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DİYOJEN Skip to content Osmanlı Devleti’nde Türkçe olarak yayımlanan ilk mizah dergilerinden biri.
12 Teşrînisâni 1286’da (24 Kasım 1870) Teodor Kasab tarafından çıkarılmaya başlanmış, 183. sayısında imtiyazı iptal edilerek yayımı durdurulmuştur (29 Kânunuevvel 1288 / 10 Ocak 1873). Bu yayım döneminde dergi dört sayfa olarak 22. sayıya kadar haftada bir defa perşembe günleri, 23. sayıdan 147. sayıya kadar haftada iki defa bir süre salı-cuma, bir süre de çarşamba-cumartesi, 148. sayıdan sonra ise salı, perşembe ve cumartesi günleri olmak üzere haftada üç defa yayımlanmıştır. Hicrî 1289 Ramazanına (sy. 153, Kasım 1872) mahsus olarak her gün bir yapraklık ilâve çıkarmaya başlamışsa da mevcut koleksiyonlarında ilâveler bulunmadığından bunların ay boyunca devam edip etmediği bilinmemektedir.
Diyojen , Osmanlı basın tarihinde Türkçe olarak çıkarılan mizah dergilerinin dördüncüsü olmakla beraber mahiyeti itibariyle ilk siyasî mizah dergisi özelliğine sahiptir. Çünkü bundan birkaç ay önce ardarda çıkarılmaya başlanan Terakkî Mizah (12 Safer 1287 / 14 Mayıs 1870), Asır Eğlence (Cemâziyelâhir 1287 / Ağustos 1870) ve Terakkî Küçük Mizah (10 Şâban 1287 / 5 Kasım 1870) adlı yayınlar, hem gündelik gazetelerin paralı ilâveleri hem de fıkra ve nükteleri son derece soğuk ve seviyesiz yayın organlarıdır.
Teodor Kasab, Fransa’da edindiği mizah kültürü ve gazetecilik tecrübesiyle, çevresine maaşlı olarak topladığı o yılların en kuvvetli kalemleri sayesinde Diyojen ’in devrin en yüksek tirajına ulaşmasını sağlamıştır. Kayserili bir Rum olan Teodor Kasab, çocuk yaşta gittiği İstanbul’da zekâsı sayesinde ilgisini çektiği bir Fransız tarafından Fransa’ya götürülmüş, eğitimini Paris’te görmüş, Alexandre Dumas’nın özel kâtipliğini yapmakla da Fransız yazar ve gazeteci muhiti içinde yetişmiştir. İstanbul’a dönüşünde Fransızca Diogène ve Rumca Momos adında birer mizah dergisi çıkarmış, ayrıca Türkçe Diyojen ’i de yayımlamaya başlamıştır. Bu üç derginin yazarları ile makale ve fıkraları aynıdır. Osmanlılığa son derece bağlı olan Teodor Kasab, o yıllarda Rum ve Yunanlılar’la diğer azınlıkların ayrılıkçı hareketleri ve Osmanlı düşmanlıklarına karşı şiddetle mücadele etmiş ve Osmanlı ülkesinin müşterek unsurların el birliğiyle yükseleceği fikrini müdafaa etmiştir.
Derginin yazarları, makale ve fıkralarını Teodor Kasab’ın tesbit ettiği doğrultuda kaleme alıyorlardı. Şinâsi’nin ölümünü duyurmak için Ebüzziyâ Tevfik’in kaleme aldığı yazıya attığı “Tevfik” imzası (sy. 52) ve gazete sahibinin “ilân” ve “ihtar” başlıklı yazıları (sy. 14, 19) dışında derginin bütün yazıları imzasızdır. Yazılardan bir kısmının kimlere ait olduğu, yazarlarının diğer gazete ve dergilerdeki makalelerinde bizzat belirtmeleri veya aynı konuyu işlerken Diyojen ’deki yazılarından yaptıkları alıntıları yanında hâtıra ve özel mektuplarında zikretmeleriyle kesin olarak tesbit edilebilmiştir. Diyojen ’in başlığı altındaki “Gölge Etme Başka İhsan İstemem” ibaresi, “Encümen-i Ülfet” makalesi (sy. 7), “Lugat” fıkraları (sy. 7, 9, 23+1), “Teşbîhât” (sy. 15), “Nezaketin Öbür Ciheti” (sy. 28), “Sokakta” (sy. 31), “Akdemce Vuku Bulan Bazı Sehviyatın Sahihleri” (sy. 57), “Mîzan” (sy. 57) ve “İki Taraftan Nedâmet” (sy. 58), “Lugat-ı Osmâniye’ye İlâve” (sy. 88), “Ecel-i Kaza” (sy. 167; Ebüzziya’nın piyesi hakkında tenkit) Âli Bey’e aittir. “Bir Yolcu Tarafından Mektup” (sy. 52) ve “Diyojen Tarafından İlân” (sy. 179) Ebüzziyâ Tevfik; “Matbuat” (sy. 36), “Tiyatro” (sy. 44), “Sadr-ı Sâbık Müteveffâ Âlî Paşa Merhumun Vasiyetnâmesi” (sy. 51), “Serbestî-i Matbûât” (sy. 54), “Vasiyetnâme” (sy. 59), “Vasiyetnâme Mahkemesinden” (sy. 61), “İhtar” (sy. 63), “Bulgar Meselesinin Hitâmı” (sy. 122), “Bulgar ve Hason Meselelerinin Neticesi” (sy. 123), “Haddin Varsa Bir Meslek Tut da Onda Devam Et!” (sy. 127), “Meraklı Bir Beyin Sevgili Kedisi Hakkında Söylediği Mersiye-i Mütehassirâne” (sy. 128), “Kedi Mersiyesine Erbâb-ı Kalemden Bir Zâtın Nazîresidir” (sy. 132), “Kapitülasyonlar” (sy. 166) başlıklı yazılarla başlıksız olup daha sonra Ebüzziya Tevfik tarafından tesbit edilen casusluğa dair makale (sy. 55) Nâmık Kemal tarafından kaleme alınmıştır. Teodor Kasab ise tefrika olarak yayımlanan “Monte Kristo” romanını Fransızca’dan tercüme etmiş (sy. 66-123), bundan önce de Voltaire’in Mikromega adlı eseri dergide tefrika olarak verilmiştir (sy. 62-68).
Mahmud Nedim Paşa’nın azlinden sonra (31 Temmuz 1872) Diyojen ’deki (sy. 124’ten itibaren) makale ve fıkraların büyük bir kısmının Nâmık Kemal tarafından kaleme alındığı kabul edilir. Ancak Âli Bey’in Diyojen ’deki mizahî yazı tarzı Nâmık Kemal’inkine çok benzediğinden bazı yazıların kime ait olduğu kesin olarak tesbit edilememektedir. Kaleme aldıkları yazıların adları bilinmemekle beraber Menâpirzâde Nûri Bey ve Kayazâde Reşad Bey de yazı heyetinde bulunmuştur. Bu ekip Yeni Osmanlılar ruhunu ve daha önce bu yolda verdikleri mücadeleyi yazılarıyla devam ettirmiştir. Dergide işlenen konular arasında üzerinde ısrarla durulanlar devrin dâhilî, siyasî ve sosyal olaylarıdır. O sırada Ermeni cemaati Hasonist-Antihasonist olarak ikiye ayrılmış, Rum ve Bulgar Ortodoks kiliseleri çatışmaya girmişti. Bu bakımdan patriklerin birbirlerinin mensuplarını aforoz etmeleri yanında tatlısu Frenkler’inin Paris belediyesini örnek alarak İstanbul belediyesini kurmaya ve şehre atlı tramvay şebekesi tesisine uğraşmalarının sebep olduğu yolsuzluklar ele alınıyordu. Gazetede okuyucu mektupları da “Bir Varaka” başlığı altında verilmiştir. Yazı heyeti tarafından, o devirde tiyatrolarda oynanan yabancı piyeslerin tercümelerinin Türk cemiyet hayatı açısından uygun görülmediği, bunların yerine Türkçe telif eserler ortaya konması gerektiğini belirten ilk yazılar da burada yazılmıştır. Diyojen bir mizah dergisi olduğu halde sadece üç defa karikatür yayımlamıştır. Bunlar, Ermeni harfleriyle yayımlanan Türkçe Manzûme-i Efkâr gazetesinin sahibi Panosyan’la (sy. 74) atlı tramvay (sy. 121), sadâret ve hükümet değişmesiyle (sy. 123) ilgili karikatürlerdir.
Diyojen devrin bütün gazetelerinin aksine çok sade bir dil kullanıyor, yazısı ağdalı olanlarla günlük konuşmalarına Fransızca kelimeler katma meraklılarını alaya alıyordu. Ayrıca azınlık ve tatlısu Frenkler’inin yayımladıkları gazeteler ve onların çıkarmaya uğraştıkları meseleler yanında Hidiv İsmâil Paşa’nın Mısır’ı ele geçirme çabalarına şiddetle karşı çıkıyordu. Dış politikada sürdürdüğü mücadele ise o yıllarda görülen Rusya’nın Avrupa siyasetine hâkim olma teşebbüslerine karşı idi.
Diyojen ’in makale ve fıkralarının hemen hepsi, memleketin siyasî ve sosyal hayatı hakkında mizahî üslûpta tenkit ve târizlerdir. Bu yazılar ve manzum taşlamalar mizah havasında olmasına rağmen devrin anlayış ve tenkide tahammül sınırlarını aşan ağırlıktadır. Bu yüzden de matbuat müdürlüğü zaman zaman dergiye ihtarlarda bulunmuştur. Hükümet bu ihtarlara uyulmadığını ileri sürerek dergiyi dört defa kapatmış, beşincide ise imtiyazını iptal ederek yayımını yasaklamıştır. İlk kapatılma süresi elli gündür. 4. sayıda çıkan, Bağdat’ı ziyaret eden İran şahının maiyetinin 10.000 insan ve 20.000 hayvandan ibaret olduğunu belirten mizahî yazıda “mübalağada bulunmak” suç sayılmıştır. İkinci kapatılma on iki gün sürmüştür. 14. sayıdaki “konağın su hazinesinin boşalmış ve farelerin doluşmuş olduğu” fıkrası “devlet hazinesinin kastedilmesi” şeklinde yorumlanınca gazete kapatılmıştır. On bir günlük üçüncü kapatılma, 129. sayıda Fransız basınından tercüme edilen, “bir Fransız kızının kendisine kazık cezası uygulayarak intiharı”nı nakletmesi sebebiyledir ve bu haber “âdâba mugayir” sayılmıştır. Dördüncü kapatılma ise iki aylıktır. 123. sayıda “Bulgar ve Hason Meselelerinin Neticesi” adlı makalede, hükümet icraatına dair mizahî yazı ve aynı nüshada gazetelerin iktidardan uzaklaştırılanları (Mahmud Nedim Paşa kabinesi) kötülemesi ve yerlerine getirilenleri (Midhat Paşa kabinesi) methetmesi âdetini kınayan karikatürü “hükümete dokunacak tezyif makalesi ve resmi” sayılmıştır. Beşinci kapatılma ve imtiyazının iptali ile yayımının durdurulması ise 179, 180 ve 182. sayılarda, mizahî olarak Mısır Hidivi İsmâil Paşa ve Rus Çarı Aleksandr ağzından birbirlerine ve Rusya Hariciye Nâzırı Gorçakof ağzından Türkiye sefiri Ignatiev’e yazılan mektupların “tanınmış kimselerin haysiyetine dokunmuş olduğu” kanaatine varıldığından 183. sayıda olmuştur.
Mizahî yazılarıyla hükümetin yanlışlıkları, huzursuzluğa yol açan icraatı ve suistimaller hakkında halkın gözünü açmak hususunda derginin yapmış olduğu hizmeti o devirde ciddi basın yapamamıştır.
İstanbul’da Beyazıt Devlet, Atatürk ve Hakkı Tarık Us kütüphanelerinde bulunan Diyojen koleksiyonu, devrin sosyal hayatındaki çeşitli meseleler, memleketin karşı karşıya bulunduğu tehlikeler, bir kısım azınlık ve Türk basını temsilcisinin cehalet ve hıyanetlerini ortaya koyması ile hükümetin basın hürriyeti anlayışı konusunda fikir edinilecek son derece önemli bir kaynaktır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Diyojen Koleksiyonu (İstanbul 1870-1872).
Ebüzziya Tevfik, Salnâme-i Hadîka , İstanbul 1290, s. 84.
a.mlf., Yeni Osmanlılar Tarihi (haz. Ziyad Ebüzziya), İstanbul 1973-74, II, 176, 178, 180-186; III, 125, 477, 484, 492, 493.
Süleyman Şevket, Güzel Yazılar , İstanbul 1923, IV, 36, 39.
Selim Nüzhet [Gerçek], Türk Gazeteciliği , İstanbul 1931, s. 52.
Mustafa Nihat [Özön], Namık Kemal ve İbret Gazetesi , İstanbul 1938, s. 4-14, 50.
Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, 19 uncu Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi (İstanbul 1956), İstanbul 1988, s. 357.
Namık Kemal’in Husûsî Mektupları (haz. Fevziye Abdullah Tansel), Ankara 1967, I, 235, 236; (1969), II, 131-132; (1973), III, 187-323.
Fuad Süreyya Oral, Türk Basın Tarihi , İstanbul 1968, I, 129.
M. Nuri İnuğur, Basın ve Yayın Tarihi , İstanbul 1982, s. 245, 246.
İhsan Sungu, “Diyojen”, AA , I, 339-341.
R. Ekrem Koçu, “Diyojen Gazetesi”, İst.A , IX, 4630-6432.
“Diyojen”, TDEA , II, 359-360.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 479-480 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.