DİPLOMATİK KORUMA VE KONSOLOSLUK YARDIMINDA ÇOKLU VATANDAŞLIK

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 59, 345 – 386, 12.07.2024

Bilge Erson Asar , Gizem Perçin

https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1515066

Öz

The rights and obligations arising from nationality, defined as a legal bond between the state and the individual, primarily occur in the country where the state of nationality exercises its sovereignty. Nevertheless, the increasing numbers of population mobility has resulted in many individuals residing in countries where they have lack of citizenship. These individuals, who are recognized as foreigners in terms of the state in which they reside, may have to defend their rights within the legal order of that state and seek redress for damages in case their rights are violated. In those states, where foreigners are also foreign to the legal system, as a rule, the consular assistance they need to defend their rights and the diplomatic protection they seek for the redress of their violated rights can be granted to them by the state to which they have nationality. In some cases where the foreigner has the nationality of more than one State, it remains to be resolved which State of nationality will provide both consular assistance and diplomatic protection, or whether both States of nationality can take action. Moreover, whether multiple/dual nationality States can claim consular assistance and diplomatic protection against each other is another problem. In this study, both the ability of each State of nationality to provide consular assistance and diplomatic protection in cases where the individual is a foreigner in terms of the receiving State and the state of violation, and the possibility of such assistance and protection between the States of nationality of the individual are evaluated, and the conditions and criteria required in this regard are emphasized. In this context, in terms of diplomatic protection, the main argument of the study is that in cases where multiple nationality states act separately, violating state can carry out subsequent processes with the effective (predominant) nationality state; although, it is not necessary to apply such a criterion in cases where nationality states act together. In terms of consular assistance, given that the institution in question is based on the difficulties that an individual may face in a legal system to which he or she is a foreigner, it is accepted that the right of multiple nationality States to provide consular assistance in receiving State, either jointly or separately, is in accordance with the principle of sovereign equality; however, there is no obligation to provide consular assistance for a person arrested in one of the nationality States.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Multiple nationality, dual nationality, diplomatic protection, consular assistance, effective nationality, genuine link, LaGrand, Avena, Jadhav, Nottebohm, Diallo

Etik Beyan

This article is not subject to Ethics Committee permission.

Kaynakça

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DİPLOMATİK KORUMA VE KONSOLOSLUK YARDIMINDA ÇOKLU VATANDAŞLIK

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 59, 345 – 386, 12.07.2024

Bilge Erson Asar , Gizem Perçin

https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1515066

Öz

Devlet ile birey arasında hukuki bir bağ olarak tanımlanan vatandaşlığa bağlı hak ve yükümlülükler, öncelikle vatandaşlık devletinin egemenlik yetkisini kullandığı ülke üzerinde doğmaktadır. Ancak günümüzde yoğun bir artış gösteren nüfus hareketliliği, birçok bireyin vatandaşlık bağı ile bağlı olmadığı devletlerin ülkelerinde bulunmaları sonucunu doğurmuştur. Bulundukları devlet bakımından yabancı statüsünde kabul edilen bu bireyler, o devletin hukuk düzeni içerisinde haklarını savunmak, haklarının ihlal edilmesi halinde ise zararlarının giderilmesini talep etmek zorunda kalabilmektedir. Yabancıların, hukuk sistemine de yabancı oldukları bu devletlerde, haklarını savunmak bakımından ihtiyaç duydukları konsolosluk yardımı ve ihlal edilen haklarının giderimi için aradıkları diplomatik koruma, kural olarak, vatandaşlık bağı ile bağlı oldukları devlet tarafından kendilerine verilebilmektedir. Ancak yabancının birden fazla devlet vatandaşlığına sahip olması durumunda, gerek konsolosluk yardımı gerek diplomatik korumanın hangi vatandaşlık devleti tarafından sağlanacağı ya da vatandaşlık devletlerinin her ikisinin de harekete geçip geçemeyeceği çözüme kavuşturulması gereken meselelerdir. Ayrıca çoklu vatandaşlık devletlerinin konsolosluk yardımı ile diplomatik korumayı birbirlerine karşı ileri sürüp süremeyecekleri de bu konuda başka bir sorun olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, hem bireyin kabul eden devlet ve ihlal devleti bakımından yabancı olduğu durumlarda her bir vatandaşlık devletinin konsolosluk yardımı ve diplomatik korumada bulunabilmesi, hem de bireyin vatandaşlık devletleri arasında bu yardım ve korumanın mümkün olup olmadığı değerlendirilmiş; konuyla ilgili aranan koşul ve kriterler üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın diplomatik koruma bakımından, temel argümanı çoklu vatandaşlık devletlerinin ayrı ayrı hareket ettiği hallerde ihlal devletinin etkin vatandaşlık devleti ile sonraki süreçleri yürütebileceği; ancak vatandaşlık devletlerinin birlikte hareket ettikleri durumlarda böyle bir kriterin uygulanmasının gerekli olmadığıdır. Temel amacı, yabancı olduğu bir hukuk sisteminde karşılaşabileceği zorluklar karşısında bireyi desteklemek olan konsolosluk yardımında ise, çoklu vatandaşlık devletlerinin, kabul eden devlette, birlikte veya ayrı ayrı konsolosluk yardımı sağlama haklarının devletlerin egemen eşitlik ilkesine uygun olduğu; bununla birlikte vatandaşlık devletlerinden birinde özgürlüğü kısıtlanan birey bakımından konsolosluk yardımının sağlanması yükümlülüğünün bulunmadığı kabul edilmedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çoklu vatandaşlık, çifte vatandaşlık, diplomatik koruma, konsolosluk yardımı, etkin vatandaşlık, gerçek bağ, LaGrand, Avena, Jadhav, Nottebohm, Diallo

Etik Beyan

Bu makale Etik Kurul iznine tabi değildir.

Kaynakça

  • Akkutay Aİ, Diplomatik Koruma ve İnsan Hakları İlişkisi (Adalet 2013)
  • Aksar Y, Teoride ve Uygulamada Uluslararası Hukuku II (Seçkin 2013)
  • Albayrak G (çev.), ‘Diplomatik Koruma Hakkında Taslak Maddeler’ [2019] Yıldırım Beyazıt Hukuk Dergisi 501–507
  • Amerasinghe CF, Diplomatic Protection (Oxford University Press 2008)
  • Angelet N, ‘Consular Treaties’, The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (online, 2023)
  • Arevalo-Ramirez WO and MacLean RJB, ‘Dual Nationality and International Law in Times of Globalization. Challenges and Opportunities for Consular Assistance and Diplomatic Protection in Recent Cases’ (2020) 17 Brazilian Journal of International Law 288–309
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  • Aybay R, Özbek N and Ersen Perçin G, Vatandaşlık Hukuku (Siyasal Kitabevi 2019)
  • Bal A, ‘Devletin Uluslararası Sorumluluğa Ağırlıklı Olarak Diplomatik Himaye Çerçevesinde Başvurması: İç Başvuru Yollarının Tüketilmesi Şartının Uygulanabilirliği’ (2021) 79 İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası / Istanbul Law Review 543–597
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  • — —, Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law (9th Edition, Oxford University Press 2019)
  • Demirkol B, ‘Uluslararası Hukukta Dikkate Alınan Vatandaşlık: Gerçek Kişilerde “Etkin Vatandaşlık” Sorunsalı’ [2015] Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 159–193
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  • — —, ‘Consuls: Appointment, Functions, and Status’ in Ivor Roberts (ed), Satow’s diplomatic practice (Eighth edition, Oxford University Press 2023)
  • Doğan V, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (19th edn, Rehber Yayıncılık 2023)
  • Đorđeska M, General Principles of Law Recognized by Civilized Nations (1922-2018) (Brill | Nijhoff 2020)
  • Dugard J, ‘Diplomatic Protection’ in James Crawford and others (eds), The law of international responsibility (Oxford University Press 2010)
  • — —, ‘Diplomatic Protection’, The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (online, 2021)
  • Dupuy P-M and Hoss C, ‘Avena and Other Mexican Nationals Case (Mexico v United States of America)’, Max Planck Encyclopedias of International Law (online, 2009)
  • Erdem BB, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (9th edn, Beta Yayınevi 2022)
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  • Vattel E de, The Law of Nations, or, Principles of the Law of Nature, Applied to the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns, with Three Early Essays on the Origin and Nature of Natural Law and on Luxury (Bela Kapossy and Richard Whatmore eds, Liberty Fund 2008)
  • Vermeer-Künzli A, ‘Restricting Discretion: Judicial Review of Diplomatic Protection’ (2006) 75 Nordic Journal of International Law 279–307
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  • Whitesell BP, ‘Diamond in the Rough: Mining Article 36(1)(b) of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations for an Individual Right to Due Process’ (2004) 54 Duke Law Journal 587–619
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  • Yılmaz I, ‘Gerçek Kişilerin Vatandaşlığında “Gerçek Bağlantı” İlkesi: Nottebohm Romantizminin Sonu’ (2021) 0 Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 965–1011
  • Yüksel C and Baran D, ‘Uluslararası Adalet Divanı Kararları Işığında Bireysel Hakların Diplomatik ve Konsüler Haklar Bağlamında Korunması’ (2022) 10 Journal of Penal Law and Criminology / Ceza Hukuku ve Kriminoloji Dergisi 1–40
  • İnternet Kaynakları
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  • ‘Diplomatic and Consular Protection’ <https://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/foreign-policy/international-law/respect-promotion/diplomatic-consular-protection.html> Erişim Tarihi 15 May 2024
  • ‘Dual Citizenship Countries List 2024: Where and How to Get Dual Nationality?’ (Immigrant Invest, 23 August 2022) <https://immigrantinvest.com/blog/countries-that-allow-dual-citizenship-en/> Erişim Tarihi 19 May 2024
  • ‘Huseyin Celil | Amnesty International Canada’ <https://amnesty.ca/huseyin-celil/> Erişim Tarihi 24 May 2024
  • Uluslararası Belgeler
  • ‘Summaries of the Work of the International Law Commission – Diplomatic Protection’ <https://legal.un.org/ilc/summaries/9_8.shtml> Erişim Tarihi 17 May 2024
  • ‘Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, United Nations Treaty Collection’ <https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=III-6&chapter=3> Erişim Tarihi 27 May 2024
  • ILC, ‘Draft Articles on Consular Relations, with Commentaries’ (United Nations 1961) Report of the Commission to the General Assembly
  • — —, ‘First Report on Diplomatic Protection, by Mr. John R. Dugard, Special Rapporteur’ (International Law Commission 2000) A/CN.4/506 and Add. 1
  • — —, ‘Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts with Commentaries’ (International Law Commission 2001) UN Doc A/56/10
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  • American Convention on Human Rights 22 November 1969 (OASTS No 36, 1144 UNTS 123)
  • Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 26.10.2012 Official Journal of the European Union C 326/391
  • Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, 7.6.2016 Official Journal of the European Union C 202, p. 44
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  • Convention on the Rights of the Child 20 November 1989 (1577 UNTS 3)
  • Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States, 575 UNTS 159 18 March 1965
  • Council Directive (EU) 2015/637 on the coordination and cooperation measures to facilitate consular protection for unrepresented citizens of the Union in third countries and repealing Decision 95/553/EC, 24.4.2015, Official Journal of the European Union L 106/1
  • Council of Europe, European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as amended by Protocols Nos. 11,14 and 15 4 November 1950
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  • L F H Neer and Pauline Neer (USA) v United Mexican States (1926) Vol. IV UNRIAA 60–66
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  • Salem Case (Egypt v USA), Award of 8 June 1932 (1932) Vol. II UNRIAA 1161
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  • Esphahanian v Bank Tejarat, Final Award (Award No 31-157-2), Case No 157
  • Iran v United States Case No A/18 [1984] Iran-US CTR A/18, 5 Iran-US Claims Tribunal Reports
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  • Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (Paraguay v United States of America), Order [1998] ICJ Reports 426
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  • The Right to Information on Consular Assistance in the Framework of the Guarantees of the Due Process of Law, Advisory Opinion Oc-16/99 of October 1, 1999 requested by the United Mexican States [1999] IACHR Series A no 16
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Toplam 129 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hukuk (Diğer)
BölümResearch Article
Yazarlar

Bilge Erson Asar MEF ÜNİVERSİTESİ, HUKUK FAKÜLTESİ 0000-0002-8483-2925 Türkiye

Gizem Perçin İSTANBUL AYDIN ÜNİVERSİTESİ, HUKUK FAKÜLTESİ 0000-0003-1724-4012 Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi12 Temmuz 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi31 Mayıs 2024
Kabul Tarihi2 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 59

Kaynak Göster

APAErson Asar, B., & Perçin, G. (2024). DİPLOMATİK KORUMA VE KONSOLOSLUK YARDIMINDA ÇOKLU VATANDAŞLIK. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi(59), 345-386. https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1515066
AMAErson Asar B, Perçin G. DİPLOMATİK KORUMA VE KONSOLOSLUK YARDIMINDA ÇOKLU VATANDAŞLIK. TAAD. Temmuz 2024;(59):345-386. doi:10.54049/taad.1515066
ChicagoErson Asar, Bilge, ve Gizem Perçin. “DİPLOMATİK KORUMA VE KONSOLOSLUK YARDIMINDA ÇOKLU VATANDAŞLIK”. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, sy. 59 (Temmuz 2024): 345-86. https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1515066.
EndNoteErson Asar B, Perçin G (01 Temmuz 2024) DİPLOMATİK KORUMA VE KONSOLOSLUK YARDIMINDA ÇOKLU VATANDAŞLIK. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi 59 345–386.
IEEEB. Erson Asar ve G. Perçin, “DİPLOMATİK KORUMA VE KONSOLOSLUK YARDIMINDA ÇOKLU VATANDAŞLIK”, TAAD, sy. 59, ss. 345–386, Temmuz 2024, doi: 10.54049/taad.1515066.
ISNADErson Asar, Bilge – Perçin, Gizem. “DİPLOMATİK KORUMA VE KONSOLOSLUK YARDIMINDA ÇOKLU VATANDAŞLIK”. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi 59 (Temmuz 2024), 345-386. https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1515066.
JAMAErson Asar B, Perçin G. DİPLOMATİK KORUMA VE KONSOLOSLUK YARDIMINDA ÇOKLU VATANDAŞLIK. TAAD. 2024;:345–386.
MLAErson Asar, Bilge ve Gizem Perçin. “DİPLOMATİK KORUMA VE KONSOLOSLUK YARDIMINDA ÇOKLU VATANDAŞLIK”. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, sy. 59, 2024, ss. 345-86, doi:10.54049/taad.1515066.
VancouverErson Asar B, Perçin G. DİPLOMATİK KORUMA VE KONSOLOSLUK YARDIMINDA ÇOKLU VATANDAŞLIK. TAAD. 2024(59):345-86.

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