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D’OHSSON, Ignatius Mouradgea Skip to content (1740-1807)
Tableau général de l’Empire Othoman adlı eseriyle tanınan İsveç elçisi.
İstanbul Beyoğlu’nda Katolik Ermeni bir ailenin oğlu olarak dünyaya geldi. 1721’de İstanbul’da doğan ve 1787’de İzmir’de ölen babası Johannes Mouradgea’nın adı arşiv kayıtlarında “Ohannes veled-i Muradca” şeklinde geçer. “Muradca” isminin sonunda düşmüş bir “n” harfinin bulunduğu ve kelimenin Ermenice aslının “Muradcan” olduğu tesbit edilmiştir. Bu kayda göre büyük babasının adını aldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Meşhur olduğu d’Ohsson adı ise amcası veya dayısının lakabı olan “tosun” kelimesinin ileride kendisine İsveç kralı tarafından asalet pâyesi verildiğinde aldığı şekle dayanır. Bu durumda onun Osmanlı tebaası olarak adının Muradcan Tosunyan olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır.
D’Ohsson ilk görevine muhtemelen, İzmir’de 1735’te açılan İsveç Konsolosluğu’nun ilk tercümanlarından olup 1738’den 1777’ye kadar bu görevde bulunan babasının yanında başladı. Ardından 1763’te İstanbul’daki İsveç Elçiliği’nde tercümanlık hizmetine girerek 1768’de burada baştercüman oldu. İstanbul’da iken, özellikle Fransisken ve Dominiken papazları tarafından sürdürülen Batı eğitim tarzından, buradaki aydın zümrelerin sağladığı imkânlardan istifade etti ve iyi bir eğitim gördü. Tercümanlık hizmeti yanında Doğu dillerini ve tarihini Avrupaî metotlarla yakından incelemeye başladı. İslâm dünyasının tarih ve medeniyetine karşı büyük bir ilgi duyarak bu konuda orijinal malzemeler ve birinci elden kaynaklar üzerinde çalışmalarını sürdürdü. Bilhassa II. Selim’le ilgili bir eser yazmayı planladıysa da bu arzusundan İsveç elçisi Ulric de Celsing’in telkinleriyle vazgeçti ve elçinin tavsiyesiyle, Osmanlı Devleti’nin bütününü sergileyecek ve ilerideki büyük eserinin çerçevesini oluşturacak olan konulara yöneldi. Yirmi iki yıl boyunca malzeme toplayan ve Osmanlı ulemâ ve ricâlinden isimlerini vermediği iki kişinin devletin hukukî yapı ve teşkilâtıyla ilgili konularda kendisine çok yardımcı olduklarını belirten d’Ohsson 1784’te Fransa’ya gitti. 1784-1792 yılları arasında Avrupa’da kaldı ve çoğunlukla Fransa’da oturdu. Paris’te Male Dupan’ın ve bir Fransız rahibinin yardımlarıyla beraberinde getirdiği malzemeleri tasnif etti; ayrıca çalışmalarını bazan Venedik’teki St. Lazar Mehitaryan Manastırı’nda sürdürerek burada H. Mikael Çamcıyan ve H. Gugas İnciciyan gibi kişilerden faydalandı.
Bu arada diplomatlık mesleğinde de ilerleyen d’Ohsson, 1775’te İsveç kralından “kralın mahrem-i esrârı ve sır kâtibi” unvanlarını aldı ve 1783 tarihli İsveç-Osmanlı Ticaret ve Dostluk Antlaşması’nın gerçekleşmesindeki üstün katkılarından ötürü kendisine “Vasa nişanı” tevcih edildi. 1796 yılı sonunda İsveç elçisi olarak tayin edildi, 1801’de kendisine şövalye pâyesiyle asalet unvanı verildi.
D’Ohsson’un bu süratli yükselişinde, Osmanlı sarayı ile iş yaptığı söylenen Ermeni sarraflarından Abraham Kuleli’nin kızı Eva ile evlenmesinin de önemli katkısı vardır. 1782’de kaybettiği bu ilk eşinden, ileride kendisi gibi diplomat olacak ve şarkiyat sahasında isim yapacak olan oğlu Abraham Constantin doğdu. İkinci evliliğini 1789’da Marie Antoinette Amelie Beilliard adlı bir Fransız ile yaptı; bu eşi de kendisinin Fransa ile olan ilişkilerini sağlamlaştırmasına yardımcı oldu. Osmanlı tebaası olan diğer Katolik Ermeniler hakkında ileri sürülen, servetlerini yurt dışına kaçırdıkları isnadını doğrularcasına servetini Fransa’ya taşıyarak parasını Fransız bankalarına yatırdı. Ancak 1789 İhtilâli ile başlayan Fransa’daki karışıklıklar neticesinde servetini kaybetti. Bu durum, onun İstanbul’a döndüğünde İsveç elçisi sıfatıyla Fransız ihtilâl temsilcilerini desteklemesi ve İstanbul’daki “Jacobin”lerle sıkı ilişkiler içine girmesine yol açtı. Nitekim Bâbıâli nezdinde Fransız politikasını desteklemesi karşılığında Fransız hükümetinin maddî yardımlarını sağlamayı başarmıştı. Ancak bu durumun Fransızlar’ın Mısır’a saldırması ile (Temmuz 1798) ortaya çıkarılması, d’Ohsson’un İstanbul’da İsveç elçisi sıfatıyla bulunmasını imkânsız hale getirdi. Bunun üzerine “istenmeyen adam” ilân edilerek İsveç kralından elçi olarak İstanbul’a “hakiki bir İsveçli”nin gönderilmesi istendi. Elçilik tercümanı olduğu dönemlerde çok faal olan ve Osmanlı Devleti’ni özellikle Rusya’nın Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması’ndan sonraki politikasına karşı destekleyen, önde gelen devlet ricâli ve bilhassa Halil Hamîd Paşa ile yakın ilişkiler kuran, onun reform düşüncelerini benimseyen, Rus filosunun tekrar Akdeniz’e girmesini önlemek amacıyla İsveç yanında İspanya’nın da katkılarının önemine dikkat çeken ve Osmanlı-İspanya dostluk antlaşmasının gerçekleşmesinde (1780) önemli rol oynayan d’Ohsson’un elçilik yılları genelde, hükümetinin tâlimatı dışında Fransızlar’ın politikasını desteklemek ve İsveç ile Osmanlı Devleti arasında yapılan 11 Temmuz 1789 tarihli ittifak antlaşması gereği, İsveç’in Rusya’ya karşı savaşı sürdürmesi şartıyla Osmanlı Devleti’nin ödemeyi taahhüt ettiği paraların tahsili için uğraşmakla geçti. İsveç’in, ittifak şartlarına aykırı şekilde Rusya ile ayrı bir barış yaparak savaştan çekilmesi para talebini hukukî yönden mesnetsiz bıraktığından onun bu yoldaki ısrarlı girişimleri bir sonuç vermedi. 1799 Nisanında İsveç hükümeti tarafından geri çağrılan d’Ohsson, 12 Ağustos’ta Viyana’ya gitmek üzere İstanbul’dan ayrıldı. Hayatının geri kalan kısmını Fransa’da geçirdi ve 27 Ağustos 1807’de Paris yakınlarında Biavre’de öldü. Mezarı bugün mevcut değildir.
D’Ohsson, Osmanlı Devleti’nde doğup büyüyen ve tahsil gören, Avrupa kültürü ve medeniyetiyle yoğrulan, hayat bulduğu topraklarda maddî ve mânevî zenginliklere erişen Levanten tiplerin ilk ve en parlak örneklerinden biridir.
Eserleri. 1. Nizâm-ı Cedîd’e dair lâyihaları. 1792’de İstanbul’a döndükten sonra, yapılması düşünülen yenileşme hareketleri dolayısıyla, Ebûbekir Râtib Efendi’nin de tavsiyesine uyularak kendisinden Nizâm-ı Cedîd’e dair bir lâyiha hazırlaması, ayrıca yurt dışından ihtiyaç duyulan bazı askerî uzmanların, mimar ve mühendislerin getirilmesine vasıta olması istenmiştir. D’Ohsson reformlarla ilgili olarak iki ayrı risâle kaleme almıştır (Beydilli, s. 299-310). Bunlardan biri, yapılacak reformların şer‘-i şerife uygun olduğu hakkında takdim ettiği lâyihasıdır ve 9 Ocak 1793 tarihinde III. Selim’e takdim edilmiştir. Bu lâyiha, “nizâm-ı asker ve levâzım-ı harbe dair” hazırlayacağı esas lâyihaya bir mukaddime olarak telif edilmişti. Burada İslâm tarihi ve İslâm hukuku alanındaki bilgisini göstermek isteyen d’Ohsson, bir devletin kanun ve nizamlarının zamanla bozulabileceğini belirterek böyle durumlarda bunların yenilenmesi ve zamanın ihtiyaçlarına göre düzenlenmesine, kısaca devlet bünyesinde bir “nizâm-ı cedîd” icrasına şer‘î yönden herhangi bir engel olmadığını ifade eder. Çin sınırlarından Cebelitârık Boğazı’na kadar uzanan “millet-i beyzâ-yı İslâmiyye” halife ve hükümdarlarının nizam ve kanunları ve harp fennini diğer devletlerden almakta hiçbir beis görmediklerini, böyle bir şeyi şeriat hükümlerine aykırı bulmadıklarını söyleyerek “imâmü’l-mü’minîn”in zamanın değişen şartlarına göre tedbirler almakla ve ümmet-i Muhammed’i korumaya çalışmakla mükellef olduğunu vurgular. Bu konuda halk arasında görülen bozuk fikirlerin şer‘î ve aklî delillerle giderilmesini tavsiye eder. “Nizâm-ı asker ve levâzım-ı harbe dair” olan diğer lâyihası, askerin tertip ve tâlimi konusunun taşıdığı önemi vurgulayarak başlamakta ve Avrupa’dan yeterli sayıda askerî eğitimci ve uzman temin edilmesi ve bir kara mühendishânesi kurulması gibi ana noktalar üzerinde durmaktadır. Asker sayısının çokluğundan ziyade özellikle harp ilmine ve sanatına olan vukufun önemini belirtir. İslâm dünyasının vaktiyle ulaştığı yüksek medeniyeti, astronomi ve riyâziye sahasındaki üstünlüğünü dile getirerek Hârûnürreşîd’in Karlmann’a hediye ettiği çalar saati buna örnek gösterir. İslâm dünyasının eski şan ve şöhretini yeniden kazanmasının ancak çağdaş teknolojinin edinilmesi yolunda göstereceği ilerleyişle mümkün olabileceğini ileri sürer. Gerekli fenlerin öğretilmesi için açılmasını tavsiye ettiği kara mühendishânesini ayrıntılı bir şekilde ve on yedi madde halinde ele alır. 1794 yılının ilk günlerinde takdim ettiği bu lâyihada açılmasını tavsiye ettiği Mekteb-i Fünûn-ı Harbiyye, 1795’te Mühendishâne-i Berrî-i Hümâyun adıyla kurulmuştur. Bu yeni mühendishâne için düzenlenen “kanunnâme”de yer alan hususlar d’Ohsson’un bu konu ile ilgili tavsiyelerinin bir özetidir.
2. Tableau général de l’Empire Othoman . Eser büyük boyda üç cilt halinde yayımlanmıştır (Tableau général de l’Empire Othoman, divisé en deux parties, dont l’une comprend la législation Mahométane; l’autre l’histoire de l’Empire othoman , Paris 1787-1820). Kitap, İslâm hukukunu ihtiva eden kısım ve Osmanlı tarihi kısmı olmak üzere iki ana bölüme ayrılmıştır. Birinci bölüm İbrâhim el-Halebî’nin (ö. 956/1549) Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur ’una dayanmakta olup bu eserin tamamını tercüme ettiğini bizzat müellif söylemektedir. Kullandığı diğer önemli kaynak ise Nesefî’nin (ö. 537/1142) ʿAḳāʾidü’n-Nesefî adlı eseridir. İkinci bölüm, başlangıçtan 1774 yılına kadar gelen bir Osmanlı tarihidir. Burada saray teşkilâtı, Osmanlı hânedanı, harem, harem hayatı ve harem kadınları hakkında yer alan bilgilerin, saray hizmetkârları ve haremde yaşayan câriyelerden alınarak aktarıldığı ifade edilir. III. Selim devrinin yeni düzenlemeleri ve reformlarıyla ilgili verilen bazı bilgiler ise müellifin son gelişmeleri uzaktan dahi olsa takip ettiğini gösterir. D’Ohsson’un, bu eserinin çeşitli yerlerinde ortaya koyduğu bazı temel görüşleri Nizâm-ı Cedîd’e dair verdiği lâyiha mukaddimesinde de tekrarladığı görülmektedir. Bunlar, Avrupa’da mevcut nizam ve fenlerin iktibasında şer‘î bir mahzur aranmaması gerektiği, hükümdarın, şahsında topladığı mutlak otoritesiyle devletin yenilenmesi ve güçlenmesi için her türlü tedbiri almakla yükümlü olduğu yolundaki görüşleridir. D’Ohsson 1792’de tekrar İstanbul’a geldiğinde beraberinde getirdiği eserinin ilk iki cildini III. Selim’e sunmuştur. Kitapta bulunan gravürlerin altındaki Fransızca açıklamalar padişah için tercüme edilmiştir. Eseri çok beğenen III. Selim, “Musannifini Hak Teâlâ İslâm ile müşerref eyleye” temennisini ihtiva eden hatt-ı hümâyunu ile kendisine 5000 kuruş gibi büyük bir atıyye vermiştir. Eserin I. cildi kısa bir zaman içinde Almanca olarak da yayımlanmıştır (Allgemeine Schilderung des othomanischen Reichs [trc. Christian Daniel Beck], I-II, Leipzig 1788-1793). Birinci baskısı son derece değerli gravürlerle süslü olan eserin Fransızca ikinci basımı d’Ohsson’un sağlığında başlamış, yedi küçük boy kitap halindeki bu basımın son üç cildi müellifin oğlu Abraham Constantin d’Ohsson tarafından tamamlanmıştır (Paris 1788-1824). Kitabın Zerhan Yüksel tarafından yapılan, hangi baskı ve cildin çeviride ne ölçüde esas alındığı belli olmayan küçük hacimli bir tercümesi kullanılabilecek nitelikte değildir (XVIII. Yüzyıl Türkiyesinde Örf ve Âdetler , İstanbul, ts. [Tercüman 1001 Temel Eser]). D’Ohsson’un üzerinde çalıştığı diğer büyük eseri “Tableau historique de l’orient” başlığını taşımakta olup uzun yıllar malzemesini topladığını ifade ettiği bu çalışmasını yayımlayamamıştır.
D’Ohsson’un oğlu Abraham Constantin d’Ohsson, babasının ölümü üzerine Tableau général ’in ikinci baskısının tamamlanmasını sağlamıştır. A. C. d’Ohsson 1828’de Paris’te Des peuples de Caucase ou voyage d’Abou’l-Cassini adlı eserini yayımlamış, 1835’te Haag’da Histoire Mongols depuis Tchinguis-Khan jusqu’à Timour adlı meşhur eserini neşretmiştir. Bu sonuncu eseri Mustafa Rahmi tarafından Türkçe’ye tercüme edilerek Moğol Târihi adıyla basılmıştır (İstanbul 1340-1342). Ancak bu çeviride mütercim, Abraham Constantin’i babası Mouradgea ile karıştırmış ve kitabın yazarını Muraje Doson olarak göstermiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
D’Ohsson, Tableau général de l’Empire Othoman , I-III, Paris 1787-1820; a.e. , I-VII, Paris 1788-1824.
a.mlf., Fünûn-ı Harbiyye Ta‘limhânesine Dair Tertip Olunan Lâyihanın Tercümesidir , BA, HH , nr. 9783.
BA, HH , nr. 5874, 7766, 9634, 9773, 10.674, 13.031, 13.309, 13.330, 13.378, 14.467, 15.370, 15.634, 16.142-A, 52.516-C.
BA , Cevdet-Hâriciye, nr. 3468, 5875.
Biographiskt Lexicon Öfver Namnkunnige Svenska Män , Uppsala 1844, X, 206-208.
Cemal Tukin, “Osmanlı Devleti ve Yabancı Bilginler”, Necati Lugal Armağanı , Ankara 1968, s. 713-714.
Hovhannes Hisaryan, “Mouradgea d’Ohsson”, Panaser , I, İstanbul 1851, s. 14-16.
E. Beauvois, “Notice historique sur les Mouradgea d’Ohsson”, Revue de l’Orient , new series 4 (1856), 158-167.
Kemal Beydilli, “Ignatius Mouradgea d’Ohsson (Muradcan Tosunyan). Ailesi Hakkında Kayıtlar, ‘Nizâm-ı Cedîd’e Dâir Lâyihası ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğundaki Siyâsî Hayatı”, TD , sy. 34 (1984), s. 247-314.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 496-497 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.