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DOLMABAHÇE SARAYI Skip to content Boğaziçi’nde XIX. yüzyıl İstanbul’unun en ihtişamlı yapılarından biri olan saray.
Sarayın üzerine kurulduğu kesim İstanbul’un fethinden önce küçük bir koydu ve çevresi Vallicula Regii Horti (kraliyet bahçesinin küçük vadisi) adıyla anılıyordu. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in şehri ele geçirmek için giriştiği, başarısındaki en önemli etkenlerden biri olan gemilerin Haliç’e indirilmesi eyleminin bu koydan başlatıldığı ileri sürülmektedir. Nitekim İstanbul’un alınmasından sonra da koy önemini sürdürmüş, donanmanın denize açılmadan önce konakladığı ve kaptanpaşaların sefer öncesi yapılan geleneksel törenlere katıldıkları bir yer haline gelmişti. Evliya Çelebi’ye göre söz konusu koy, XVII. yüzyılda II. Osman’ın padişahlığı döneminde (1618-1622) doldurulmuş ve sahil yeni bir görünüm kazanmıştır. Muhtemelen törenlere daha uygun bir alan oluşturmak için doldurulan koydan elde edilen topraklar sonraları “Dolma bahçe” adıyla anılmış ve giderek bir has bahçeye dönüşmüştür. Eremya Çelebi ise koyun I. Ahmed döneminde doldurulduğunu (1603-1617) ileri sürmekte ve İnciciyan’a dayanarak Gyllius’a göre Kanûnî devrinde ilk defa Karabolus’un denizi doldurup bahçe haline getirmiş olduğunu söylemektedir. Öte yandan Grosvenor da koyun Barbaros’un emri üzerine 16.000 Akdenizli tutsağın çalıştırılmasıyla doldurulduğunu belirtmektedir. Söz konusu yerin coğrafî konumu dikkate alındığında korunmalı bir liman elde etme işleminin nisbeten erken bir tarihte başlamış olabileceği ihtimali güçlenmektedir. Ancak geniş bir alan elde etmek için girişilen asıl doldurma işlemi, herhalde XVII. yüzyılın ilk yarısında yapılmıştır. 1583 tarihli maaş defterlerinde adına rastlanmayan Dolmabahçe’nin hazineye ne zaman geçtiği bilinmemekte, sadece konu hakkında Evliya Çelebi’nin verdiği şu bilgi bulunmaktadır: “Bayezid Han asrında paşa yalısı idi. Padişahlara geçip cennet gibi İrem bağı oldu. Kat kat birçok bahçeler ve şahnişinlerle süslendi.” Yine Evliya Çelebi’ye göre II. Osman zamanında bu alanda II. Selim’e ait bir köşk ile bir havuz vardı. Öte yandan İnciciyan, Beşiktaş has bahçesiyle Kabataş’taki Karabâlî bahçesi arasında kalan bu bahçede “Gümüş suyu” adıyla anılan suyu tatlı bir çeşmenin bulunduğunu ileri sürmektedir; Eremya Çelebi ise Dolmabahçe ile ilgili olarak “beylik bostan” tabirini kullanır.
Bir has bahçe olarak kullanılan Dolmabahçe, zaman içerisinde çeşitli padişahların yaptırdıkları binalarla dolmaya başladı. Bilinen ilk yapı, Evliya Çelebi’nin sözünü ettiği II. Selim’e ait köşktür. Ancak büyük bir ihtimalle koyun doldurulmasından sonra yapılan bu köşkün iç kısımlarda yer aldığı sanılmaktadır. Koyun dolduruluşundan sonraki tarihlere ait oldukları bilinen I. Ahmed, IV. Mehmed, III. Ahmed ve I. Mahmud’un köşklerinin ise kıyıya yakın yapıldıkları ileri sürülebilir. Nitekim Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ de, Dolmabahçe mesîregâhında Beşiktaş’a kadar olan saha içinde sahilsaraylar bulunduğu belirtilmektedir.
1680 yılına tarihlenen IV. Mehmed’e ait kasır, az kullanılması ve çevrenin rutubetinin ahşap malzeme üzerinde olumsuz etki yapması sebebiyle bir süre sonra harap olmuştur. 1715’te III. Ahmed’in ikameti için onarılan bu kasrın yanı sıra yöreye I. Mahmud tarafından 1741 yılında iki büyük bina daha yaptırılmış ve padişah bu mekânları yalnız yaz aylarında kullanmıştır. III. Osman döneminde yapılan eklentilerle giderek genişlemeye başlayan Dolmabahçe çevresindeki binalar 1775’te çıkan bir yangın sonucu yanmıştır. III. Mustafa’nın tahta çıkmasıyla birlikte yeniden ele alınan yapıların kâgir olanları onarılmış ve bunlara yeni kasırlar eklenmiştir. III. Selim tarafından Mimar Melling’e yaptırılan ve o dönemin Avrupa mimarlık anlayışına uygun bazı unsurlar taşıyan yapı da yazlık bir saray niteliğindeydi.
Çeşitli dönemlerde eklenen yapılarla büyük bir sahilsaray haline gelen Dolmabahçe yöresindeki bu yapı kompleksini sürekli olarak kullanmayı düşünen ilk padişah II. Mahmud’dur. Saray bu amaçla 1809 yılında tekrar ele alınmış ve bazı eklemeler yapılarak yeni ihtiyaçlara cevap verebilecek bir düzeye getirilmiştir. Böylece o güne kadar yalnız bir sayfiye yeri olan bu yapılar yeni bir anlam kazanmış, bazan Beşiktaş Sahilsarayı, bazan da Dolmabahçe Sarayı adıyla anılarak devletin yeni bir idare binası olma yoluna girmiştir. II. Mahmud’un asırlardan beri devletin yönetildiği Topkapı Sarayı’ndan çıkmak istemesinin sebebi, sadece babası III. Selim’in bu sarayda öldürülmüş olması ve dolayısıyla onun geçmişten kaçmak istemesi değildi. Bu faktörün ötesinde asıl önemli sebep, şehrin sur dışı alanlara doğru genişlemeye başlaması ve yeni oluşan mahallelerin giderek Galata surları dışında yer alan Pera (Beyoğlu), Boğazkesen ve Cihangir’deki yerleşmelerle birleşip Dolmabahçe ve Beşiktaş’ın şehir içinde kalmasına yol açar bir konum oluşturmasıdır. Dikkati çeken bir nokta da şehrin büyümeye başlaması ile Batılılaşma sürecinin aynı zamanda ortaya çıkmış olması ve özellikle Batılılaşma’nın sistemli bir biçimde topluma kabul ettirilmeye çalışıldığı II. Mahmud döneminde şehrin genişleme çizgisinin coğrafî ve siyasî sebeplere dayalı olarak bu yeni sahaya doğru gelişmesidir.
Batı terbiyesiyle yetiştirilen ve Batı modasını babası II. Mahmud’un yanında Beşiktaş Sahilsarayı’nda gören Abdülmecid tahta geçtikten sonra bu ahşap sarayın yıkılarak yerine bugünkü kâgir sarayın yapılmasını emretti. Abdülmecid’in tahta çıkışından hemen sonra bu emri vermesi ve özellikle yeni sarayın tarihî Topkapı Sarayı’ndan tamamen farklı bir planimetri ve mimari anlayışıyla Avrupa sarayları tarzında inşa ve dekore edilmesi, padişah üzerindeki Batı tesirini ve padişahın Batılılaşma arzu ve temayülünü belirtmekte, onun kendini bir Avrupa hükümdarı gibi gördüğünü ve devleti Batı zihniyetiyle yöneteceğini dünyaya göstermek istediğini sergilemektedir. Eski sarayın yıkılarak yerinde yeni sarayın yapımına, 1842 yılında padişahın geçici bir süre için Yıldız köşklerine taşınması üzerine başlanmış ve yeni saray 7 Haziran 1856 tarihinde açılmıştır. Yan birimlerinin tamamı ile birlikte gerek iç gerekse dış düzenleme açısından dönemine damga vurmuş bir yapı olan sarayın inşasını, baba oğul Ermeni mimarlar Garabet ve Nikogos Balyan’lar üstlenmiş, iç süslemesi ise Paris opera binasının dekoratörü Ch. Séchan tarafından yapılmıştır.
110.000 metrekarelik bir alana yayılan Dolmabahçe Sarayı’nda ana yapıyı oluşturan Mâbeyin, Muayede Salonu, harem ve veliaht dairelerinden başka Bezmiâlem Vâlide (Dolmabahçe) Camii, Istabl-ı Âmire (Has Ahır), tiyatro, serasker dairesi, saat kulesi, hazîne-i hâssa ve mefruşat daireleri, bu grubun hemen arkasına düşen yerde de Kuşluk, Camlı Köşk, gedikli câriyeler ve kızlar ağası daireleri, hareket köşkleri, Hereke Dokumahânesi, baltacılar, agavât, bendegân ve musâhiban daireleriyle bu yapıların halkını doyuracak nitelikte olan Matbah-ı Âmire gibi bölümler bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca bir kayıkhâne ile önünde kayıklar için bir de büyük liman vardı.
Sarayın, gerek II. Abdülhamid’in uzun süren saltanatı boyunca (1876-1909) kullanılmaması ve dolayısıyla ciddi bir bakım görmemesi, gerekse deprem, yangın gibi âfetler ve yanlış şehircilik uygulamaları yüzünden tiyatro, kayıkhâne ve serasker daireleri bütünüyle, Istabl-ı Âmire ve Matbah-ı Âmire gibi bölümleri ise kısmen ortadan kalkmış, bazı bölümleri de farklı amaçlar için kullanılır olmuştur. Dolmabahçe-Ayaspaşa arasının tanzimi sırasında Istabl-ı Âmire yıkılıp yerine Mithat Paşa Stadyumu yapılmış, tiyatro da ortadan kaldırılarak sadece bir kalıntısı bırakılmıştır. 1956’da Cumhuriyet döneminde garaj ve muhafız polislere koğuş olarak kullanılan kayıkhâne yıktırılmış ve önündeki kayık limanı kısmen doldurulmuştur.
Bütün mekânlarıyla âbidevî bir yapı olan Dolmabahçe Sarayı, inşasından Halife Abdülmecid Efendi’nin buradan ayrıldığı tarihe kadar (1924) geçen altmış sekiz yılın otuz beşinde kullanılmış ve altı padişahla son halife burada oturmuşlardır. Cumhuriyet’ten sonra “millî saraylar” kapsamına alınan saray, özellikle Atatürk döneminde cumhurbaşkanının yazlık çalışma ve yabancı devlet adamlarını karşılama mekânı olarak kullanılmış, ayrıca Atatürk’ün başkanlık ettiği I. Dil ve Tarih kurultaylarına sahne olmuştur. Daha sonra hakkında uzun sürelerle halkın ziyaretine açılma ve kapatılma kararları alınan saray, 1984 yılında düzenlenen Millî Saraylar Sempozyumu’nda tartışma konusu edilmiş ve arkasından bu sempozyumda alınan kararlar doğrultusunda yapılan çalışmalarla yalnız Türkiye’de değil bütün dünyadaki önemli “müze içinde müze” örneklerinden biri konumuna getirilmiştir. Halen saray, mimarisinin yanı sıra harem ve Mâbeyin bölümlerinde açılan değerli eşya sergileriyle de ziyaretçilere hizmet vermekte ve bugüne kadar özenle saklanan, sultanlarla yakın çevrelerinin günlük hayatlarında, törenlerde kullandıkları eşyayı çağdaş bir düzenleme ile sergilemektedir. Muayede Salonu’nun arkasında bulunan Sultan Mehmed Reşad dönemine ait Kuşluk, Kuş Köşkü, Kuş Hastahanesi ve Camlı Köşk’ten oluşan yapılar grubu da restore edilerek orijinal fonksiyonlarına kavuşturulmuş, Camlı Köşk ile onu sarayın ana mekânına bağlayan koridor sürekli sergilerin açıldığı bir sanat merkezi haline getirilmiştir. Ayrıca bu koridorun alt katı da onarılıp öncelikle kuş resim ve fotoğraflarının yer aldığı bir galeri olarak hizmete sunulmuştur. Bunlardan başka veliaht dairesinin arka bahçesinde yer alan ve II. Abdülhamid dönemine tarihlenen hareket köşkleri, içinde bulundukları kötü durumdan kurtarılıp getirilen yeni düzenlemelerle seçkin birer sergi mekânı haline getirilmiştir. Yine burada bulunan tarihî serada bir kafeterya açılarak sarayın bu yan birimleri milletlerarası bir kültür merkezi şeklinde kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Millî Saraylar Sempozyumu’ndan sonra alınan kararlara bağlı olarak yapılan uygulamalarla Dolmabahçe Sarayı tarihî kimliğine her geçen gün biraz daha yaklaşmaktadır.
Selâmlık – Muayede Salonu – harem bölümlerinden oluşan ana yapı dışarıya, kara tarafında iki ana ve yedi tâli, deniz tarafında ise biri büyük beş kapı ile açılmaktadır. Hazine Kapısı ve Saltanat Kapısı diye adlandırılan kara tarafındaki iki ana giriş, Selçuklu sanatında mevcut taçkapı formunun yeni bir yorumu olarak ele alınabilir. Hazine dairesiyle mefruşat dairesi arasında yer alan ve sarayın asıl girişini oluşturan Hazine Kapısı, ana yapı ile aynı çizgi üzerinde bulunmaktadır. Bu kapının hemen ardındaki küçük bir avludan geçildikten sonra ikinci bir kapı ile selâmlık bahçesine girilmektedir; sarayın kara tarafında yer alan ve Hazine Kapısı’ndan daha büyük olan Saltanat Kapısı da aynı bahçeye açılmaktadır. Rıhtım boyunca sıralanan beş yalı kapısından Muayede Salonu karşısına geleni diğerlerine oranla daha büyük tutulmuş ve her iki yanındaki ikişerden dört kapı tâli giriş olarak yapılmıştır. Yalı kapıları da kara tarafında yer alan kapılar gibi oval girintiler içerisine yerleştirilmiştir. Bütün bu kapıların açıldığı bahçeler kara tarafında yüksek duvarlarla, deniz tarafında ise yalı kapıları arasına çekilen dökme demir parmaklıklarla çevrilmiş ve yine dönemin barok bahçe anlayışına göre düzenlenmiştir. Dörtgen planlı selâmlık bahçesinin ortasında bulunan, köşeleri yuvarlatılmış sekizgen planlı fıskıyeli havuz Yıldız Sarayı’ndan getirilmiştir. Rıhtım boyunca uzanan ön bahçede de yine aynı biçimde köşeleri yuvarlatılmış fıskıyesiz iki havuz yer almaktadır. Bu iki ana bahçe dışında kalanlar, daha çok saray halkına ait içe kapalı özel bahçe niteliğinde olup yine birer havuzla süslenmişlerdir.
Sarayın dış dünya ile doğrudan ilişkisi olan ve girişte ilk karşılaşılan bölümü Mâbeyin veya diğer adıyla selâmlıktır. Belgelerde Resmî Daire adıyla da anılan bu bölümün ortasında birinci ve ikinci katı birbirine bağlayan, tırabzan ayakları kristalden yapıldığı için “kristal merdiven” denilen bir merdiven bulunmaktadır; salon ve odalar bu merdivenin çevresine yerleştirilmiştir. Padişahın yabancı elçilerle görüşmeleri üst katta, Süferâ Salonu’na deniz tarafından bitişik büyük bir odada yapılmaktaydı. İmparatorluğun ihtişamının alabildiğince verilmeye çalışıldığı son derece süslü olan bu oda, tezyinat ve tefrişinde kullanılan kırmızı renkten dolayı Kırmızı Salon olarak anılmaktadır. Bu odanın simetriği olan kara tarafındaki mekân ise elçinin kendi sekreteriyle özel görüşmeleri için ayrılmıştır. Resmî Daire’nin üst katında yer alan Süferâ Salonu ile bitişiğindeki bu iki özel mekândan sonra gelen en önemli yer Zülvecheyn Salon’dur. Padişahın özel hayatı ile resmî hayatının geçtiği mekânları ayıran bu salon, aynı zamanda ramazan aylarında saray halkının cemaatle namaz kıldığı bir mekândı; sarayın resmî ve özel mekânlarını, harem ile selâmlık bölümlerini birbirinden ayırdığından “iki cepheli” anlamına gelen Zülvecheyn adını almıştır. Bu bölümün üst katında yer alan diğer önemli mekânlar Hünkâr Hamamı ile Mecid Efendi Kitaplığı’dır. Tamamıyla işlemeli olan hamamın duvarları Mısır alabasteri, tabanı ise Marmara mermeriyle kaplıdır. Son halife Abdülmecid Efendi tarafından oluşturulan Mecid Efendi Kitaplığı’nda Türkçe ve yabancı dillerde yazılmış pek çok değerli eser bulunmaktadır. Alt kattaki oda ve salonların tamamı ise daha çok resmî işleri yürüten devlet memurları ile hizmetkârların kullandıkları mekânlardır.
Sarayın selâmlık ve harem bölümlerini ayıran âbidevî ölçülerdeki Muayede Salonu, 25 × 37 m. boyutlarında kareye yakın bir plana sahiptir. İçeriden kubbe, dışarıdan çatı ile örtülü olan ve geleneksel bayramlaşma törenlerinin yapıldığı bu mekân, zaman zaman yabancı devlet adamları şerefine verilen törenlere de sahne olmuştur. Sarayın en önemli bölümlerinden birini de harem oluşturmaktadır. Plan açısından en karmaşık bölüm olan haremde beş büyük salon bulunmaktadır. Bunların en önemlileri, renklerinden dolayı Mavi Salon ve Pembe Salon adlarıyla anılan ikinci kattaki salonlardır. Mavi Salon padişahın harem halkıyla bayramlaştığı yerdi. Pembe Salon ise harem halkının günlük sohbetlerini sürdürdüğü bir mekân olarak kullanılıyordu.
Mâbeyin’i hareme bağlayan yaklaşık 300 metrelik koridorda ikisi demir olmak üzere toplam altı kapı yer almaktadır. İkinci kat seviyesindeki bu koridorun bitiminde karşılaşılan ilk mekân vâlide sultanın kabul odası, ondan sonraki de vâlide sultanın yatak odasıdır. Deniz tarafında yer alan bu iki odanın ardında, Cumhuriyet’in kuruluşundan sonra İstanbul’a geldiğinde bu sarayda kalan Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’ün çalışma ve yatak odaları bulunmaktadır; alt kattaki oda ve salonlar ise yan hizmetler için kullanılmaktaydı.
İç ve dış süslemeleri açısından yapılar, XVIII. yüzyılda belirmeye başlayan Batı etkilerinin tipik örneklerini sergilemekte olup bu etkilerin ilk görülmeye başlandığı yerler Hazine ve Saltanat kapılarıdır. Barok nitelikler taşımakla birlikte Roma İmparatorluğu’nun kudret sembolü zafer taklarından da etkilenmiş olan bu kapılar, rokoko ve ampir özellikli süsleme motifleriyle sarayı dış dünyaya bağlayan bu noktalarda Osmanlı Devleti’nin ihtişamını vurgulayan bir fonksiyona da sahiptirler. Neo-klasik bir düzenleme içinde Mâbeyn-i Hümâyun cephelerinde kullanılan antik motifler bordür, pano ve üçgen alınlıklarla sınırlandırılmış, süslemeler genel olarak mimari bütünlüğü bozmayacak biçimde düzenlenmiştir. Mâbeyin ile harem bölümleri arasında âbidevî görüntüsüyle hemen dikkati çeken Muayede Salonu ise farklı ve daha yoğun bir süsleme anlayışı içinde ele alınmıştır. Bu farklılık, süslemenin değişik kişiler tarafından tanzim edilmesine bağlanacağı gibi imparatorluğun bütün ihtişamını yansıtan bu salonun törenlere yönelik kullanımıyla da ilgili olabilir. Muayede Salonu’nun diğer cephelerinden değişik bir biçimde ele alınan deniz cephesinde neo-klasik anlayışın varlığı, katlar arasındaki bölünmenin belirginliğinde, pencerelerde alınlıklar kullanılmasında ve süsleme motiflerinin çoğunlukla antik sanattan seçilmesinde açık olarak görülebilmektedir. Bu salonda Batı sanatının çeşitli dönemlerinde rastlanan motif ve anlatım biçimlerinin bir arada bulunduğu ileri sürülebilir. Deniz cephesinde büyük ampir vazolarla süslü barok nitelikteki merdivenle başlayan bu alabildiğine süslemeci uygulama, salonun tören yeri olmasıyla ve deniz yoluyla gelecek konuklar üstünde bırakılmak istenen etkiyle ilgilidir. Harem-i Hümâyun’un deniz cephesi de Mâbeyin ile aynı anlayışta ele alınmış ve yoğun süsleme farklılık göstermeden sürdürülmüştür. Muayede Salonu’nun arka cephesinde görülen sadeliğin bir devamı olarak haremin denize dikey uzanan birimleri ve harem bahçesine bakan yüzleri son derece yalın bırakılmış, duvar yüzeylerinde süsleme öğesi olarak yalnızca pencerelerin çevresini dönen silmeler ve pilastırlar kullanılmıştır.
Sarayın dış cephelerinde görülen eklektik süsleme anlayışı, yapının iç düzenlenişinde de karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Osmanlı sanatının geleneksel kalem işi nakışlarının arasına son asırlarda girmiş olan barok, rokoko nitelikli motifler, Dolmabahçe Sarayı’nda klasik ve ampir süsleme öğeleriyle bir arada ele alınmış, bazı kesimlerde duvar resmi niteliğinde manzara ve natürmortlara da yer verilmiştir. Tavanlar panolara ayrılarak geometrik ve bitkisel motiflerle süslenmiş, duvarlar ise yer yer sütunçe ve kemer gibi yalancı mimari elemanlarla hareketlendirilmiştir. Süslemede horasan sıva veya alçı üzerine boya kullanılmıştır. Özellikle tercih edilen, teknik alçı kabartma üzerine altın yaldız boyamadır; stuko daha çok duvarlarda görülmektedir.
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Semavi Eyice, Istanbul, Petit guide à travers les monuments byzantins et turcs , İstanbul 1955, s. 110, nr. 176.
a.mlf., Bizans Devrinde Boğaziçi , İstanbul 1976, s. 18-19.
Sedad Hakkı Eldem, Köşkler ve Kasırlar , İstanbul 1974, II, tür.yer.
Ayda Arel, 18. Yüzyılda İstanbul Mimarisinde Batılılaşma Süreci , İstanbul 1975.
H. Olcay Ege, Dolmabahçe Sarayı Dış ve İç Süslemeleri (bilim uzmanlığı tezi, 1978), Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi.
Çelik Gülersoy, Dolmabahçe , İstanbul 1984.
Nurhan Atasoy, “Dolmabahçe Sarayının Türk Karakteri”, Milli Saraylar Sempozyumu Bildiriler (15-17 Kasım 1984) , İstanbul 1985, s. 85-89.
Mustafa Cezar, “Sanatta Batıya Açılışta Saray Yapıları ve Kültürün Yeri”, a.e. , s. 45-69.
İ. Yücel – S. Öner, Dolmabahçe Sarayı , Ankara, ts. (TBMM yayını).
H. Y. Şehsuvaroğlu, “Dolmabahçe Sarayı”, Arkitekt , sy. 173-174, İstanbul 1946, s. 127-130.
T. Etingü, “Dolmabahçe Sarayı”, Hayat Tarih Mecmuası , I/1, İstanbul (1966), s. 42-48.
M. Sertoğlu, “Dolmabahçe’den Beşiktaş’a”, a.e. , II/9 (1977), s. 66-77.
R. Ekrem Koçu, “Dolmabahçe Sahil Sarayı”, İst.A , IX, 4675-4681.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 503-507 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.