenmekte ve öğrencilerin sınıf ortamında bir konuyu dini bir metin (kıssa/hikâye) temelinde ele alıp incelemesine dayanmaktadır. Çalışmada incelenen literatürün sunduğu veriler ve söz konusu örneklerden hareketle eleştirel, çok yönlü düşünmeyi teşvik eden, öğrencilerin işbirliğine dayalı olarak etkileşim kurdukları din eğitimi yaklaşımlarının dini düşünceyi geliştirebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Çalışma nitel desende durum çalışması olarak hazırlanmış, veri toplama aracı olarak doküman incelemesi tekniği kullanılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Din Eğitimi, Dini Düşünce, Çocuklar için Felsefe, Diyalog, Sorgulama.

Kaynakça

• Akkocaoğlu Çayır, Nihan – Akkoyunlu, Buket. “Çocuklar İçin Felsefe Eğitimi Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma”. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry 7/2 (21 Nisan 2016), 97. https://doi.org/10.17569/tojqi.91449
• Anderson, Shayne. “Critical Thinking in Religious Education”. Religious Educator: Perspectives on the Restored Gospel 18/3 (01 Eylül 2017), 69-81.
• Boyatzis, Chris J. “Spiritual development during childhood and adolescence”. The Oxford handbook of psychology and spirituality. 151-164. Oxford library of psychology. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press, 2012.
• Bunge, Marcia J. The Child in Christian Thought. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2001.
• Busch, Justin T. A. vd. “The Coexistence of Natural and Supernatural Explanations within and across Domains and Development”. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 35/1 (2017), 4-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12164
• Büttner, Gerhard. “How Theologizing with Children can Work”. British Journal of Religious Education 29/2 (01 Mart 2007), 127-139.
• Cavalletti, Sofia. The Religious Potential of the Child: The Description of an Experience with Children from Ages Three to Six. New York: Paulist Pr, 1983.
• Davoodi, Telli – Lombrozo, Tania. “Explaining the Existential: Scientific and Religious Explanations Play Different Functional Roles”. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 151/5 (2022), 1199-1218. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001129
• Elkind, David. “The Origins of Religion in the Child”. Review of Religious Research 12/1 (1970), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.2307/3510932
• Fidan, Nurettin. Okulda Öğrenme ve Öğretme. İstanbul: Pegem Akademi, 2012.
• Fowler, James. Faith Development in Early Childhood. Kansas City, MO: Sheed & Ward, 1989.
• Goldman, Ronald. Religious Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence. London: Routledge, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003260684
• Gottlieb, Eli. “Development of Religious Thinking”. Religious Education 101/2 (01 Temmuz 2006), 242-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344080600640269
• Hannam, Patricia. “P4C and Religious Education in England”. Philosophy for Children Through the SecondaryCurriculum. 2012, 127-145.
• Harman, Ömer Faruk. “Süleyman”. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 38/56-60, 2010. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/suleyman
• Hashim, Rosnani. “P4C in the Context of Muslim Education”. History, Theory and Practices of Philosophy for Children: International Perspectives. ed. Saeed Naji – Rosnani Hashim. Routledge, 2017.
• Hoge, R. – Petrillo, Gregory H. “Development of Religious Thinking in Adolescence: A Test of Goldman’s Theories”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 17/2 (1978), 139-154. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386157
• Homayoonfard, Anita – Sajjadi, Seyyed Mahdi. “A Study on Common Factors between Critical Thinking and Religious Education”. Management Science Letters 2/6 (01 Ekim 2012), 2199-2204. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2012.05.027
• Hyde, Kenneth Edwin. Religion in Childhood and Adolescence: A Comprehensive Review of the Research. Birmingham, Ala: Religious Education Pr, First Edition, 1990.
• Ilechukwu, Leonard Chidi. “Introducing Critical Thinking in Religious Education Classroom”. Journal of Education and Practice, 5/9 (2014), 13-17.
• Jawoniyi, Oduntan. “Religious Education, Critical Thinking, Rational Autonomy, and the Child’s Right to an Open Future”. Religion & Education 42/1 (02 Ocak 2015), 34-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/15507394.2013.859960
• Kur’an Yolu Türkçe Meal ve Tefsir (5 Cilt Takım). Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı, 2020.
• Legare, Cristine H. vd. “The Coexistence of Natural and Supernatural Explanations Across Cultures and Development”. Child Development 83/3 (2012), 779-793. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01743.x
• Lipman, Matthew vd. Philosophy in the Classroom. Published for the Institute for the Advancement of Philosophy for Children, Montclair State College, 1977.
• Lipman, Matthew. Thinking in Education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2. Basım, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511840272
• Matthews, Gareth B. Philosophy and the Young Child. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980. Mullin, Amy. “Children, Autonomy, and Care”. Journal of Social Philosophy 38/4 (2007), 536-553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9833.2007.00397.x
• Nurasyiah, Candra Wijaya. “The Influence of Learnıng Strategıes and Logıcal Thınkıng Skılls on the Learnıng Outcomes of Islamıc Relıgıous Educatıon and Ethics”. International Journal of Islamic Education, Research and Multiculturalism (IJIERM) 3/3 (2021), 197-215.
• Oruç, Cemil. “Din Eğitimi Açısından Çocuk Teolojisi ve İlahiyat Fakülteleri İçin Bir Öneri”. In., Din Eğitiminde Kalite, İstanbul: Dem, 2014, pp.125-152.
• Oruç, Cemil – Köylü, Mustafa. Çocukluk Dönemi Din Eğitimi. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları, 2017.
• Oser, Fritz. “The Development of Religious Judgement”. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 1991, 15-25.
• Pritchard, Michael. “Philosophy for Children”. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ed. Edward N. Zalta. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, Summer 2022., 2022. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2022/entries/children/
• Richert, Rebekah vd. “The role of religious context in children’s differentiation between God’s mind and human minds”. The British journal of developmental psychology 35 (26 Ekim 2016), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12160
• Sahin, Abdullah. “Exploring the Religious Life-World and Attitude toward Islam among British Muslim Adolescents”. Religion, Education and Adolescence. University of Wales Press: Religion, education and adolescence, (2005), 164-186.
• Schweitzer, Friedrich. “Adolescents as Theologians: A New Approach in Christian Education and Youth Ministry”. Religious Education 109/2 (2014), 184-200.
• Siegel, Harvey (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Education. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Su, Mehmet. “Çocuklar İçin Felsefe (P4C)” Eğitiminin Dini Düşünce Gelişimine Etkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. (Doktora Tezi: İnönü Üniversitesi), 2022.
• Su, Mehmet. “Gençlik Teolojisi ve Din Eğitimine Yansımaları”. Artuklu Akademi 10/2 (30 Aralık 2023), 269-284. https://doi.org/10.34247/artukluakademi.1351331
• Şeker, Zeynep Cin. “Türkçe Derslerinde Metinlerle Eleştirel Düşünme Becerisinin Geliştirilmesi Bağlamında İşlevsel bir Yaklaşım Önerisi: Çocuklar için Felsefe (P4C)”. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Eğitimi Dergisi 8/1 (30 Haziran 2022), 98-122. https://doi.org/10.47615/issej.1094455
• Taberi, Muhammed b Cerir. Taberi Tefsiri – Camiul Beyan An Tevili Ayıl Kuran (4 Cilt Takım). çev. Muhammed Ersöz vd. Beka Yayınları, 2024.
• Taş, Işıl. Çocuklar için Felsefe Eğitimi Programı`nın 48-72 Aylık Çocukların Zihin Kuramı ve Yaratıcılıklarına Etkisi. (Doktora Tezi: Çukurova Üniversitesi, Konya), 2018. https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/handle/20.500.12812/127717
• Taşdelen, Vefa. “Din Eğitimi ve Bireysel Otonomi: Felsefî Perspektif”. Çocuk ve Medeniyet Dergisi 6/12 (20 Aralık 2021). https://doi.org/10.47646/CMD.2021.259
• Vermeer, Paul. “Meta-Concepts, Thinking Skills and Religious Education”. British Journal of Religious Education 34/3 (Eylül 2012), 333-347.
• Woolley, Jacqueline – Phelps, Katrina. “The Development of Children’s Beliefs about Prayer”. Journal of Cognition and Culture 1/2 (01 Ocak 2001), 139-166.

Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Kaynak Göster

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