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DOMUZ Skip to content
İslâm dini insanı maddî ve mânevî her türlü zarardan korumak için birtakım kurallar koymuş, bu arada beslenme konusunda da bazı temel prensipler belirlemiştir. İnsana zarar verebilecek pis ve kötü her şeyi yasaklamış; temiz, güzel ve faydalı olanı da helâl kılıp serbest bırakmıştır (el-Bakara 2/168, 172; el-A‘râf 7/157; el-Mü’minûn 23/51). Domuz da (hınzîr) pis ve zararlı şeylerden kabul edilip etinin haram kılındığı Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de açıkça belirtilmiştir: “Allah size ancak ölüyü (leşi), kanı, domuz etini ve Allah’tan başkası adına kesileni haram kıldı” (el-Bakara 2/173; en-Nahl 16/115; ayrıca bk. el-Mâide 5/3; el-En‘âm 6/145).
İlâhî dinlerden Yahudilik’te domuzun haram kılındığı hususunda Tevrat’ta açık ifadeler vardır: “… ve domuzu, çünkü çatal ve yarık tırnaklıdır, fakat geviş getirmez, o size murdardır. Onların etinden yemeyeceksiniz ve leşlerine dokunmayacaksınız, onlar size murdardır” (Levililer, 11/7-8; Tesniye, 14/8). Bugünkü Hıristiyanlık’ta ise domuzun haram kılındığına dair açık ve kesin bir hüküm yoktur. Ahd-i Cedîd’in, “Putlara kurban edilen şeylerden, kandan ve boğulmuş olanlardan… çekinin, bunlardan çekinirseniz iyi edersiniz” (Resullerin İşleri, 15/29) şeklindeki cümleleri arasında domuzun haram kılındığına dair açık bir hüküm bulunmamakta, buna karşılık ağıza giren şeyin değil ağızdan ve kalpten çıkan şeylerin insanı kirleteceği ifade edilmektedir (Matta, 15/11, 18; Markos, 7/15-23). Bununla beraber gerçek İncil’e resmî dört İncil’den daha yakın olduğu müslümanlarca kabul edilen Barnaba İncili’nde, “Bunun üzerine yazıcılardan biri dedi: Eğer ben, domuz eti veya pis olan bir başka et yersem, bu benim vicdanımı kirletmez mi? Îsâ cevap verdi: İtaatsizlik insanın içine girmez, insandan, kalbinden dışarı çıkar ve bu sebeple haram kılınan yiyeceği yerse kirlenmiş olur” (Fasıl, XXXII/32-34) cümleleri yer almaktadır. Bu ifadelerden, pis ve murdar olan domuz etinin haram kılınan yiyeceklerden olduğu, yenildiği takdirde de kişinin gönlünü, vicdanını kirleteceği anlaşılmaktadır (İncîlü Barnaba , s. 50, d.n.b.). Diğer İncil’lerde de domuz yer yer horlanmaktadır (Matta, 7/6; Markos, 5/11-14). Elde mevcut İncil’lerde domuzun haram kılındığını gösteren açık bir hükmün yer almaması, bunun tahrif edilen hükümlerden biri olduğu hususunu akla getirmekte ve domuz eti serbestîsinin, çarşıda satılan her şeyin yenebileceğini söyleyen (I. Korintoslular’a Mektup, 10/25) Pavlus tarafından Hıristiyanlığın kabulünü kolaylaştırma amacıyla sonradan ortaya konduğu ihtimalini güçlendirmektedir. Aslında Tevrat’ın hükümlerine de uymak durumunda olan hıristiyanlar (Matta, 5/17, 18) oradaki açık yasağa rağmen bu hükme uymamaktadırlar.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in ilgili âyetlerinde haram kılınan şeyler sıralanırken domuzun sadece eti zikrediliyorsa da müfessirler ve fakihler, En‘âm sûresinin 145. âyetinde yer alan “rics” kelimesiyle, “…onlara pis ve murdar olan şeyleri haram kılar” (el-A‘râf 7/157) meâlindeki âyeti birlikte değerlendirerek domuzun kemiği, yağı, sütü dahil bütünüyle haram olduğuna hükmetmişler, ilgili âyetlerde sadece etinin zikredilmesinin en çok faydalanılan kısmının eti olması gerçeğine bağlı bulunduğunu kabul etmişlerdir. Buna göre domuzun bütün parçaları “meyte” hükmünde olup dinen necis sayılmıştır. Derisi tabaklansa bile fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre dinen temizlenmiş olmaz. Ancak Zâhirîler, Şevkânî ve bir rivayette İmam Ebû Yûsuf, tabaklanan derinin temizlenmiş olacağını bildiren hadisin (Müslim, “Ḥayıż”, 105; Şevkânî, I, 178) genel ifadesinden hareketle tabaklanan domuz derisinin temiz olduğunu kabul etmişlerdir. Mâlikî mezhebinden Sahnûn ve İbn Abdülhakem’in de bu görüşte olduğu rivayet edilmiştir. Âlimler, domuz kılının temiz veya pis olduğu ve bazı yerlerde kullanılıp kullanılamayacağı konusunda farklı görüşler ileri sürmüşlerdir. Şâfiîler’in dışındaki mezhepler, zarureti dikkate alarak domuz kılının ayakkabı dikiminde veya badana fırçası olarak kullanılabileceğini kabul etmişlerse de bazı âlimler bu konuda zaruret bulunmadığını, bu tür işlerin başka malzemelerle de yapılabileceğini göz önüne alarak bunu câiz görmemişlerdir.
Deniz hayvanlarından su domuzunun kara domuzu gibi haram olup olmadığı konusunda müctehidler ihtilâf etmişlerdir. Şâfiî, Mâlikî ve Hanbelî fakihleri, “Deniz avına çıkmak ve avlananı yemek size helâl kılındı” (el-Mâide 5/96) meâlindeki âyetle, “Deniz suyu temizdir; ölüsü de helâldir” (Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭahâret”, 41; Tirmizî, “Ṭahâret”, 52) meâlindeki hadisin genel hükmüne dayanarak su domuzunun yenilebileceğini kabul etmişlerdir. Hanefîler ise domuzun haram kılındığını belirten âyetlerde mutlak olarak zikredilen “hınzîr” kelimesinin her iki türü de içine aldığı, ayrıca deniz domuzunun A‘râf sûresinde geçen (7/157) “pis ve murdar” anlamındaki “habâis” kelimesinin kapsamına girdiği gerekçesiyle su domuzunun da haram olduğunu kabul etmişlerdir. Esasen onlara göre balık dışındaki her deniz ürünü haramdır.
Domuz müslümanlar için hukuken değer taşıyan (mütekavvim) mallardan değildir. Ayrıca şarabın, leşin, domuzun ve putların satımının haram olduğunu ifade eden sahih hadisler mevcuttur (Buhârî, “Büyûʿ”, 102, 112; Müslim, “Müsâḳāt”, 71; Ebû Dâvûd, “Büyûʿ”, 64). Bu hadislere dayanarak İslâm hukukçuları domuzun alım satımının haram olduğuna hükmetmişlerdir. İbnü’l-Münzir en-Nîsâbûrî bu konuda fakihlerin ittifak ettiğini kaydeder. Domuzun, İslâm devletinin gayri müslim tebaası olan zimmîler için mütekavvim mal olup olmadığı konusunda iki farklı görüş vardır. Hanefî ve Mâlikîler’e göre zimmîye ait domuz mütekavvim mal sayılır ve bir müslüman veya zimmî tarafından telef edilirse tazmini gerekir. Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’e göre ise zimmîye de ait olsa domuz mütekavvim mal değildir ve telef edildiği takdirde tazmini gerekmez. Bir müslümana ait domuzun telef edilmesi halinde tazmin gerekmediği hususunda dört mezhep ittifak etmiştir.
Domuzun Haram Kılınmasının Hikmeti. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de etinin haram olduğu belirtilen tek hayvan domuzdur. Et yiyen diğer yırtıcı hayvanlarla ilgili yasak ise sünnet ve ictihada dayanmaktadır. Kur’an domuzu haram sayarken onu “fısk” (el-Mâide 5/3) ve “rics” (el-En‘âm 6/145) olarak nitelendirir. Rics (maddî veya mânevî bakımdan pis, murdar) olma hususu şarap, kumar, putlar ve fal oklarıyla ilgili olarak da zikredilmektedir (el-Mâide 5/90). Bundan hareket eden İslâm hukukçularının genel anlayışı, domuz ve şarabın haram olmasının yanı sıra necis olduğu yönündedir. Başta Mâlikîler olmak üzere bazı hukukçular domuzun canlı hayvan olarak necis sayılmadığını, ölüsünün ve ayrıca et, deri vb. parçalarının necis olduğunu söylemek suretiyle bir ayırım yapmışlardır (İbnü’l-Arabî, I, 54; İbn Cüzey, s. 46-47). Bu sebeple âyette yer alan rics nitelendirmesiyle kumar ve putlarda olduğu gibi şer‘î ve mânevî kirliliğin kastedilmiş olması da mümkün görülmektedir.
Domuzun haram kılınmasındaki hikmetlerin neler olduğunu bugün ilim ve modern tıp tam anlamıyla tesbit edip ortaya koymuş olmamakla beraber bu hayvanın birçok hastalık sebebini bünyesinde taşıdığı ve insan sağlığına verdiği zararların öldürücü boyutlara ulaştığı bilinmektedir. Bu konuda yapılan araştırmalar, hayvan etleri arasında en çok domuz etinin insana hastalık bulaştırma özelliğine sahip olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.
Domuz eti, yağ dokusu ve elementleri bakımından diğer hayvan etlerinden farklıdır. Hangi domuz cinsi olursa olsun bunların etlerinde kolesterin, yağ asitleri, kükürt, histamin, büyüme hormonları oldukça fazladır. Domuzdan başta trişin hastalığı olmak üzere domuz şeridi, domuz yılancığı, domuz vebası, domuz gribi, kuduz, şarbon, ruam, şap, tüberküloz bulaşır. Son yıllarda Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde bazı araştırmacılar domuzlarda görülen bir virüsün AIDS’e benzer bir hastalık yaptığını, bazıları da domuz etinde “toxoplasma gondii” adında bir parazit bulunduğunu, iyi pişmemiş domuz etinin bilhassa bebeklerde kanser, körlük ve zekâ geriliği gibi hastalıklara sebep olduğunu ileri sürmüşlerdir. Ayrıca domuz etinde bol miktarda bulunan kolesterin ve yağ asitleri, kükürt bakımından zengin mukopolisakkaritler, büyüme hormonu, cinsiyet hormonu, histamin ve imidazol gibi maddeler safra kesesi iltihapları ve taşları, apandisit, barsak iltihapları, apse ve çıbanlar, şirpence, kadınlarda nisâî akıntılı iltihaplar, mafsal iltihabı ve kireçlenmesi, damar sertliği, tansiyon yüksekliği ve infarktüs gibi hastalıklara yol açmaktadır. Nitekim Alman hekimi H. H. Reckeweg, domuz etinde bulunan yüksek seviyedeki kolesterin ve yağ asitlerinin damar sertliği, tansiyon yüksekliği ve infarktüs; mukopolisakkaritlerin mafsal iltihabı ve kireçlenmesi, fazla miktardaki büyüme ve cinsiyet hormonlarının kanser; histamin ve imidazolun ekzama, ürtiker, astma, vazomotor rinitis gibi allerjik hastalıklara sebep olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Ancak bu konuda kesin sonuçlara ulaşabilmek için daha geniş araştırmalara ihtiyaç vardır.
Doğulu ve Batılı bazı düşünür ve ilim adamları, beslenme ve gıda rejiminin insan bedeni ve karakteri üzerinde tesiri olduğunu söylemişlerdir. İçki yasağıyla birlikte düşünülünce domuz yasağının bu bakımından da önem taşıdığı şüphesizdir. Domuz eti ve içki tüketen toplum fertlerinde görülen şiddet ve taşkınlık eğilimiyle hiç et yemeyenlerde görülen sakin mizaca karşılık müslümanların orta bir mizaç hali sergiledikleri söylenebilir.
Bazı uzmanlar domuz yağının E vitaminini yok ettiğini, domuz etinin erkek ve kadınlarda aşk duygusunun zayıflamasına ve kısırlaşmaya yol açtığını ileri sürmektedir. Gerçekten insanların cinsî hayatı için çok önemli olan E vitamini yağların oksidasyonunu önlediği gibi yağlarda bulunan ve yine cinsî hayat için önemli olan A vitamininin de okside olmasına engeldir. Yağlarda her iki vitaminin, bilhassa E vitamininin noksanlığında erkeklerde kısırlık, kadınlarda düşükler ve cinsî hayatta durgunluk meydana gelir.
Domuzun her türlü pislik ve leş yemeye düşkün, obur, hantal ve hayvanlar arasında vücut temizliği yapmayan hemen hemen tek canlı niteliğini taşıması sebebiyle olacaktır ki onu yiyenler de dahil bütün dünya milletlerinin dillerinde domuz kelimesi hakaret ifade eden cümleler içinde yer almıştır. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de bu özelliğiyle de anılmaktadır (el-Mâide 5/60).
Domuz etinin zararlarıyla ilgili ilmî sonuç ve iddialar bu çerçevede olmakla birlikte domuza dair dinî yasağın bunlara bağlı olduğunu söylemek doğru değildir. Çünkü bir konudaki ilmî kanaatin ileride değişme ihtimali mevcuttur. Bugün bilinen mahzurların herhangi bir şekilde ortadan kalkması domuz etindeki yasağı geçersiz kılmaz. Müslümanlar domuzla ilgili yasağı, başta Kur’ân-ı Kerîm olmak üzere ilâhî kitaplarda mevcut kesin bir emir olarak telakki eder ve bu inançla gereğini yerine getirirler.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Miftâḥu künûzi’s-sünne , “ḫınzîr” md.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 507-509 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.