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DOĞUM KONTROLÜ Skip to content
İlk dönemlerden beri bütün toplumlarda eşlerin çocuk istememeleri gibi ferdî, günümüzde ise bunun yanı sıra nüfus artışını kontrol altında tutmak gibi sosyal sebeplerle doğum kontrolüne başvurulmuştur. Dinlerin olaya bakışı, doğum kontrolünde uygulanan usullere bağlı olarak farklılık göstermektedir. Genellikle hamileliği önleyici tedbirler bir dereceye kadar müsamaha ile karşılanmışsa da ana rahminde teşekkül etmiş çocuğun düşürülmesi şeklindeki bir müdahale tasvip görmemiş, yapılması halinde farklı dinî, sosyal ve hukukî müeyyideler söz konusu olmuştur.
İslâm dininde toplumun temeli olarak kabul edilen aile kurumuna büyük önem verilmiş, bu kurumun korunmasını ve sağlıklı işlemesini temin etme yönünde dinî ve hukukî mahiyette bir dizi tedbir alınmıştır. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de insanı huzur ve saadete ulaştıran, onda sevgi ve merhamet duygularını geliştiren karşı cinsin yaratılması Allah’ın varlığının, kullarına lutuf ve ihsanının işareti olarak kabul edilmiş (er-Rûm 30/21), bu sebeple bekârların evlendirilmesi emredilmiş ve ekonomik endişelerle evlilik kurumunun zayıflatılmaması istenmiştir (en-Nûr 24/32). Hz. Peygamber de imkânı olan kimselerin evlenmesini emretmiş (Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 2; Müslim, “Nikâḥ”, 1; Ebû Dâvûd, “Nikâḥ”, 1), eş seçiminde, kocasına sevgiyle bağlanan ve çocuk doğuran kadınların tercih edilmesini tavsiye ederek kıyamet gününde diğer ümmetlere karşı kendisine inananların çokluğuyla övüneceğini belirtmiştir (Ebû Dâvûd, “Nikâḥ”, 4; Nesâî, “Nikâḥ”, 11). Bu tür naslar, İslâm dininin neslin devamına ve çoğalmaya önem verdiğini ve haklı bir sebep olmaksızın doğum kontrolüne gidilmesini tasvip etmediğini ortaya koymaktadır.
Doğum kontrolü hakkında İslâm hukukunun hükmünü tesbit edebilmek için bu kontrolü sağlayan işlemin hamileliği önlemeye mi, yoksa ana rahminde oluşmuş çocuğu düşürmeye mi yönelik olduğunun bilinmesi gerekir. İslâm hukukçularının çocuğun oluşmasını önlemeye genelde olumlu baktıkları, bunun için alınan tedbirlerin tarafların ve özellikle annenin rızasıyla olması durumunda bir mahzur teşkil etmeyeceğini ifade ettikleri görülmektedir. Bu konuda en eski ve en yaygın metot, erkeğin menisini dışarı akıtması demek olan azildir. Azlin Hz. Peygamber tarafından yasaklanmadığı bilinmektedir (Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 96; Müslim, “Nikâḥ”, 125-138). Buna dayanarak İslâm hukukçularının büyük çoğunluğu, eşin rızâsının alınması şartıyla azli dinen meşrû bir doğum kontrolü yöntemi kabul ederler. Eşin razı olmaması durumunda Hanefîler ve mezhepteki hâkim görüşe göre Şâfiîler azli mekruh kabul ederken Hanbelîler câiz olmadığını söylerler. Zâhirî hukukçularından İbn Hazm’a göre ise azil haramdır (bk. AZİL ).
Azil dışında ilâç almak, vaginaya gebeliği önleyici bir madde koymak, prezervatif kullanmak vb. yollarla da hamileliğin önlenmesi mümkündür. Bütün bunlarda göz önünde bulundurulması gereken husus, kullanılacak usulle annenin sağlığına zarar vermemektir. Aksi halde meydana gelen zararın türüne ve ağırlığına göre doğum kontrolü tenzîhen veya tahrîmen mekruh yahut haram olacaktır. Bugün tıbbın getirdiği imkânlardan biri olarak spiral kullanılması ayrıca değerlendirilmelidir. Spiralin genelde hamileliği önleyici olarak işlev gördüğü bilinmekle beraber zaman zaman döllenmeyi engellemeyip rahimde teşekkül eden cenini dışarı atıcı bir fonksiyon icra ettiği de anlaşılmaktadır. Bu durumda spiral kullanımını, hamileliği önleme grubunda değil çocuk düşürme grubunda değerlendirmek ve dinî hükmünü de ona göre belirlemek gerekir.
Rahime yumurta ulaştıran kanalların bağlanması veya erkeğin kısırlaştırılması çağdaş doğum kontrolü metotlarından bir diğeridir. Bu usuller de hamileliği önleyici etkilere sahiptir ve bu yönüyle öbürleri gibi kısmî bir hoşgörü ile karşılanabilir. Ancak söz konusu yöntemlerden bir kısmının geri dönülmez adımlar olduğu ve kullananlar için değişik açılardan sakıncalar doğurduğu, üstelik genel olarak fıtratı değiştirmek anlamına da gelebileceği göz önünde bulundurulursa zaruret hali dışında bu tür yollara başvurulmamasının İslâm’ın genel prensiplerine daha uygun düştüğü kabul edilmelidir.
Ana rahminde oluşmuş ceninin düşürülmesi şeklindeki doğum kontrolü ise İslâm hukukçuları arasında geniş tartışmalara, özellikle hamileliğin hangi merhalesinde bunun meşrû sayılabileceği konusunda çok farklı fikirlerin ortaya atılmasına sebep olmuştur. İslâm hukukçularının çoğunluğuna göre hamileliğin hangi döneminde olursa olsun çocuk düşürmek câiz değildir. Bazı hukukçular ise bunu hamileliğin ilk dönemlerinde câiz görmekte ve sözü edilen süreyi âzami 120 günle sınırlandırmaktadırlar. Bu zamanlama, üçüncü kırk günde ana karnındaki çocuğa ruhun üfleneceği ve kaderinin belirleneceğine dair hadise dayanmaktadır (Buhârî, “Bedʾü’l-ḫalḳ”, 6). Bu süreden önce çocuk düşürmeyi mubah görenler, yaratılışın ancak bu safhada tamamlandığını ve insan olma vasfının elde edildiğini düşünmektedirler. Ancak bugünkü tıbbî bilgiler, insan oluşumunun 120 günden çok önce tamamlandığını ve ceninin rahim içindeki hareketinin anne tarafından hissedildiğini göstermektedir. Buna göre söz konusu dönem içinde çocuk düşürmeyi sakıncasız gören ictihadları yeni bilgiler ışığında tekrar değerlendirmeye tâbi tutmak gerekmektedir. 120 günden sonra çocuk düşürmenin câiz olmadığı noktasında ise İslâm hukukçuları arasında görüş birliği vardır (bk. ÇOCUK DÜŞÜRME ).
Klasik fıkıh kitaplarında azil veya isteyerek gebeliğe son verme olayının fert planında ele alındığı, kişinin özel şartları değerlendirilerek konuya yaklaşıldığı görülmektedir. Yukarıda kaydedilen görüşler de bu çerçeve içinde değerlendirilmelidir. Dünyada bir toplum politikası olarak doğum kontrolü, nüfus veya aile planlaması çalışmaları yeni olup konunun ilk savunucularından İngiliz Thomas Malthus, 1798’de üretim vasıtalarının sınırlı oluşuna ve nüfusun sürekli artışına dikkat çekmiş, evliliğin geciktirilmesini ve az doğum için çeşitli yollara başvurulmasını teklif etmiştir. Konunun İslâm âlemine yansıması ise daha çok yeni olmakla birlikte İslâm ülkeleri de dahil gelişmekte olan ülkelerin tamamı, aile ve nüfus planlaması yönünde yoğun bir kampanya ve propaganda ile karşı karşıyadır. Öte yandan nüfusun önemli bir güç kaynağı teşkil ettiği günümüzde, gelişmiş Batı ülkelerinin durmuş veya iyice azalmış nüfus artış oranlarını yükseltici tedbir ve teşviklere başvurduğu da bilinmektedir. Konunun bu yönünü de göz önünde bulunduran günümüz İslâm hukukçuları, doğum kontrolü ve nüfus planlamasına fert ve toplum açısından ayrı ayrı yaklaşmakta, bunun bir toplum politikası olarak uygulanmasına genellikle karşı çıkmaktadırlar. Ayrıca İslâm dünyasındaki nüfus planlaması çalışmalarının belli ülkeler tarafından finanse edilişine de dikkat çekmekte ve bunun İslâm âlemini zayıf düşürme maksadı taşıdığı, bu sebeple de nüfus planlaması adı altında organize edilmiş bir doğum kontrolü hareketinin uzun vadede İslâm âleminin aleyhine bir sonuç doğuracağını söylemektedirler. Mısır’da Muhammed Ebû Zehre Tanẓîmü’l-üsre ve tanẓîmü’n-nesl , Pakistan’da Mevdûdî Ḥareketü taḥdîdi’n-nesl adlı kitaplarıyla bu fikre karşı çıkan İslâm âlimleri arasında sayılabilir. Konuyla ilgili olarak İslâm âleminde bir hayli eser kaleme alınmış, geniş bir literatür oluşmuştur. Bu hususta yapılan yayınlarda İslâm âlimlerinin genel tavrı, toplum politikası olarak nüfus planlamasının İslâm’ın genel ilke ve amaçlarına uygun düşmediği yönündedir (bk. NÜFUS ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Tayyar Altıkulaç, “İslâm ve Doğum Kontrolü”, Diyanet Dergisi , XXIV/1, Ankara 1988, s. 5-36.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 494-495 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.