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Doğu Akdeniz Sorunu Çerçevesinde Avrupa Birliği’nin Türkiye’ye Karşı Aldığı Önlemlerin Uluslararası Hukuk Bakımından Değerlendirilmesi Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 73 Sayı: 2, 735 – 789, 07.08.2024
Habip Ünyılmaz
https://doi.org/10.33629/auhfd.1378396
Öz Considering the increasing number of international practices available today, international legal qualification and legal examination of measures taken by international organizations against non-member States are important. As an example, this study examines the measures put in place by the European Union (EU) on Türkiye due to its exploration and drilling activities in the Eastern Mediterranean. First, the measures taken against Türkiye will be identified. Then, based on their coercive nature, the measures adopted by international organizations will be categorized in terms of general international law, and basic information and defining characteristics regarding each category of measures will be provided. After briefly examining Turkey’s status as a candidate state for EU membership in terms of measures, the measures taken by the EU will be discussed with regard to which category of measures they may belong to and the conditions that need to be met, taking into account possible justifications. Based on available information, the legality of these measures under international law and potential violations of law will be evaluated. This is a case study on the international legal status and boundaries of the measures that international organizations and states routinely resort to for various reasons.
Anahtar Kelimeler restrictive measures, sanctions, retorsion, countermeasures, Eastern Mediterranean
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Ergüven, Nasıh Sarp. “Uluslararası Hukukta Diplomatik Ayrıcalıklar.” Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2008. Erkiner, Hakan Hakkı. Devletin Haksız Fiilden Kaynaklanan Uluslararası Sorumluluğu. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 2010. Erson Asar, Bilge. Yabancı Devletlerdeki Yargılamalar Açısından Uluslararası Hukukta Devlet Görevlilerinin Yargı Bağışıklığı. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 2016. Ertuğrul, Ümmühan Elçin. Uluslararası Hukukun Emredici Normlarından Doğan Yükümlülüklerin Ciddi İhlallerinden Devletin Sorumluluğu. Ankara: Yetkin, 2012. Fassbender, Bardo. “The United Nations Charter as Constitution of the International Community.” Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 36, no. 3 (1998): 529–619. Foakes, Joanne. The Position of Heads of State and Senior Officials in International Law. Oxford International Law Library. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Fox, Hazel. “Privileges and Immunities of the State, The Head of State, State Officials, and State Agencies.” In Satow’s Diplomatic Practice, edited by Ivor Roberts, 7th Edition., 1999–221. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. Fox, Hazel, and Philippa Webb. The Law of State Immunity. Third Edition. Oxford International Law Library. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Gazzini, Tarcisio. “The Normative Element Inherent in Economic Collective Enforcement Measures: United Nations and European Union Practice.” In Les Sanctions Économiques En Droit International / Economic Sanctions in International Law, edited by L.A. Sicilianos and LP Forlati, 279–308. Leiden: Brill, 2004. Gestri, Marco. “Sanctions Imposed by the European Union: Legal and Institutional Aspects.” In Coercive Diplomacy, Sanctions and International Law, edited by Natalino Ronzitti, 70–102. Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2016. Giegerich, Thomas. “Retorsion.” In Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://opil.ouplaw.com/home/EPIL. Giumelli, Francesco, Fabian Hoffmann, and Anna Książczaková. “The When, What, Where and Why of European Union Sanctions.” European Security 30, no. 1 (2021): 1–23. Göçmen, İlke. “Avrupa Birliği’nin Hedefli Yaptırımları: Temel Hakların Korunması Temelinde Bir Değerlendirme.” Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 16, no. 63 (2019): 119–37. ———. Türkiye – Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri: Hukuki Boyut. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2022. Gündüz, Aslan. Milletlerarası Hukuk. Edited by Reşat Volkan Günel. 7. Baskı. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım, 2014. Guzman, Andrew T. “Against Consent.” Virginia Journal of International Law 52, no. 4 (2012): 747–90. Halatçı Ulusoy, Ülkü. Terörizmin Finansmanının Önlenmesi Kapsamında Birleşmiş Milletler Akıllı Yaptırımları. Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi, 2014.
Doğu Akdeniz Sorunu Çerçevesinde Avrupa Birliği’nin Türkiye’ye Karşı Aldığı Önlemlerin Uluslararası Hukuk Bakımından Değerlendirilmesi Yıl 2024, Cilt: 73 Sayı: 2, 735 – 789, 07.08.2024
Habip Ünyılmaz
https://doi.org/10.33629/auhfd.1378396
Öz Uluslararası örgütlerin üyesi olmayan devletlere karşı aldıkları önlemlerin uluslararası hukuk bakımından niteliğinin belirlenmesi ve bu önlemlerin hukuki incelemesinin yapılması, günümüzde artan uygulama örnekleri dikkate alındığında, önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada Avrupa Birliği (AB) tarafından Doğu Akdeniz’deki sondaj ve arama faaliyetleri nedeniyle Türkiye’ye karşı başvurulan önlemlerin örnekliğinde bir inceleme yapılacaktır. Önce Türkiye’ye karşı alınan önlemlerin neler olduğu tespit edilecektir. Ardından uluslararası örgütlerin başvurdukları önlemler cebrî karakterleri esas alınarak genel uluslararası hukuk bakımından sınıflandırılacak ve her bir önlem kategorisine dair temel bilgiler ve ayırt edici hususlar aktarılacaktır. Türkiye’nin AB üyesi olmaya aday devlet statüsü önlemler bakımından kısaca incelendikten sonra, AB’nin aldığı önlemlerin söz konusu önlem kategorilerden hangisine dâhil olabileceği ve hangi şartların gerçekleşmesi gerektiği muhtemel gerekçeler dikkate alınarak sunulacaktır. Ulaşılabilen bilgiler ışığında önlemlerin uluslararası hukuka uygunlukları ve muhtemel hukuka aykırılık durumları değerlendirilecektir. Bu makale gerek uluslararası örgütlerin gerekse devletlerin farklı gerekçelerle sıkça başvurdukları önlemlerin uluslararası hukuk bakımından durumuna ve sınırlarına ilişkin bir vaka çalışmasıdır.
Anahtar Kelimeler kısıtlayıcı önlemler, yaptırımlar, misilleme, karşı önlemler, Doğu Akdeniz
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Uluslararası Hukukun Emredici Normları. İstanbul: On İki Levha, 2023. Başkaracaoğlu, Elif. “Uluslararası Hukukta ‘Jus Cogens’ (Emredi̇ci̇ Kurallar).” Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2011. Bayıllıoğlu, Uğur. “Uluslararası Adalet Divanı’nın Tutuklama Müzekkeresi̇ Davası Hakkındaki̇ Kararına İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme.” Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 55, no. 2 (2006): 27–63. Baykal, Sanem. “AB Hukukunun Temel İlkeleri Çerçevesinde AB’ye Katılım ve Türkiye’nin Müzakere Çerçeve Belgesinde Yer Alan Esaslar.” Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 12, no. 1 (2013): 1–30. Baykal, Sanem, İlke Göçmen. Avrupa Birliği Kurumsal Hukuku. Ankara: Seçkin, 2016. Bogdanova, Iryna. Unilateral Sanctions in International Law and the Enforcement of Human Rights. Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2022. Christopher C, Joyner. “Coercion.” In Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://opil.ouplaw.com. Craven, Matthew. “The Ends of Consent.” In Conceptual and Contextual Perspectives on the Modern Law of Treaties, edited by Dino Kritsiotis and Michael J. Bowman, 103–35. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Crawford, James. Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law. Ninth Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019. ———. State Responsibility: The General Part. Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Dawidowicz, Martin. Third-Party Countermeasures in International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, ed. Türkiye-Avrupa Topluluğu Ortaklık Konseyi Kararları 1964-2000. Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı Yayın No. DPT: 2596. c. 1. Ankara: Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, 2001. ———, ed. Türkiye-Avrupa Topluluğu Ortaklık Konseyi Kararları 1964-2000. c. 2. Ankara: Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, 2001. Dopagne, Frederic. “Sanctions and Countermeasures by International Organizations.” In International Organizations and the Idea of Autonomy, edited by Richard Collins and Nigel D White, 178–95. Londra: Routledge, 2011. Dörr, Oliver. “Article 18.” In Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: A Commentary, edited by Oliver Dörr and Kirsten Schmalenbach, Second., 243–60. Berlin: Springer, 2018. Dupont, Pierre-Emmanuel. “Countermeasures and Collective Security: The Case of the EU Sanctions Against Iran.” Journal of Conflict and Security Law 17, no. 3 (2012): 301–36. Erçakıca, Mustafa. “Doğu Akdeni̇z’de Yaşanan Güncel Geli̇şmeleri̇n Kıbrıs Sorunu ve Uluslararası Deni̇z Hukuku Çerçevesi̇nde Değerlendi̇ri̇lmesi̇.” Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 16, no. 1 (2021): 301–34. Erdem, Merve. “Devletin Jus Cogens Kurallara Aykırı Faaliyetleri Kapsamında Yargı Bağışıklığı.” Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Anakra Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2016. Ergüven, Nasıh Sarp. “Uluslararası Hukukta Diplomatik Ayrıcalıklar.” Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2008. Erkiner, Hakan Hakkı. Devletin Haksız Fiilden Kaynaklanan Uluslararası Sorumluluğu. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 2010. Erson Asar, Bilge. Yabancı Devletlerdeki Yargılamalar Açısından Uluslararası Hukukta Devlet Görevlilerinin Yargı Bağışıklığı. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 2016. Ertuğrul, Ümmühan Elçin. Uluslararası Hukukun Emredici Normlarından Doğan Yükümlülüklerin Ciddi İhlallerinden Devletin Sorumluluğu. Ankara: Yetkin, 2012. Fassbender, Bardo. “The United Nations Charter as Constitution of the International Community.” Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 36, no. 3 (1998): 529–619. Foakes, Joanne. The Position of Heads of State and Senior Officials in International Law. Oxford International Law Library. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Fox, Hazel. “Privileges and Immunities of the State, The Head of State, State Officials, and State Agencies.” In Satow’s Diplomatic Practice, edited by Ivor Roberts, 7th Edition., 1999–221. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. Fox, Hazel, and Philippa Webb. The Law of State Immunity. Third Edition. Oxford International Law Library. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Gazzini, Tarcisio. “The Normative Element Inherent in Economic Collective Enforcement Measures: United Nations and European Union Practice.” In Les Sanctions Économiques En Droit International / Economic Sanctions in International Law, edited by L.A. Sicilianos and LP Forlati, 279–308. Leiden: Brill, 2004. Gestri, Marco. “Sanctions Imposed by the European Union: Legal and Institutional Aspects.” In Coercive Diplomacy, Sanctions and International Law, edited by Natalino Ronzitti, 70–102. Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2016. Giegerich, Thomas. “Retorsion.” In Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://opil.ouplaw.com/home/EPIL. Giumelli, Francesco, Fabian Hoffmann, and Anna Książczaková. “The When, What, Where and Why of European Union Sanctions.” European Security 30, no. 1 (2021): 1–23. Göçmen, İlke. “Avrupa Birliği’nin Hedefli Yaptırımları: Temel Hakların Korunması Temelinde Bir Değerlendirme.” Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 16, no. 63 (2019): 119–37. ———. Türkiye – Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri: Hukuki Boyut. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2022. Gündüz, Aslan. Milletlerarası Hukuk. Edited by Reşat Volkan Günel. 7. Baskı. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım, 2014. Guzman, Andrew T. “Against Consent.” Virginia Journal of International Law 52, no. 4 (2012): 747–90. Halatçı Ulusoy, Ülkü. Terörizmin Finansmanının Önlenmesi Kapsamında Birleşmiş Milletler Akıllı Yaptırımları. Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi, 2014. Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Hukuk ve Beşeri Bilimler Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi Yazarlar Habip Ünyılmaz BURSA ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, HUKUK FAKÜLTESİ, KAMU HUKUKU BÖLÜMÜ, MİLLETLERARASI HUKUK ANABİLİM DALI 0000-0003-1185-3626 Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi 7 Ağustos 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Ekim 2023 Kabul Tarihi 26 Haziran 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 73 Sayı: 2
Kaynak Göster Chicago Ünyılmaz, Habip. “Doğu Akdeniz Sorunu Çerçevesinde Avrupa Birliği’nin Türkiye’ye Karşı Aldığı Önlemlerin Uluslararası Hukuk Bakımından Değerlendirilmesi”. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 73, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2024): 735-89. https://doi.org/10.33629/auhfd.1378396.
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